汽油机可变进气歧管系统研究
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摘要
本文建立了四缸四冲程进气道电喷(PFI)G4BA汽油机基于进排气系统一维CFD的整机工作过程循环模拟模型,并与试验结果进行了对比以验证模型的有效性。
通过一维模拟计算,分析了具有可变进气歧管系统的发动机在不同转速和负荷下的性能,同时研究了不同结构参数对发动机动力性的影响。
利用已确定的可变进气管长度,模拟出发动机不同管长下的动力特性,根据转矩特性确定了可变进气管长度切换点(速度转换点)。
通过模拟计算,获得了可变进气歧管进气管的基本参数。利用UG三维设计软件设计进气管三维模型,并将三维模型转化为STL数据格式,传至快速原型制造中心,制作快速原型样件。试验验证了可变进气歧管系统的可行性和实用性。
通过试验得出:进气管长度可变可以使汽油机的进气系统适合较宽的转速范围,使发动机在不同转速下提高充量系数,使G4BA汽油机转矩曲线趋于平坦,中低速区转矩明显提高,最大转矩点向低速区偏移,有利于提高整车的动力性能。电控可变进气歧管系统机构简单,成本低,对发动机改动比较小,具有较高的实用性。
With the fast development of national economy,the demands of automobile rise with a high speed. In 2007 our country car production & sales both break 8,800,000. Passenger is still the main drive of the growth, the car market is extremely active.
The popular car market will inevitably bring about the development of car engines. Because of the protection of the environment and sustainable human development requirements, low fuel consumption and low emission automotive engine becomes the main development goals. People continually tap the potential of their engines, engine design trend in electronic and variable parameters control. As one of the key technologies of electronic ejection engine, the variable intake manifold system technology can not only have a tremendous impact on engine torque characteristics, and to a certain extent, but also improve fuel economy, reduce engine emissions, so it is valued for a long time.
By resonant intake charging, the length-invariable intake manifold technology enable the engine enhance the fresh charge under the different speed, improve the engine power performance, reduce the exhaust emission. The length-invariable intake manifold system most greatly may cause the engine effective average torque to increase 8.5%, under the situation the speed is lowered, the maximum torque may increase 12% to 14%. Using the section-invariable intake manifold technology, ensure that the engine has more fresh charge under the high-speed and the cylinder gas has a stronger swirl and tumble flow motion under the low-speed, so that to speed up the combustion rate and improve the engine power and efficiency.
As an important design topic in the engine profession, the engine intake system numerical simulation method not only can provide the powerful analysis tool and the method for the intake system design question, the performance prediction question, but also can provide many performance parameters which are very difficult or at present unable to survey, thus it greatly reduces the experimental quantity, reduces the research cycle, reduces the research cost. Because the engine work process circulation simulation and the air intake system CFD hydrodynamics numerical simulation have important instruction function to design and research work, it has been widely applied to the engine design, the development, and production process.
This article has mainly studied the influence of length-invariable intake manifold technology on engine performance and flow characteristic through the numerical simulation method. And based on four cylinders four strokes air intake electronic ejection gasoline engine G4BA, a set of electric controlled length-variable intake manifold system was designed and developed.
Firstly, this article synthesized the domestic and foreign each kind of invariable intake manifold system, considered engine's usable space and the control mechanism and so on limit, according to the existing technical level chose the appropriate graduation length-variable intake manifold design proposal for the engine.
The wave resonance was researched in detail. Then the principle of length-variable intake manifolds in increasing the fresh charge in cylinder by resonant intake charging was analyzed. On the base,this paper Pointed out that the variation control strategy of intake manifolds should be rationally optimized,and both the requirements of engine for air flow motion under low-speed and flow coefficient under high-speed should be taken into account.
By using AVL-BOOST software, a numerical model for a four-cylinder four-stroke EFI (PFI) G4BA Gasoline engine was set up basing on the theory of CFD one-dimensional engine cycle and gas exchange simulation, and the model was compared with experimental results to verify the validity. The theory of CFD assisted in engine analysis was studied. Through one-dimensional simulation the impact of different diameters of the engine intake manifold on the engine performance was presented, and the diameter was determined. Through adding and shorten the length of the intake manifold, the effect of different length intake manifolds on the engine performance was analyzed, and the length of the variable intake manifold was determined.
Using the determined length of variable intake manifold, the engine performance under the two different manifold length was simulated, from the torque performance, a set of scheme for length determination of variable intake manifolds was summarized---the speed of the switch point.
According to the results of simulations, some structural parameters are recommended to improve the performance of this Intake Manifold and the engine performance was simulated. In accordance with the torque characteristics the switching point (conversion rate) of the variable intake manifold was determined.
Through simulation, we got the basic parameters of the variable intake manifold. Using UG (3D design software) we design the three-dimensional model, and then change the three-dimensional model into STL data format, spread it to rapid prototyping and manufacturing center, produce the rapid prototypes.
We developed and tested a set of electric-controlled length-variable intake manifold system.
We conclude from test that: As one of the key technologies of electronic ejection engine,length-variable intake manifolds enable the engine have the better performance at a wider speed range,enhance the flow coefficient under the different speed. It enabled G4BA gasoline engine torque curve tend to smooth, slow-twisting, increased torque at low speed areas, improved acceleration. Electronic variable intake manifold system mechanism was simple and feasibility. The product cost was low, There was relatively small changes on the engine but with high usability.
The study on one-dimensional numerical simulation of the variable intake manifolds on intake flow characteristics and performance for gasoline engine was using computer assistance analysis method and carried on a quite comprehensive analysis to the influence of length-variation technology for intake manifolds. This paper has some reference value in engine simulation ,design and analysis on variable intake manifolds.
通过一维模拟计算,分析了具有可变进气歧管系统的发动机在不同转速和负荷下的性能,同时研究了不同结构参数对发动机动力性的影响。
利用已确定的可变进气管长度,模拟出发动机不同管长下的动力特性,根据转矩特性确定了可变进气管长度切换点(速度转换点)。
通过模拟计算,获得了可变进气歧管进气管的基本参数。利用UG三维设计软件设计进气管三维模型,并将三维模型转化为STL数据格式,传至快速原型制造中心,制作快速原型样件。试验验证了可变进气歧管系统的可行性和实用性。
通过试验得出:进气管长度可变可以使汽油机的进气系统适合较宽的转速范围,使发动机在不同转速下提高充量系数,使G4BA汽油机转矩曲线趋于平坦,中低速区转矩明显提高,最大转矩点向低速区偏移,有利于提高整车的动力性能。电控可变进气歧管系统机构简单,成本低,对发动机改动比较小,具有较高的实用性。
With the fast development of national economy,the demands of automobile rise with a high speed. In 2007 our country car production & sales both break 8,800,000. Passenger is still the main drive of the growth, the car market is extremely active.
The popular car market will inevitably bring about the development of car engines. Because of the protection of the environment and sustainable human development requirements, low fuel consumption and low emission automotive engine becomes the main development goals. People continually tap the potential of their engines, engine design trend in electronic and variable parameters control. As one of the key technologies of electronic ejection engine, the variable intake manifold system technology can not only have a tremendous impact on engine torque characteristics, and to a certain extent, but also improve fuel economy, reduce engine emissions, so it is valued for a long time.
By resonant intake charging, the length-invariable intake manifold technology enable the engine enhance the fresh charge under the different speed, improve the engine power performance, reduce the exhaust emission. The length-invariable intake manifold system most greatly may cause the engine effective average torque to increase 8.5%, under the situation the speed is lowered, the maximum torque may increase 12% to 14%. Using the section-invariable intake manifold technology, ensure that the engine has more fresh charge under the high-speed and the cylinder gas has a stronger swirl and tumble flow motion under the low-speed, so that to speed up the combustion rate and improve the engine power and efficiency.
As an important design topic in the engine profession, the engine intake system numerical simulation method not only can provide the powerful analysis tool and the method for the intake system design question, the performance prediction question, but also can provide many performance parameters which are very difficult or at present unable to survey, thus it greatly reduces the experimental quantity, reduces the research cycle, reduces the research cost. Because the engine work process circulation simulation and the air intake system CFD hydrodynamics numerical simulation have important instruction function to design and research work, it has been widely applied to the engine design, the development, and production process.
This article has mainly studied the influence of length-invariable intake manifold technology on engine performance and flow characteristic through the numerical simulation method. And based on four cylinders four strokes air intake electronic ejection gasoline engine G4BA, a set of electric controlled length-variable intake manifold system was designed and developed.
Firstly, this article synthesized the domestic and foreign each kind of invariable intake manifold system, considered engine's usable space and the control mechanism and so on limit, according to the existing technical level chose the appropriate graduation length-variable intake manifold design proposal for the engine.
The wave resonance was researched in detail. Then the principle of length-variable intake manifolds in increasing the fresh charge in cylinder by resonant intake charging was analyzed. On the base,this paper Pointed out that the variation control strategy of intake manifolds should be rationally optimized,and both the requirements of engine for air flow motion under low-speed and flow coefficient under high-speed should be taken into account.
By using AVL-BOOST software, a numerical model for a four-cylinder four-stroke EFI (PFI) G4BA Gasoline engine was set up basing on the theory of CFD one-dimensional engine cycle and gas exchange simulation, and the model was compared with experimental results to verify the validity. The theory of CFD assisted in engine analysis was studied. Through one-dimensional simulation the impact of different diameters of the engine intake manifold on the engine performance was presented, and the diameter was determined. Through adding and shorten the length of the intake manifold, the effect of different length intake manifolds on the engine performance was analyzed, and the length of the variable intake manifold was determined.
Using the determined length of variable intake manifold, the engine performance under the two different manifold length was simulated, from the torque performance, a set of scheme for length determination of variable intake manifolds was summarized---the speed of the switch point.
According to the results of simulations, some structural parameters are recommended to improve the performance of this Intake Manifold and the engine performance was simulated. In accordance with the torque characteristics the switching point (conversion rate) of the variable intake manifold was determined.
Through simulation, we got the basic parameters of the variable intake manifold. Using UG (3D design software) we design the three-dimensional model, and then change the three-dimensional model into STL data format, spread it to rapid prototyping and manufacturing center, produce the rapid prototypes.
We developed and tested a set of electric-controlled length-variable intake manifold system.
We conclude from test that: As one of the key technologies of electronic ejection engine,length-variable intake manifolds enable the engine have the better performance at a wider speed range,enhance the flow coefficient under the different speed. It enabled G4BA gasoline engine torque curve tend to smooth, slow-twisting, increased torque at low speed areas, improved acceleration. Electronic variable intake manifold system mechanism was simple and feasibility. The product cost was low, There was relatively small changes on the engine but with high usability.
The study on one-dimensional numerical simulation of the variable intake manifolds on intake flow characteristics and performance for gasoline engine was using computer assistance analysis method and carried on a quite comprehensive analysis to the influence of length-variation technology for intake manifolds. This paper has some reference value in engine simulation ,design and analysis on variable intake manifolds.
引文
[1] 王荣先,我国汽车发动机的发展概况,汽车技术,1996 年第 2 期,1~7
[2] 王海良,混合动力电动汽车的发展与研究,APC2007-053
[3] 邢世凯,闻德生,车用内燃机可变技术概述,拖拉机与农用运输车,2003年第 6 期,3~6
[4] 董敬,庄志,常思勤,汽车拖拉机内燃机,北京:机械工业出版社,2000:36～37
[5] 魏春源,车用内燃机构造,北京:机械工业出版社,1997:285~287
[6] Lumley L,Engine: An Introduction,Cambridge University Press,1999:66~79
[7] J Benajes,Pre-design Criteria for Exhaust Manifold Sin I..C Automotive Engines,SAE Paper 980783,1998
[8] Liu Jingping,Gas Dynamics Resonance Mechanism of Variable Geometry Intake Systems[C],ASME Paper, 1998.98-ICE-91
[9] 倪计民,杜丽玫,高征,陆玉佩,冯迎霞,电喷汽油机可变进气系统的优化设计,汽车技术,2005(2):16~19
[10] Kent J C,Observations on the Effects of Intake-Generated Swirl and Tumb1e on Combustion Duration,SAE Paper 892096,1989
[11] Souich Matsushita,Effects of Helical Port with Swirl Control valve on the Combustion and Performance of SI Engine,SAE Paper 850046,1985
[12] 刘书亮,刘伍权,刘德新,四气门发动机可变涡流稀薄燃烧特性研究,工程热物理学报,2002(7):17-20
[13] 李伟,汽油及喷射发动机进气管系的实验研究,硕士学位论文,清华大学,1995
[14] 何玲,电喷发动机可变进排气系统的研究,硕士学位论文,哈尔滨工业大学,2002
[15] Prashant R Gangurde, Ashokarajan G., Simulation of Intake System for Two Cylinder Naturally Aspriated In-Direct Injection Engine. SAE Paper 320030,2004
[16] Pisehinger S, Heywood J B,How heat losses to the spark plug electrodes After flame kernel development in an S.I. engine,SAE Paper 900021,1990
[17] Fontana G, Galloni E, Palmaccio R, Development of a New Intake System for a Small Spark-Ignition Engine. Modeling the Flow Through the Inlet Valve SAE Paper 010369,2003
[18] 刘浩浩,发动机性能曲线设置对整车性能的影响,APC 2007-067
[19] Hountalas D T,Kouremenos A D,Development of a Fast and Simple Simulation Model for the Fuel Injection System of Diesel Engines,84 Advances in Engineering Software,1998,29(1):13-28
[20] Safari M, Ghamari M,Intake Manifold Optimization by Using 3-D CFD Analysis,SAE Paper 320073,2003
[21] Low S C, Baruah P C,A Generalized Computer Aided Design Package for I.C. Engine Manifold System,SAE Paper 810498,1981
[22] Tang-Wei Kou,Multidimensional Port-and-Cylinder Gas Flow,Fuel Spray,and Combustion Calculations for a Port-fuel-Injection Engine,SAE Paper 920515,1992
[23] Pierre Godrie,Mark Zellat,Simulation of Flow Field Generated by Intake Port-Valve-Cylinder Configuration-Comparison with Measurement and Applications,SAE Paper 940521,1994
[24] Dent J C,Chen A ,An Investigation of Steady Flow Through a Curved Inlet Port,SAE Paper 940522,1994
[25] Yingjin Cui,Wenyu Pan,James H Leylek,Cylinder-to-Cylinder Variation of Losses in Intake Regions of I .C .Engines,SAE Paper 981025,1998
[26] 蒋炎坤,二冲程发动机扫排气道——缸内系统三维瞬态数值摸拟研究,内燃机学报,2001(2):32~33
[27] Morel I , Lapointe L A. Concurrent Simulation and Testing Concept in Engine Development[C]. SAE 940207
[28] 刘永军,付晓光,刘莹,国外当代轿车发动机的可变技术,天津汽车,2001 年 第四期:40~43
[29] Schnabel W,Drei Motoren fuerden neuen Audi 100.MTZ 52(1991)3
[30] Kazuhiro Akima, Kazuyuki Seko, Wataru Taga, Kenji Torii and Satoshi Nakamura, Development of New Low Fuel Consumption1.8L i-VTEC Gasoline Engine with Delayed Intake Valve Closing, SAE Paper 010192, 2006
[31] Manfred Poepperl, Georg Hedrich, Helmut Heusler, Dieter Koehler, Bernhard Marin, Peter Rothenberger and Otmar Scharrer, Adaptation of a Dual Continuous Variable Cam Phasing System to a 4-Valve, 4-Cylinder Engine -Thermodynamic Benefits and Engine Hardware Requirements.SAE Paper 010408, 2006
[32] 陈春仙,柴油机谐振进气技术的研究,硕士学位论文,清华大学,1995
[33] AVL List Co. Ltd,Controlled Burn Rate (CBR)一 A New Approach for Gasoline Engines,2000 年中国国际内燃机技术展,北京,2000
[34] Stokes J, Lake T H, Christle M J,Improving the NOx/fuel economy trade-off for gasoline engine switch CCVS combustion system,SAE Paper 940482,1994
[35] 张礼林,杜艳明,柴油机进气管惯性增压的试验研究,现代车用动力,2003(8):22~25
[36] 杨建华,龚金科,吴义虎,内燃机性能提高技术,北京:人民交通出版社,2000,87~91
[37] Liu J P, Bingham J F,Effects of Intake System Dimension Son Volumetric Efficiency-Speed Characteristics of Multi-Cylinder Engines,内燃机学报,1997,15(3):257~266
[38] Royo R,Corberan J, Perez A,Optimal Design of the Intake System in4-5.I.C.E,SAE Paper 940210,1994
[39] 张会明,小型柴油机谐振增压的探讨,华东交通大学学报,1994,11(4):67~71
[40] 罗曼芦,气体动力学,上海:上海交通大学出版社,1989:182~191
[41] 周龙保,刘巽俊,高宗英,内燃机学,机械工业出版社,1999 年 6 月
[42] Devendra Deshmukh, Rajesh Kumar, Ma nish Garg, Mohammad Jaffer Nayeem and V. Lakshminarasimhan, Optimization of Gas Exchange Process on a Single Cylinder Small 4-Stroke Engine by Intake and Exhaust Tuning: Experimentation and Simulation, SAE 320007, 2004
[43] [英] RS 本森著,程宏,朱倩,邵明锋译,内燃机的热力学和空气动力学,北京:机械工业出版社,1986
[44] Oldrieh Vitek,Milos Polasek,Tuned Manifold systems-Application of 1-D Pipe Model,SAE Paper 010004,2002
[45] AVL Boost User Guide V4.0.4 2004
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[50] 李玉峰,四气门汽油机缸内滚流运动就其对燃烧过程影响的研究,博士学位论文,天津:天津大学,1995
[51] 刘书亮等,汽油机滚动涡流模拟试验台和滚流进气道的试验研究,内燃机工程,1995(4):26～28
[2] 王海良,混合动力电动汽车的发展与研究,APC2007-053
[3] 邢世凯,闻德生,车用内燃机可变技术概述,拖拉机与农用运输车,2003年第 6 期,3~6
[4] 董敬,庄志,常思勤,汽车拖拉机内燃机,北京:机械工业出版社,2000:36～37
[5] 魏春源,车用内燃机构造,北京:机械工业出版社,1997:285~287
[6] Lumley L,Engine: An Introduction,Cambridge University Press,1999:66~79
[7] J Benajes,Pre-design Criteria for Exhaust Manifold Sin I..C Automotive Engines,SAE Paper 980783,1998
[8] Liu Jingping,Gas Dynamics Resonance Mechanism of Variable Geometry Intake Systems[C],ASME Paper, 1998.98-ICE-91
[9] 倪计民,杜丽玫,高征,陆玉佩,冯迎霞,电喷汽油机可变进气系统的优化设计,汽车技术,2005(2):16~19
[10] Kent J C,Observations on the Effects of Intake-Generated Swirl and Tumb1e on Combustion Duration,SAE Paper 892096,1989
[11] Souich Matsushita,Effects of Helical Port with Swirl Control valve on the Combustion and Performance of SI Engine,SAE Paper 850046,1985
[12] 刘书亮,刘伍权,刘德新,四气门发动机可变涡流稀薄燃烧特性研究,工程热物理学报,2002(7):17-20
[13] 李伟,汽油及喷射发动机进气管系的实验研究,硕士学位论文,清华大学,1995
[14] 何玲,电喷发动机可变进排气系统的研究,硕士学位论文,哈尔滨工业大学,2002
[15] Prashant R Gangurde, Ashokarajan G., Simulation of Intake System for Two Cylinder Naturally Aspriated In-Direct Injection Engine. SAE Paper 320030,2004
[16] Pisehinger S, Heywood J B,How heat losses to the spark plug electrodes After flame kernel development in an S.I. engine,SAE Paper 900021,1990
[17] Fontana G, Galloni E, Palmaccio R, Development of a New Intake System for a Small Spark-Ignition Engine. Modeling the Flow Through the Inlet Valve SAE Paper 010369,2003
[18] 刘浩浩,发动机性能曲线设置对整车性能的影响,APC 2007-067
[19] Hountalas D T,Kouremenos A D,Development of a Fast and Simple Simulation Model for the Fuel Injection System of Diesel Engines,84 Advances in Engineering Software,1998,29(1):13-28
[20] Safari M, Ghamari M,Intake Manifold Optimization by Using 3-D CFD Analysis,SAE Paper 320073,2003
[21] Low S C, Baruah P C,A Generalized Computer Aided Design Package for I.C. Engine Manifold System,SAE Paper 810498,1981
[22] Tang-Wei Kou,Multidimensional Port-and-Cylinder Gas Flow,Fuel Spray,and Combustion Calculations for a Port-fuel-Injection Engine,SAE Paper 920515,1992
[23] Pierre Godrie,Mark Zellat,Simulation of Flow Field Generated by Intake Port-Valve-Cylinder Configuration-Comparison with Measurement and Applications,SAE Paper 940521,1994
[24] Dent J C,Chen A ,An Investigation of Steady Flow Through a Curved Inlet Port,SAE Paper 940522,1994
[25] Yingjin Cui,Wenyu Pan,James H Leylek,Cylinder-to-Cylinder Variation of Losses in Intake Regions of I .C .Engines,SAE Paper 981025,1998
[26] 蒋炎坤,二冲程发动机扫排气道——缸内系统三维瞬态数值摸拟研究,内燃机学报,2001(2):32~33
[27] Morel I , Lapointe L A. Concurrent Simulation and Testing Concept in Engine Development[C]. SAE 940207
[28] 刘永军,付晓光,刘莹,国外当代轿车发动机的可变技术,天津汽车,2001 年 第四期:40~43
[29] Schnabel W,Drei Motoren fuerden neuen Audi 100.MTZ 52(1991)3
[30] Kazuhiro Akima, Kazuyuki Seko, Wataru Taga, Kenji Torii and Satoshi Nakamura, Development of New Low Fuel Consumption1.8L i-VTEC Gasoline Engine with Delayed Intake Valve Closing, SAE Paper 010192, 2006
[31] Manfred Poepperl, Georg Hedrich, Helmut Heusler, Dieter Koehler, Bernhard Marin, Peter Rothenberger and Otmar Scharrer, Adaptation of a Dual Continuous Variable Cam Phasing System to a 4-Valve, 4-Cylinder Engine -Thermodynamic Benefits and Engine Hardware Requirements.SAE Paper 010408, 2006
[32] 陈春仙,柴油机谐振进气技术的研究,硕士学位论文,清华大学,1995
[33] AVL List Co. Ltd,Controlled Burn Rate (CBR)一 A New Approach for Gasoline Engines,2000 年中国国际内燃机技术展,北京,2000
[34] Stokes J, Lake T H, Christle M J,Improving the NOx/fuel economy trade-off for gasoline engine switch CCVS combustion system,SAE Paper 940482,1994
[35] 张礼林,杜艳明,柴油机进气管惯性增压的试验研究,现代车用动力,2003(8):22~25
[36] 杨建华,龚金科,吴义虎,内燃机性能提高技术,北京:人民交通出版社,2000,87~91
[37] Liu J P, Bingham J F,Effects of Intake System Dimension Son Volumetric Efficiency-Speed Characteristics of Multi-Cylinder Engines,内燃机学报,1997,15(3):257~266
[38] Royo R,Corberan J, Perez A,Optimal Design of the Intake System in4-5.I.C.E,SAE Paper 940210,1994
[39] 张会明,小型柴油机谐振增压的探讨,华东交通大学学报,1994,11(4):67~71
[40] 罗曼芦,气体动力学,上海:上海交通大学出版社,1989:182~191
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