基于创新网络的企业合作问题研究
摘要
区域创新网络作为一种适应新的知识生产模式的组织形式，是近一、二十年国内外学者竞相研究的热点之一，但是对创新网络主体——企业尤其是企业间的合作研究甚少，因此本文在国内外已有的理论成果基础上，借鉴一般企业合作理论的分析框架，从区域经济发展与创新网络的角度研究基于创新网络的企业之间合作的相关问题，这是本文的一个创新之处。
文中首次明确提出了基于创新网络的企业合作概念，归纳了基于创新网络的企业合作特点，并将创新网络企业合作过程分为三个阶段：企业决策合作、合作行为以及合作效果评价，这三个阶段相互影响共同构成了基于创新网络企业合作的动态循环系统。
本文运用博弈论重点分析了企业合作的前两个阶段，在总结国内外企业合作劝因理论的前提下，用“囚徒困境”模型解释了创新网络中的企业寻求合作的动因，指出当贴现率不很高时，只有从长远利益、集体利益来考虑时，企业才会选择合作。
通过建立不完全信息动态博弈模型来分析企业间合作的行为，提出合作方相互信任是影响企业合作关系稳定长久的重要因素之一，并在实证分析的基础上，分别从中观和微观的角度总结了影响基于创新网络企业间合作的因素，为企业在创新网络中更好地开展创新活动以及政府管理部门协调企业与网络创新功能的实现提供了理论指导。
As a suitable organizational form for the production of new knowledge, the innovation network is one of the focuses that the domestic and international scholars competitively pay attention to in the last ten to twenty years. But there are very few studies on the enterprise---the main body of innovation network, especially on the cooperation between enterprises in the innovation network. So, the innovation in this paper is that the relevant problems of cooperation between enterprises in the innovation network have been studied in terms of regional economic development and innovation network based on the existing achievements at home and abroad, using the analysis frames of the general enterprise's cooperative theory as references.
In this paper, it is the first time that the concept of enterprise's cooperation based on innovation network is clearly put forward and the characteristics of enterprise's cooperation based on innovation network is summed up. There are three stages in the enterprise's cooperative course of innovation network: cooperative decision, cooperative behavior and cooperative result evaluation. These three stages are interacted and formed the dynamic circulatory system of cooperation between enterprises in the innovation network.
The first two stages of enterprise's cooperation is mainly analyzed using the game theory. On the premise of summarizing the cooperative reasons of domestic and international enterprises, the "prisoners' dilemma" model is used to explain the reasons of cooperation between enterprises in the innovation network. And the result points out: when the discount rate is not very high, the enterprises will choose cooperation from the long-term and when collective interests are considered.
Analyzing the progress of cooperation between enterprises through building the dynamic game model with non-complete information, the paper points out that trust is one of the important factors for the steady and permanent cooperation between enterprises. On the basis of the positive analysis, the factors of cooperation between enterprises in the innovation network have been summarized in view of micro- and middle- scope. All these research offers a theoretical guidance for the enterprises to carry out innovation activities effectively, and also for the administrative departments of government to coordinate the relationship between enterprises and innovation network to realize the innovative function of network.
文中首次明确提出了基于创新网络的企业合作概念，归纳了基于创新网络的企业合作特点，并将创新网络企业合作过程分为三个阶段：企业决策合作、合作行为以及合作效果评价，这三个阶段相互影响共同构成了基于创新网络企业合作的动态循环系统。
本文运用博弈论重点分析了企业合作的前两个阶段，在总结国内外企业合作劝因理论的前提下，用“囚徒困境”模型解释了创新网络中的企业寻求合作的动因，指出当贴现率不很高时，只有从长远利益、集体利益来考虑时，企业才会选择合作。
通过建立不完全信息动态博弈模型来分析企业间合作的行为，提出合作方相互信任是影响企业合作关系稳定长久的重要因素之一，并在实证分析的基础上，分别从中观和微观的角度总结了影响基于创新网络企业间合作的因素，为企业在创新网络中更好地开展创新活动以及政府管理部门协调企业与网络创新功能的实现提供了理论指导。
As a suitable organizational form for the production of new knowledge, the innovation network is one of the focuses that the domestic and international scholars competitively pay attention to in the last ten to twenty years. But there are very few studies on the enterprise---the main body of innovation network, especially on the cooperation between enterprises in the innovation network. So, the innovation in this paper is that the relevant problems of cooperation between enterprises in the innovation network have been studied in terms of regional economic development and innovation network based on the existing achievements at home and abroad, using the analysis frames of the general enterprise's cooperative theory as references.
In this paper, it is the first time that the concept of enterprise's cooperation based on innovation network is clearly put forward and the characteristics of enterprise's cooperation based on innovation network is summed up. There are three stages in the enterprise's cooperative course of innovation network: cooperative decision, cooperative behavior and cooperative result evaluation. These three stages are interacted and formed the dynamic circulatory system of cooperation between enterprises in the innovation network.
The first two stages of enterprise's cooperation is mainly analyzed using the game theory. On the premise of summarizing the cooperative reasons of domestic and international enterprises, the "prisoners' dilemma" model is used to explain the reasons of cooperation between enterprises in the innovation network. And the result points out: when the discount rate is not very high, the enterprises will choose cooperation from the long-term and when collective interests are considered.
Analyzing the progress of cooperation between enterprises through building the dynamic game model with non-complete information, the paper points out that trust is one of the important factors for the steady and permanent cooperation between enterprises. On the basis of the positive analysis, the factors of cooperation between enterprises in the innovation network have been summarized in view of micro- and middle- scope. All these research offers a theoretical guidance for the enterprises to carry out innovation activities effectively, and also for the administrative departments of government to coordinate the relationship between enterprises and innovation network to realize the innovative function of network.
引文
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[2] Asheim B T, Isaksen A. Location, Agglomeration and Innovation: Towards Regional Innovation Systems in Norway? [J].European Planning Studies. 1997(5):P299-330
[3] Cssiolato J E, Lastres H M. Local, national and regional systems of innovation in the mercosur.[J]. Paper prepared for the DRUID's Summer Conference on National Innovation Systems, Industrial Dynamics and Innovation Policy. 1999(6):P9-12
[4] Carlsson B, Jacobsson S and Holmen M, etal. Innovation systems: analytical and methodological issues. [J]. DRUID working papers, department of business studies, Aalborg University. 1999
[5] Doloreux, D. What we should Know About Regional Innovation System? [J]. Technology in Society: An International Journal. 2003(24): P243-263
[6] David Doloreux, Saeed Parto. Regional Innovation systems: A Critical Synthesis [J]. INTECH Institute for New Technology, Working Paper, 2004(8)
[7] Sternberg, Rolf and Amdt, Olaf. The Firm or the Region: What determines the innovation behavior of European firms? [J]. Economic Geography. 2001(10) Vol.77,No.4
[8] Freeman, Networks of Innovators: A synthesis of Research Issues.[J].Research Policy. 1991 (5):P499-514
[9] R.H.Coase. The Nature of the firm.[J]. Economica. 1937:P28-35
[10] Iur Christof Truniget．通过合作而获利——论中小企业的合作形式[J]．工业经理人．2002(9)：P62-64
[11] Parkhe A. Interfirm diversity, organizational learning, and longevity in global strategic alliances. [J]. Journal of International Business Studies. 1991 (20):P579-601
[12] Steven S. Liu and Hang-yue Ngo. An action Pattern Model of Inter-firm Cooperation. [J]. Journal of Management Studies. 2005(9):P1123-1153
[13] A.M.Brandernburger, B.J.Nalebuff. Coopetition: a revolutionary mindset that combines competition and cooperation.[M].Doubleday Publication Press. 1996: P30-48
[14] Hamel, G. Competition for competence and inter-partner learning within international strategic alliance. [J]. Strategic Management Journal. 1991(12):P83-103
[15] Sexton T. The effect of partner and relationship characteristics on alliance outcomes. [J]. Academy of Management Journal. 1997(40):P443-461
[16] Poppo L and Zenger T. Do formal contracts and relational governance function as substitutes or complements? [J]. Strategic Management Journal. 2002(23):P707-725
[17] Ring P.S and Van de Ven A.H. Developmental processes of cooperative inter-organizational relationships. [J]. Academy of Management Review. 1994(19):P90-118
[18] Markides C.C and P.J.Williamson. Corporate diversification and organization structure: A resource-based view. [J]. Academy of Management Journal. 1996(39):P340-367
[19] James G.Combs and David J.Ketchen, JR. Explaining interfirm cooperation and performance: toward a reconciliation of predictions from the resource-based view and organizational economics. [J]. Strategic Management Journal. 1999(20):P867-888
[20] Oviatt B. and P.McDougall. Toward a theory of International new ventures.[J].Journal of International Business Studies. 1994(25):P45-64
[21] Howell, Jeremy. "Regional Systems of Innovation?" in Arohibugi, Daniele, Jeremy Howells&Jonathan Michie (eds):Innovation Policy in a Global Economy.[M].Cambridge University Press, 1999:P67-93
[22] Asheim, B. T, Coenen, L. Cantextvalising Regional Innovation Systems in a Globallsing Learning Economy: On Knowledge Bases and Institutional Frameworks Forthcoming in Journal of Technology Transfer.2005
[23] Stigler, G. The Division of Labor is Limited by the Extent of the Market. [J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1951 (59):P185-193
[24] Ptue Kerr. Adam Smith's Theory of Gnowth and Techological Change Revisited.[J]. Contributions to Political Economy, 1993 (12):P24
[25] Philip McCann, Tomokazu Arita, Ian R. Gordon. Industrial clusters, transactions costs and the institutional determinants of MNE location behavior.[J].International Business Review, 2002(11):P647-663
[26] 冯之浚．国家创新系统的理论与政策[M]．北京：经济科学出版,1999
[27] 胡志坚，苏靖．关于区域创新体系研究[N]．科技日报，1999．10．16
[28] 盖文启，王缉慈．论区域的技术创新模式及其创新网络——以北京中关村地区为例[J]．北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)．1999(5)：P29-36
[29] 中关村区域创新能力课题组．中关村创新网络的分析[J]．环渤海经济瞭望．1997(7)：P15-23
[30] 王大洲等．高技术产业创新的治理——美国硅谷的创新网络及其启示[J]．决策借鉴．2001(8)：P59-62
[31] 陆大道，刘卫东．论我国区域发展与区域政策的地学基础[J]．地理科学(北京)．2000(6)：P487-493
[32] 王辑慈，王可．区域创新环境和企业根植性[J]．地理研究．1 999(4)：P357-362
[33] 贾若祥，刘毅，马丽．企业合作与区域发展[M]．北京：科学出版，2006
[34] 马文东等．集群网络中企业间合作关系的稳定性研究[J]．技术经济．2005(1)：P46-48
[35] 贾若祥等．企业合作模式及其对区域经济发展的影响[J]．地理研究．2005(7)第24卷第4期：P641-651
[36] 罗定提．企业间合作关系理论研究现状[J]．株洲工学院学报．2005(1)第19卷第1期：P1-7
[37] 王砾．浅议企业竞争优势中的合作协同作用[J]．安徽大学学报(哲学社会科学版)．2004(9)第28卷第5期：P132-136
[38] 张浩成．企业合作研发动机研究的新视角[J]．科学学与科学技术管理．2004(3)：P26-28
[39] 何苏华．企业合作网络的成因及其运行机制[J]．佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版)．2003(7)第21卷第3期：P1-3
[40] 贾若祥，刘毅．企业合作问题研究[J]．北京行政学院学报．2004(5)：P30-36
[41] 罗炜，唐元虎．企业合作创新的原因与动机[J]．科学学研究．2001(9)第19卷第3期：P91-95
[42] 王永平，孟卫东．供应链企业合作竞争机制的演化博弈分析[J]．管理工程学报．2004(2)：P96-98
[43] 刘松先．基于合作博弈的企业战略联盟研究[J]．统计与决策(下)．2005(7)：P153-154
[44] 冯春花．供应链企业合作的动态均衡分析[J]．市场周刊．2004(10)：P32-34
[45] 刘曙光．区域创新系统——理论探讨与实证研究[M]．中国海洋大学出版社，2004
[46] 盖文启．创新网络——区域经济发展新思维[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2002
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