向海湿地补水生态补偿机制研究
|
摘要
2000年以来，受气候变化和经济发展的双重影响，向海湿地连年干旱，湿地面积减幅达90%，其生态功能严重退化。理论上，湿地生态系统结构的稳定性在很大程度上取决于水源补给的稳定性，生态补水是保证已经干枯和正在承受缺水威胁的湿地得以恢复的重要手段，由此，启动向海湿地生态补水工程、解决向海湿地用水问题已经迫在眉睫。然而实践中，向海湿地生态补水过程中，相关生态效益和经济效益的不公平分配，破坏了地区之间及利益相关者的和谐发展，由此引发的生态补偿问题成为制约向海湿地生态补水工程社会、经济效益发挥的关键因素。因此，开展向海湿地补水生态补偿机制研究具有重要意义，一方面可为向海湿地生态补水过程中相关各方利益的公平分配提供指导，另一方面可为向海湿地生态补水过程中洮儿河流域和霍林河流域相关主体之间的利益关系平衡奠定基础。
向海湿地补水生态补偿是由向海湿地补水引发的一种生态补偿行为，在形式上表现为向海湿地补水的受益人，在有关法规和制度的约束下，向受损者以及提供补水服务的地区、机构和个人进行补偿的一种行为，其生态补偿范围的大小与湿地补水路线和补水水量紧密相关，生态补偿标准的高低也由湿地补水水量以及影响范围与程度等因素共同决定。所以，向海湿地补水生态补偿机制的研究应该在充分论证向海湿地生态补水的可行方案的基础上，分析向海湿地补水的影响范围及损益关系，从而确定向海湿地补水生态补偿的补偿主体、补偿对象、补偿标准以及补偿模式，完善向海湿地补水生态补偿的保障机制。
由此，向海湿地补水生态补偿机制研究包括两个方面内容：一是，探讨向海湿地补水的可行方案，二是，研究构建向海湿地补水过程中的生态补偿机制。其中，向海湿地补水方案设计中补水水量的逐月分配和向海湿地补水生态补偿标准的核算是本文研究中需要解决的关键问题，前者是分析湿地补水影响范围、损益关系、影响程度的基础，后者是决定湿地补水生态补偿是否合理、是否有效、是否长效的关键因素。这也是本文重点解决的技术难点。
本论文首先在充分调查分析向海湿地概况及周边水系的水资源利用现状的基础上，以向海湿地生态系统水量平衡为基础，特别考虑向海湿地相对稳定的水面面积，测算湿地生态需水量，确定湿地生态补水目标；分析不同降水保证率年份向海湿地的天然来水量，并确定补水水量和补水情景；结合洮儿河流域和霍林河流域水资源特征，确定补水水源、补水路线和补水时间。计算结果显示，向海湿地适宜生态需水量为1.91亿m~3，75%降水保证率年份为满足适宜生态需水量需要引水0.87亿m~3，95%降水保证率年份只考虑保障向海湿地核心区的最小生态用水，需要引水0.25亿m~3；本文在考虑渠道防渗与否的基础上，设计了近期补水方案（不做防渗）和远期补水方案（做防渗，水量损失率为40%）；考虑向海湿地应在枯水年份汛期（6-8月份）启动引洮入向或引察济向补水工程从洮儿河流域调水经龙华吐分水口入引洮干渠为向海湿地进行持续补水。
其次，为尽量减少湿地补水对其它用水群体的影响，对向海湿地补水采用逐月补水方式，本文从“水量约束”和“成本约束”两个视角研究湿地补水水量分配的一般原则，确定湿地汛期（6-8月份）逐月水量分配。研究显示，近期引水方案中，75%降水保证率年份无偿引水水量比例为38%；95%频率无偿引水水量比例为56%；远期补水方案中（考虑防渗）75%频率无偿引水水量比例为68%；95%降水保证率年份无偿引水水量比例为100%。
再次，分析湿地补水方案的影响范围及损益关系，确定湿地补水的生态补偿主体和对象、方式，其中在补偿范围和补偿对象的确定上，本文引入“缺水率”这一判断因子，对那些在湿地引水前后缺水率没有发生变化的用水单位，不纳入生态补偿范围中。研究显示，引洮入向补水方案的影响区域主要为洮儿河龙华吐断面的下游地区，引察济向补水方案的影响区域主要察尔森水库及下游地区；补偿主体为政府和湿地内的水产养殖业、旅游业等产业群体；补偿对象为受影响范围内缺水率发生变化的察尔森水库管理局、兴安盟灌区管理局及灌区农民、洮儿河灌区管理局及灌区农民。
本着全面性、公平性和可操作性的原则，运用收入损失法、费用分析法以及机会成本法相结合的方法，建立湿地补水生态补偿标准计算模型。相关资料显示，受影响地区的工业用水和分散式灌溉农业用水均取自地下水，所以，向海湿地补水生态补偿标准核算中主要考虑集中式灌溉农业损失。经研究，引洮入向方案：近期补水方案，75%降水保证率年份生态补偿额度为4567万元，95%降水保证率年份生态补偿额度为1111万元；远期补水方案中，75%降水保证率年份生态补偿额度为1687万元，仅占近期补水方案补偿额度的36%。引察济向（95%%降水保证率年份）方案，向海湿地共需要支付生态补偿金2996万元。
综合补偿主体的收益程度、支付意愿、支付能力，以及补偿对象的缺水率变化、受损害程度等建立多个主体间的分担模型和多个客体间的分配模型。结果显示，向海湿地生态补偿资金由中央政府、地方政府以及保护区内的受益群体共同分担。引逃入向补水方案中，近期补水方案中，75%降水保证率年份洮儿河灌区管理局接受的补偿额度为138万元、灌区农民的补偿额度为4429万元，95%降水保证率年份洮儿河灌区管理局接受的补偿额度为28万元、灌区农民的补偿额度为1083万元；远期补水方案中，75%降水保证率年份洮儿河灌区管理局接受的补偿额度为133万元、灌区农民的补偿额度为1554万元。引察济向补水方案，补偿洮儿河灌区1830万元，兴安盟灌区670万元，察尔森水库496万元。
最后，建立湿地补水生态补偿实施机制，做到明确职责、制定方案、组织实施、监督评估和绩效考核五部分，以确保补偿机制的顺利实施。
Since2000, because of the impact of climate change and socio-economicdevelopment, Xianghai wetland is in successive years of drought, the reduction ofwetland area is up to90%and the degradation of ecological functions is serious. Intheory, the stability of the wetland ecosystem structure depends largely on the stabilityof water supply. Ecological water supplement is an important way that ensure thewetlands' recovery which have dried up or are under the threaten of water shortage.Thus, it is imminent to start the Xianghai wetland ecological water supplement projectand solve the problem of Xianghai wetland water. However, in practice, in the processof Xianghai wetland ecological water supplement, the unfair distribution of therelevant ecological and economic benefits has spoiled harmonious developmentamong the regions and the stakeholders. The ecological compensation then hasbecome the key factor to constrain social and economic supplement of ecologicalwater supplement project for Xianghai wetland. Therefore, to study wetlandecological water supplement`s compensation mechanism has important significance.On one hand, it can provide guidance that the equitable distribution of all parties'interests in the wetland ecological water supplement process. On the other hand, it canalso lay the foundation for the balance of interests between the related subjects ofTaoer River basin and Huolin River basin in the process of water supplement.
Ecological compensation of Xianghai wetland water supplement is a ecologicalcompensation behavior caused by Xianghai wetland ecological water supplement,which performs as the beneficiaries of Xianghai wetland ecological water supplement.Under the constraints of the rules and regulations, ecological compensation is abehavior, which provides compensation for impaired as well as water supplementservices areas, institutions and individuals. The size of ecological compensation rangeis closely related to wetland supplement line and the amount of supplement water. Thelevel of ecological compensation standard is codetermined by the amount of supplement water, the affect scope and extent, and other factors. Therefore, the studyof Xianghai wetland ecological water supplement ecological compensationmechanism should be on the basis of sufficient demonstration research in Xianghaiwetland ecological water supplement feasible scheme, analyzing the sphere ofinfluence and profit and loss relations of Xianghai wetland ecological watersupplement, to determine the compensation object, compensation standards, andcompensation model of Xianghai wetland ecological water supplement, and finallyimprove safeguard mechanism of Xianghai wetland ecological water supplement.
Thus, the ecological compensation and water replenishment mechanism ofXianghai wetland include two aspects: the one is exploring the feasible schemes ofXianghai wetland water replenishment, and the other is establishing ecologicalcompensate mechanisms during the process of Xianghai wetland water replenishment.The distribution of water replenishment from month to month during the hydratingscheme design and the ecological compensation standard of Xianghai wetland are thekey problems which need to be solved in this study.The former is the base ofanalyzing incidence of wetland water supplement, the relationship between the profitsand losses of the points and influence extent; and the latter is the key factor thatdecided whether the ecological compensation of wetland water supplement isreasonable, effective and long-acting. These are also the difficult technical problem tobe resolved in this study.
This paper firstly bases on sufficient investigation and analysis on Xianghaiwetland general situation and the surrounding water systems using status. Based onthe Xianghai wetland ecosystem water balance, giving special consideration to therelative stability of the surface area of Xianghai wetland, estimating of wetlandecological water requirement and analyzing of wetland monthly water demandprocess to determine the wetland ecological water supplement target. This paper alsoanalyses the amount of natural water to Xianghai wetlands in different precipitationguarantee rate year, determines the replenishment of water and supplement scenarios,determines the supplement headwaters, supplement line and supplement timecombining with the Taoer River basin and Huolin River basin water resource features.
The results show that the ecological water requirement of Xianghai wetland is1.91hundred million m~3. To meet the ecological water requirement, when theprecipitation guarantee rate is75%, the water intake is0.87hundred million m~3; whenit is95%, the water intake is0.25hundred million m~3. This paper designs recentdiversion scheme (not consider impermeable) and forward diversion scheme (considerimpermeable, water loss rate of40%) on the basis of considering the canalimpermeable control or not. During the flood season of low-water years(from June toAugust) of Xianghai wetland, it is to start water supplement project from Tao Riverinto Xianghai wetland or from Cha-er-sen reservoir into Xianghai wetland. It iscontinuous water supplement to Xianghai wetland, drawing water from Tao River–Longhuatu, the bleeder--main canal from Tao.
Second, to minimize the influence of wetland water supplement to other watergroups, the paper adopts monthly water supplement mode to Xianghai wetland. Thispaper studies general principles of wetland water supplement distribution from twoperspectives,“Water constraints” and “cost constraint”. Establish monthly watersupplement model，and determine the wetland flood season (June—August) themonthly water allocation. Research shows that in recent diversion scheme, theproportion of unpaid diversion for38%in75%frequency years and for56%in95%frequency years. In the forward diversion scheme (consider impermeable), theproportion of unpaid diversion is68%in75%frequency years and100%in95%frequency years.
Analyze the influence scope of wetland supplement water solution and profit andloss relationship. Determine the ecological compensation subject, object and way ofwetland water supplement. This paper introduces the judgment factors called ratio ofwater deficiency in the sphere of compensation and the determination ofcompensation object. If the water unit's ratio of water deficiency has no change beforeand after water diversion, it will be not be included in the scope of ecologicalcompensation. Research shows that the main effected scopes of schemes of drawingwater from Tao River into Xianghai wetland are the downstream areas of Longhuatusections of Tao-er River. The main effected scopes of schemes of drawing water from Cha-er-sen reservoir into Xianghai wetland are Cha-er-sen reservoir and thedownstream areas of it. The ecological compensation subject of this project are thegovernment, aquaculture in wetland, tourism and other industrial groups., while theecological compensation object of Xianghai wetland water supplement should beCha-er-sen reservoir administration, administration and farmers of Xing-an-meng andTao-er River irrigated areas whose ratio of water deficiency changed in the scopeaffected.
With the principles of comprehensive, fair and workable, we combined theincome loss method, the cost analysis, as well as the opportunity cost method toestablish the eco-compensation standard calculation model for wetland. The relevantinformation shows that the industrial water of affected areas and distributed irrigationagriculture water are derived from groundwater, so we mainly considerate thecentralized irrigation agriculture loss when we accounting the Xianghai wetlandecological compensation standard filling water. Date shows that the ecologicalcompensation standard of drawing water from Tao-er River in the short term demands45.67million Yuan in years of75%precipitation assurance and11.11million Yuan inyears of95%precipitation assurance. In the long term demands16.87million Yuan inyears of95%，the cost only accounted for36%of Recent hydrating scheme. For thescheme that drawing water from Cha-er-sen reservoir, demands29.96million Yuan inyears of95%precipitation assurance.
Establish the sharing model between multiple principals and multiple objectallocation models by integrate the income level of compensation subject, thewillingness to pay, the ability to pay, the vary of water shortage rate and the extent ofdamage for compensate object. The result shows that ecological compensation fundsto Xianghai wetland shared by the central government, local government. For thedrawing water from Tao-er river, in the near future hydrating scheme, thecompensation amount for Tao-er river irrigation area administration is1.38millionYuan and44.29million Yuan for irrigation farmers in years of75%precipitationassurance;0.28million Yuan for Tao-er river irrigation area administration and10.83million Yuan for irrigation farmers in years of95%precipitation assurance; in The forward hydrating scheme, the compensation amount for irrigation area administrationis1.33million Yuan and for irrigation farmers is15.54million Yuan in years of75%precipitation assurance; For the hydrating water scheme from Cha-er-sen reservoir,compensate Tao-er river irrigated area18.3million Yuan,6.7million Yuan for Xing'anmeng irrigated area, and4.98million Yuan for Cha-er-sen reservoir.
Finally, establish the implementation mechanisms for wetland replenishmentecological compensation including defining responsibilities, developing programs,organization and implementation, supervision and evaluation and performanceassessment to ensure implementation of the compensation mechanism.
向海湿地补水生态补偿是由向海湿地补水引发的一种生态补偿行为，在形式上表现为向海湿地补水的受益人，在有关法规和制度的约束下，向受损者以及提供补水服务的地区、机构和个人进行补偿的一种行为，其生态补偿范围的大小与湿地补水路线和补水水量紧密相关，生态补偿标准的高低也由湿地补水水量以及影响范围与程度等因素共同决定。所以，向海湿地补水生态补偿机制的研究应该在充分论证向海湿地生态补水的可行方案的基础上，分析向海湿地补水的影响范围及损益关系，从而确定向海湿地补水生态补偿的补偿主体、补偿对象、补偿标准以及补偿模式，完善向海湿地补水生态补偿的保障机制。
由此，向海湿地补水生态补偿机制研究包括两个方面内容：一是，探讨向海湿地补水的可行方案，二是，研究构建向海湿地补水过程中的生态补偿机制。其中，向海湿地补水方案设计中补水水量的逐月分配和向海湿地补水生态补偿标准的核算是本文研究中需要解决的关键问题，前者是分析湿地补水影响范围、损益关系、影响程度的基础，后者是决定湿地补水生态补偿是否合理、是否有效、是否长效的关键因素。这也是本文重点解决的技术难点。
本论文首先在充分调查分析向海湿地概况及周边水系的水资源利用现状的基础上，以向海湿地生态系统水量平衡为基础，特别考虑向海湿地相对稳定的水面面积，测算湿地生态需水量，确定湿地生态补水目标；分析不同降水保证率年份向海湿地的天然来水量，并确定补水水量和补水情景；结合洮儿河流域和霍林河流域水资源特征，确定补水水源、补水路线和补水时间。计算结果显示，向海湿地适宜生态需水量为1.91亿m~3，75%降水保证率年份为满足适宜生态需水量需要引水0.87亿m~3，95%降水保证率年份只考虑保障向海湿地核心区的最小生态用水，需要引水0.25亿m~3；本文在考虑渠道防渗与否的基础上，设计了近期补水方案（不做防渗）和远期补水方案（做防渗，水量损失率为40%）；考虑向海湿地应在枯水年份汛期（6-8月份）启动引洮入向或引察济向补水工程从洮儿河流域调水经龙华吐分水口入引洮干渠为向海湿地进行持续补水。
其次，为尽量减少湿地补水对其它用水群体的影响，对向海湿地补水采用逐月补水方式，本文从“水量约束”和“成本约束”两个视角研究湿地补水水量分配的一般原则，确定湿地汛期（6-8月份）逐月水量分配。研究显示，近期引水方案中，75%降水保证率年份无偿引水水量比例为38%；95%频率无偿引水水量比例为56%；远期补水方案中（考虑防渗）75%频率无偿引水水量比例为68%；95%降水保证率年份无偿引水水量比例为100%。
再次，分析湿地补水方案的影响范围及损益关系，确定湿地补水的生态补偿主体和对象、方式，其中在补偿范围和补偿对象的确定上，本文引入“缺水率”这一判断因子，对那些在湿地引水前后缺水率没有发生变化的用水单位，不纳入生态补偿范围中。研究显示，引洮入向补水方案的影响区域主要为洮儿河龙华吐断面的下游地区，引察济向补水方案的影响区域主要察尔森水库及下游地区；补偿主体为政府和湿地内的水产养殖业、旅游业等产业群体；补偿对象为受影响范围内缺水率发生变化的察尔森水库管理局、兴安盟灌区管理局及灌区农民、洮儿河灌区管理局及灌区农民。
本着全面性、公平性和可操作性的原则，运用收入损失法、费用分析法以及机会成本法相结合的方法，建立湿地补水生态补偿标准计算模型。相关资料显示，受影响地区的工业用水和分散式灌溉农业用水均取自地下水，所以，向海湿地补水生态补偿标准核算中主要考虑集中式灌溉农业损失。经研究，引洮入向方案：近期补水方案，75%降水保证率年份生态补偿额度为4567万元，95%降水保证率年份生态补偿额度为1111万元；远期补水方案中，75%降水保证率年份生态补偿额度为1687万元，仅占近期补水方案补偿额度的36%。引察济向（95%%降水保证率年份）方案，向海湿地共需要支付生态补偿金2996万元。
综合补偿主体的收益程度、支付意愿、支付能力，以及补偿对象的缺水率变化、受损害程度等建立多个主体间的分担模型和多个客体间的分配模型。结果显示，向海湿地生态补偿资金由中央政府、地方政府以及保护区内的受益群体共同分担。引逃入向补水方案中，近期补水方案中，75%降水保证率年份洮儿河灌区管理局接受的补偿额度为138万元、灌区农民的补偿额度为4429万元，95%降水保证率年份洮儿河灌区管理局接受的补偿额度为28万元、灌区农民的补偿额度为1083万元；远期补水方案中，75%降水保证率年份洮儿河灌区管理局接受的补偿额度为133万元、灌区农民的补偿额度为1554万元。引察济向补水方案，补偿洮儿河灌区1830万元，兴安盟灌区670万元，察尔森水库496万元。
最后，建立湿地补水生态补偿实施机制，做到明确职责、制定方案、组织实施、监督评估和绩效考核五部分，以确保补偿机制的顺利实施。
Since2000, because of the impact of climate change and socio-economicdevelopment, Xianghai wetland is in successive years of drought, the reduction ofwetland area is up to90%and the degradation of ecological functions is serious. Intheory, the stability of the wetland ecosystem structure depends largely on the stabilityof water supply. Ecological water supplement is an important way that ensure thewetlands' recovery which have dried up or are under the threaten of water shortage.Thus, it is imminent to start the Xianghai wetland ecological water supplement projectand solve the problem of Xianghai wetland water. However, in practice, in the processof Xianghai wetland ecological water supplement, the unfair distribution of therelevant ecological and economic benefits has spoiled harmonious developmentamong the regions and the stakeholders. The ecological compensation then hasbecome the key factor to constrain social and economic supplement of ecologicalwater supplement project for Xianghai wetland. Therefore, to study wetlandecological water supplement`s compensation mechanism has important significance.On one hand, it can provide guidance that the equitable distribution of all parties'interests in the wetland ecological water supplement process. On the other hand, it canalso lay the foundation for the balance of interests between the related subjects ofTaoer River basin and Huolin River basin in the process of water supplement.
Ecological compensation of Xianghai wetland water supplement is a ecologicalcompensation behavior caused by Xianghai wetland ecological water supplement,which performs as the beneficiaries of Xianghai wetland ecological water supplement.Under the constraints of the rules and regulations, ecological compensation is abehavior, which provides compensation for impaired as well as water supplementservices areas, institutions and individuals. The size of ecological compensation rangeis closely related to wetland supplement line and the amount of supplement water. Thelevel of ecological compensation standard is codetermined by the amount of supplement water, the affect scope and extent, and other factors. Therefore, the studyof Xianghai wetland ecological water supplement ecological compensationmechanism should be on the basis of sufficient demonstration research in Xianghaiwetland ecological water supplement feasible scheme, analyzing the sphere ofinfluence and profit and loss relations of Xianghai wetland ecological watersupplement, to determine the compensation object, compensation standards, andcompensation model of Xianghai wetland ecological water supplement, and finallyimprove safeguard mechanism of Xianghai wetland ecological water supplement.
Thus, the ecological compensation and water replenishment mechanism ofXianghai wetland include two aspects: the one is exploring the feasible schemes ofXianghai wetland water replenishment, and the other is establishing ecologicalcompensate mechanisms during the process of Xianghai wetland water replenishment.The distribution of water replenishment from month to month during the hydratingscheme design and the ecological compensation standard of Xianghai wetland are thekey problems which need to be solved in this study.The former is the base ofanalyzing incidence of wetland water supplement, the relationship between the profitsand losses of the points and influence extent; and the latter is the key factor thatdecided whether the ecological compensation of wetland water supplement isreasonable, effective and long-acting. These are also the difficult technical problem tobe resolved in this study.
This paper firstly bases on sufficient investigation and analysis on Xianghaiwetland general situation and the surrounding water systems using status. Based onthe Xianghai wetland ecosystem water balance, giving special consideration to therelative stability of the surface area of Xianghai wetland, estimating of wetlandecological water requirement and analyzing of wetland monthly water demandprocess to determine the wetland ecological water supplement target. This paper alsoanalyses the amount of natural water to Xianghai wetlands in different precipitationguarantee rate year, determines the replenishment of water and supplement scenarios,determines the supplement headwaters, supplement line and supplement timecombining with the Taoer River basin and Huolin River basin water resource features.
The results show that the ecological water requirement of Xianghai wetland is1.91hundred million m~3. To meet the ecological water requirement, when theprecipitation guarantee rate is75%, the water intake is0.87hundred million m~3; whenit is95%, the water intake is0.25hundred million m~3. This paper designs recentdiversion scheme (not consider impermeable) and forward diversion scheme (considerimpermeable, water loss rate of40%) on the basis of considering the canalimpermeable control or not. During the flood season of low-water years(from June toAugust) of Xianghai wetland, it is to start water supplement project from Tao Riverinto Xianghai wetland or from Cha-er-sen reservoir into Xianghai wetland. It iscontinuous water supplement to Xianghai wetland, drawing water from Tao River–Longhuatu, the bleeder--main canal from Tao.
Second, to minimize the influence of wetland water supplement to other watergroups, the paper adopts monthly water supplement mode to Xianghai wetland. Thispaper studies general principles of wetland water supplement distribution from twoperspectives,“Water constraints” and “cost constraint”. Establish monthly watersupplement model，and determine the wetland flood season (June—August) themonthly water allocation. Research shows that in recent diversion scheme, theproportion of unpaid diversion for38%in75%frequency years and for56%in95%frequency years. In the forward diversion scheme (consider impermeable), theproportion of unpaid diversion is68%in75%frequency years and100%in95%frequency years.
Analyze the influence scope of wetland supplement water solution and profit andloss relationship. Determine the ecological compensation subject, object and way ofwetland water supplement. This paper introduces the judgment factors called ratio ofwater deficiency in the sphere of compensation and the determination ofcompensation object. If the water unit's ratio of water deficiency has no change beforeand after water diversion, it will be not be included in the scope of ecologicalcompensation. Research shows that the main effected scopes of schemes of drawingwater from Tao River into Xianghai wetland are the downstream areas of Longhuatusections of Tao-er River. The main effected scopes of schemes of drawing water from Cha-er-sen reservoir into Xianghai wetland are Cha-er-sen reservoir and thedownstream areas of it. The ecological compensation subject of this project are thegovernment, aquaculture in wetland, tourism and other industrial groups., while theecological compensation object of Xianghai wetland water supplement should beCha-er-sen reservoir administration, administration and farmers of Xing-an-meng andTao-er River irrigated areas whose ratio of water deficiency changed in the scopeaffected.
With the principles of comprehensive, fair and workable, we combined theincome loss method, the cost analysis, as well as the opportunity cost method toestablish the eco-compensation standard calculation model for wetland. The relevantinformation shows that the industrial water of affected areas and distributed irrigationagriculture water are derived from groundwater, so we mainly considerate thecentralized irrigation agriculture loss when we accounting the Xianghai wetlandecological compensation standard filling water. Date shows that the ecologicalcompensation standard of drawing water from Tao-er River in the short term demands45.67million Yuan in years of75%precipitation assurance and11.11million Yuan inyears of95%precipitation assurance. In the long term demands16.87million Yuan inyears of95%，the cost only accounted for36%of Recent hydrating scheme. For thescheme that drawing water from Cha-er-sen reservoir, demands29.96million Yuan inyears of95%precipitation assurance.
Establish the sharing model between multiple principals and multiple objectallocation models by integrate the income level of compensation subject, thewillingness to pay, the ability to pay, the vary of water shortage rate and the extent ofdamage for compensate object. The result shows that ecological compensation fundsto Xianghai wetland shared by the central government, local government. For thedrawing water from Tao-er river, in the near future hydrating scheme, thecompensation amount for Tao-er river irrigation area administration is1.38millionYuan and44.29million Yuan for irrigation farmers in years of75%precipitationassurance;0.28million Yuan for Tao-er river irrigation area administration and10.83million Yuan for irrigation farmers in years of95%precipitation assurance; in The forward hydrating scheme, the compensation amount for irrigation area administrationis1.33million Yuan and for irrigation farmers is15.54million Yuan in years of75%precipitation assurance; For the hydrating water scheme from Cha-er-sen reservoir,compensate Tao-er river irrigated area18.3million Yuan,6.7million Yuan for Xing'anmeng irrigated area, and4.98million Yuan for Cha-er-sen reservoir.
Finally, establish the implementation mechanisms for wetland replenishmentecological compensation including defining responsibilities, developing programs,organization and implementation, supervision and evaluation and performanceassessment to ensure implementation of the compensation mechanism.
引文
[1] Edward B B, et al. Economic valuation of wetlands. Ramsar ConventionBureau. Gland, Switzerland,1997.
[2]中国湿地植被编委会.中国湿地植被[M].北京：科学出版社，1999.
[3] Costanza, R. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and naturalcapital [J]. Nature.1997,387:252-260.
[4] Woodward RT, Wui YS. The economic value of wetland services: ameta-analysis [J]. Ecological economics,2001,37(2):257-270.
[5] Katharina, A. M., Engelhardt., Ritchie M E. Effects of macrophyte speciesrichness on wetland ecosystem functioning and services[J]. Nature,2001,7(411):687-689.
[6] Richard T W, Wui Y. The economic value of wetland services: ameta-analysis [J]. Ecological Economics,2001,(37):257-270.
[7]国家林业局．全国湿地资源调查总报告［R］．北京：国家林业局，2003．
[8] Liu J, Diamond J. China’s environment in a globalizing world[J]. Nature,2005,(435):1179-1186.
[9] Alexander AM, List JA, Margolis A,D’Arge RC. A method for valuing globalecosystem services [J]. Ecological Economics.1998,27:161-170.
[10] Daily, G, Polasky, S., Goldstein, J., Kareiva P., Mooney, H., Pejehar, L.,Rieketts, T., Salzman, J. and Shallenberger, R. Ecosystem services indecision making: time to deliver [J]. Front. Eeol. Environ.2009,7(l):21-28.
[11]Turpie JK, MaraisC, Blignaut JN. The working for water Programme:Evolution of a Payments for ecosystem services mechanismthat addresses both poverty and ecosystem service delivery inSouth Africa [J]. Ecological Economies.2008,65:788-798.
[12] Larson Joseph S.Rapid assessment of wetlands: history and applicationto management. In: Mitsch (ed.), Global Wetlands: Old World and New.Elsevier,1994.623-636.
[13] Sven Wunder, Stefanie Engel, Stefano Pagiola, Taking stock: Acomparative analysis of payments for environmental services programs indeveloped and developing countries [J]. Ecological Economics,2008,(65):834–852.
[14] D.N. Barton,D.P. Faith,G.M. Rusch, H. Acevedo, L. Paniagua, M.Castro,Environmental service payments: Evaluating biodiversity conservationtrade-offs and cost-efficiency in the Osa Conservation Area, Costa Rica[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90:901–911.
[15] Joshua Farley, Robert Costanza, Payments for ecosystem services: Fromlocal to global [J]. Ecological Economics,2010,69:2060–2068.
[16] Kosoy, N., Corbera, E.,2010. Payments for ecosystem services ascommodity fetishism. Ecological Economics69,1228–1236.
[17] Charles M P, Alwyn G H et al. Valuation of an Amazonian rainforest.Nature,1989,339(29):655-656.
[18] Alix-García, J., de Janvry, A., Sadoulet, E.. Payments for EnvironmentalServices: to whom, for what, and how much?[J].University of California atBerkeley, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics,2004:30.
[19]刘昌明.关于生态需水量的概念和重要性[J].科学对社会的影响，2002（2）：25-29.
[20]李丽娟,郑红星.海滦河流域河流系统生态环境需水量计算[J].地理学报,2000,55(4):495–500.
[21]严登华,何岩,邓伟,等.东辽河流域河流系统生态需水研究[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(1):46-491
[22]崔保山，杨志峰.湿地生态环境需水量研究[J].环境科学报,2002,22(2):219-22.
[23]郭跃东，何岩，邓伟.扎龙河滨湿地水系统脆弱性特征及影响因素分析[J].湿地科学,2004,2(1):47-53.
[24]李恩菊.黄河三角洲湿地生态补偿[J].固原师专学报(自然科学),2005,26(6):63-66.
[25]高红贵.淮河流域水污染管制的制度分析[J].中南财经政法大学学报，2006(4):45-50.
[26]王军.以循环经济理论指导流域生态补偿的思考[J].环境保护，2007(9):47-49.
[27]张郁.我国跨流域调水工程中的生态补偿问题[J].东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,4:22-26.
[28]刘晓辉,吕宪国,姜明等.湿地生态系统服务功能的价值评估[J].生态学报,2008,28(11):5625-5631.
[29]冯达,郑云玉,温亚利.我国湿地生态效益补偿制度的需求分析[J].资源开发与市场,2010,26(9):831-834.
[30]郝春旭,杨莉菲,温亚利.基于典型案例研究的中国湿地生态补偿模式探析[J].林业经济问题,2010,30(3):189-192.
[31]凌棱,罗尧,刘先.优化中国湿地生态补偿机制模式——以东洞庭湖国家级自然保护区为例[J].中国商界,2010,1:195-196.
[32]高永志，黄北新.对建立跨区域河流污染济补偿机制的探衬[J].环境经济，2003(9):45-47.
[33]颜华.关于建立湿地生态补偿机制的思考--以黑龙江三江平原湿地为例[J].农业现代化研究,2006,27(5):383-385.
[34]罗宏斌，陈一真.我国流域污染治理的体制机制创新研究[J].学术界,2009(5):188-192.
[35]贺思源.湿地资源生态补偿机制探析[J].学术界,2009,139:76-82.
[36]汤崇军.鄱阳湖湿地生态补偿机制研究[A].中国环境保护优秀论文集,2005.
[37]王军锋，侯超波.政府主导型流域生态补偿机制研究—对子牙河流域生态补偿机制的思考[J].中国人口·资源与环境.2011,21(7):101-106.
[38]杨桐鹤.流域生态补偿标准计算方法研究[D].中央民族大学硕士论文,2011.
[39]熊鹰,王克林,蓝万炼,齐恒.洞庭湖区湿地回复的生态补偿效应研究评估[J].地理学报,2004,59(5):772-780.
[40]李怀恩,尚晓英,王媛.流域生态补偿研究进展[J].西北大学学报,2009,39(4):667-669.
[41]鲍俊.湿地恢复工程生态服务评价与生态补偿研究[D].南京林业大学,2009.
[42]吕明权，王继军.基于最小数据方法的滦河流域生态补偿研究[J].资源科学,2012,34(1):166-172.
[43] Pagiola S. Payments for environmental services in Costa Rica[J].Ecological Economics,2008,(65):712-724.
[44]孙新章，谢高地，张其仔等.中国生态补偿的实践及其政策取向[J].资源科学，2006，28(4):25-30.
[45]刘旭芳，王明安.生态补偿释义[J].桂海论丛，2006，22(1):82-84.
[46]扬朝飞,发挥市场经济条件下的政府监督职能，深入做好生态环境补偿费试点工作，参见：国家环境保护局自然保护司，中国生态环境补偿费的理论与实践，北京：中国环境科学出版社,1995:19-47.
[47] Engel, S., Pagiola, S. and Wunder, S. Designing payment forenvironmental services in theory and Practice: An overview of the issues.Ecological Economies.2008，65(4):663-674.
[48]李远,赵景柱,严岩,吴钢.生态补偿及其相关概念辨析[J].环境保护,2009.6B:64-66.
[49]尤艳馨.我国国家生态补偿体系研究[D].河北工业大学博士论文，2007-05-01,p26
[50]唐玉兰.资源的稀缺性与循环经济[J].企业家天地（理论版），2006（07）：16-18.
[51]王常文.资源稀缺理论与可持续发展[J].当代经济，2005（4）：52.
[52]E.C.M. Ruijgrok. Transferring economic values on the basis of anecological classification of nature. Ecological Eeonomies.2001，(39):399-408.
[53] Chee YE. An ecological perspective on the valuation of ecosystemservices. Biological Conservation.2004,120(4):549-565.
[54]付意成,阮本清,张春玲,王瑞年.生态补偿机制研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2009,(3):55-58.
[55]潘少兵.生态补偿机制建立的经济学原理及补偿模式[J].安庆师范学院学报(社会科学版),2008,27(10):6-9.
[56](美)萨缪尔森，诺德豪斯著，高鸿业等译.经济学[M].北京:中国发展出版社，1992.
[57]沈满洪，何灵巧.外部性的分类及外部性理论的演化[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2002，32(l):152-160.
[58]刘燕.西部地区生态假设补偿机制及配套政策研究[M].科学出版社，2010：21.
[59]任勇，冯东方等.中国生态补偿理论与政策框架设计[M].中国环境科学出版社，2008:18.
[60]Claassen R, Cattanco R, Johansson. Cost-effective design of agri-environmental Payment programs: U.S. experience in theory andpractice[J]. Ecological Economies,2008(65):737-7.52.
[61]Howarth, R. and Farber, S. Accounting for the value of ecosystem services.Ecological Eeonomies.2002，41(3):421-429.
[62]周洁敏.吉林向海国家级自然保护区的规划与管理[J].中南林业调查规划，2000，19（2）：7-17.
[63]霍林河流域和扎龙湿地生态需水量研究报告.水利部松辽水利委员会，2004，7.
[64]王国平，余国营.水利工程对霍林河下游湿地的影响[J].农业环境保护.2001,20(6):459-461.
[65]白城市供销合作网[EB/OL].http://baicheng.jlcoop.gov.cn/class.asp?classid=39
[66]白城市，互动百科[EB/OL].http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9F%8E&prd=button_doc_jinru
[67]松嫩平原湿地自然保护区土地利用遥感动态分析报告[R].水利部松辽水利委员会.2006，4.
[68]向海，百度百科[EB/OL].http://baike.baidu.com/view/70123.htm
[69]吕宪国，佟守正，张俊海,等.向海与科尔沁保护区水资源共管计划.2005年10月.
[70]崔保山，杨志峰.湿地生态需水量研究[J].环境科学学报，2002，22（2）：219-224.
[71]崔保山，杨志峰.湿地生态需水量等级划分与实例分析[J].资源科学，2003，25（1）：21-28.
[72]杨志峰，崔保山，刘静玲，等.生态需水量理论、方法与实践[M].北京：科学出版社，2003.54-63.
[73]盛琼，申双和，顾泽。小型蒸发器的水面蒸发量折算系数[J].南京气象学院学报,2007，30(4):562-563.
[74]唐占辉，马逊风.向海湿地生态需水量的初步研究[J].吉林水利，2003（12）：1-2.
[75]唐蕴，王浩，严登华.向海自然保护区湿地生态需水研究[J].资源科学，2005，27（5）：101-106.
[76]陶国芳.向海湿地生态环境需水量的界定及调控[D].东北师范大学,2006.5.
[77]高文宏，闫红军.引察济向恢复湿地功能效益分析[J].吉林水利，2006，（11）：18-20.
[78]高文宏，闫红军.引察济向恢复湿地功能效益分析[J].吉林水利，2006，（11）：18-20.
[79] Venkatachalam L. The contingent valuation method: a review.Environmental Impact Assessment Review.2004，24:89-124.
[80]姜宏瑶.中国湿地生态补偿机制研究[D].北京林业大学,2010.12.
[81]高永志,黄北新.对尽力跨区域河流污染经济补偿机制的探讨[J].环境经济,2003.(9):45-47.
[82]刘磊.南四湖利于退耕还湿工程生态补偿机制研究[D].山东大学,2011.5.
[83]吴耀宇.浅论盐城海滨湿地自然保护区旅游开发中的生态补偿机制的构建[C].江苏省旅游学会首届学术年会论文集,2008.
[84]毛显强，钟瑜，张胜.生态补偿的理论探讨[J].中国人口·资源与环境，2002，(4):38-41.
[85]费世民，彭镇华，杨冬生等.关于森林生态效益补偿问题的探讨[J].林业科学，2004，40(4):171-179.
[86]《中华人民共和国自然保护区条例》
[87]Karimzadegan, H., Rahmatian, M., Dehghani Salmasi, M., Jalali, R.andShahkarami, A. Valuing Forests and Rangelands-Ecosystem Services. Int.J. Environ. Res.2007, l(4):368-377.
[88]江中文,南水北调中线工程汉江流域水源保护区生态补偿标准与机制研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2008.6.
[89]蔡邦成,陆根法,宋莉娟,刘庄.生态建设补偿的定量标准——以南水北调东线水源地保护区一期生态建设工程为例[J].2008,(5):2413-2416.
[90]毛占峰.跨流域调水水源地生态补偿研究——以南水北调中线工程水源地安康为例[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2008.
[91]何承耕,多时空尺度视野下的生态补偿理论与应用研究[D],福建师范大学,2007.4.
[92]李怀恩,尚晓英,王媛.流域生态补偿研究进展[J].西北大学学报，2009,39(4):P667-669.
[93] Simon Zbinden，David R Lee. Paying for Environmental Services: AnAnalysis of Participation in Costa Rica’s PSA Program [J]. WorldDevelopment.2005，33(2):55-272.
[94]郑海霞,中国流域生态服务补偿机制与政策研究[D].中国农业科学院农业经济与发展研究所,2006.8.
[95]贺志丽.南水北调西线工程生态补偿机制研究[D].西安:西安交通大学,2008.
[96]朱福才，冯治国，朱萍萍，幸福灌区渠道防渗技术分析[J]，水利科技与经济，2009，(8)：751-751.
[97]唐林峰.广西集体生态公益林生态效益补偿机制研究[D].2006.
[98]程艳军.中国流域生态服务补偿模式研究——以浙江省金华江流域为例[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2006.
[2]中国湿地植被编委会.中国湿地植被[M].北京：科学出版社，1999.
[3] Costanza, R. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and naturalcapital [J]. Nature.1997,387:252-260.
[4] Woodward RT, Wui YS. The economic value of wetland services: ameta-analysis [J]. Ecological economics,2001,37(2):257-270.
[5] Katharina, A. M., Engelhardt., Ritchie M E. Effects of macrophyte speciesrichness on wetland ecosystem functioning and services[J]. Nature,2001,7(411):687-689.
[6] Richard T W, Wui Y. The economic value of wetland services: ameta-analysis [J]. Ecological Economics,2001,(37):257-270.
[7]国家林业局．全国湿地资源调查总报告［R］．北京：国家林业局，2003．
[8] Liu J, Diamond J. China’s environment in a globalizing world[J]. Nature,2005,(435):1179-1186.
[9] Alexander AM, List JA, Margolis A,D’Arge RC. A method for valuing globalecosystem services [J]. Ecological Economics.1998,27:161-170.
[10] Daily, G, Polasky, S., Goldstein, J., Kareiva P., Mooney, H., Pejehar, L.,Rieketts, T., Salzman, J. and Shallenberger, R. Ecosystem services indecision making: time to deliver [J]. Front. Eeol. Environ.2009,7(l):21-28.
[11]Turpie JK, MaraisC, Blignaut JN. The working for water Programme:Evolution of a Payments for ecosystem services mechanismthat addresses both poverty and ecosystem service delivery inSouth Africa [J]. Ecological Economies.2008,65:788-798.
[12] Larson Joseph S.Rapid assessment of wetlands: history and applicationto management. In: Mitsch (ed.), Global Wetlands: Old World and New.Elsevier,1994.623-636.
[13] Sven Wunder, Stefanie Engel, Stefano Pagiola, Taking stock: Acomparative analysis of payments for environmental services programs indeveloped and developing countries [J]. Ecological Economics,2008,(65):834–852.
[14] D.N. Barton,D.P. Faith,G.M. Rusch, H. Acevedo, L. Paniagua, M.Castro,Environmental service payments: Evaluating biodiversity conservationtrade-offs and cost-efficiency in the Osa Conservation Area, Costa Rica[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90:901–911.
[15] Joshua Farley, Robert Costanza, Payments for ecosystem services: Fromlocal to global [J]. Ecological Economics,2010,69:2060–2068.
[16] Kosoy, N., Corbera, E.,2010. Payments for ecosystem services ascommodity fetishism. Ecological Economics69,1228–1236.
[17] Charles M P, Alwyn G H et al. Valuation of an Amazonian rainforest.Nature,1989,339(29):655-656.
[18] Alix-García, J., de Janvry, A., Sadoulet, E.. Payments for EnvironmentalServices: to whom, for what, and how much?[J].University of California atBerkeley, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics,2004:30.
[19]刘昌明.关于生态需水量的概念和重要性[J].科学对社会的影响，2002（2）：25-29.
[20]李丽娟,郑红星.海滦河流域河流系统生态环境需水量计算[J].地理学报,2000,55(4):495–500.
[21]严登华,何岩,邓伟,等.东辽河流域河流系统生态需水研究[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(1):46-491
[22]崔保山，杨志峰.湿地生态环境需水量研究[J].环境科学报,2002,22(2):219-22.
[23]郭跃东，何岩，邓伟.扎龙河滨湿地水系统脆弱性特征及影响因素分析[J].湿地科学,2004,2(1):47-53.
[24]李恩菊.黄河三角洲湿地生态补偿[J].固原师专学报(自然科学),2005,26(6):63-66.
[25]高红贵.淮河流域水污染管制的制度分析[J].中南财经政法大学学报，2006(4):45-50.
[26]王军.以循环经济理论指导流域生态补偿的思考[J].环境保护，2007(9):47-49.
[27]张郁.我国跨流域调水工程中的生态补偿问题[J].东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,4:22-26.
[28]刘晓辉,吕宪国,姜明等.湿地生态系统服务功能的价值评估[J].生态学报,2008,28(11):5625-5631.
[29]冯达,郑云玉,温亚利.我国湿地生态效益补偿制度的需求分析[J].资源开发与市场,2010,26(9):831-834.
[30]郝春旭,杨莉菲,温亚利.基于典型案例研究的中国湿地生态补偿模式探析[J].林业经济问题,2010,30(3):189-192.
[31]凌棱,罗尧,刘先.优化中国湿地生态补偿机制模式——以东洞庭湖国家级自然保护区为例[J].中国商界,2010,1:195-196.
[32]高永志，黄北新.对建立跨区域河流污染济补偿机制的探衬[J].环境经济，2003(9):45-47.
[33]颜华.关于建立湿地生态补偿机制的思考--以黑龙江三江平原湿地为例[J].农业现代化研究,2006,27(5):383-385.
[34]罗宏斌，陈一真.我国流域污染治理的体制机制创新研究[J].学术界,2009(5):188-192.
[35]贺思源.湿地资源生态补偿机制探析[J].学术界,2009,139:76-82.
[36]汤崇军.鄱阳湖湿地生态补偿机制研究[A].中国环境保护优秀论文集,2005.
[37]王军锋，侯超波.政府主导型流域生态补偿机制研究—对子牙河流域生态补偿机制的思考[J].中国人口·资源与环境.2011,21(7):101-106.
[38]杨桐鹤.流域生态补偿标准计算方法研究[D].中央民族大学硕士论文,2011.
[39]熊鹰,王克林,蓝万炼,齐恒.洞庭湖区湿地回复的生态补偿效应研究评估[J].地理学报,2004,59(5):772-780.
[40]李怀恩,尚晓英,王媛.流域生态补偿研究进展[J].西北大学学报,2009,39(4):667-669.
[41]鲍俊.湿地恢复工程生态服务评价与生态补偿研究[D].南京林业大学,2009.
[42]吕明权，王继军.基于最小数据方法的滦河流域生态补偿研究[J].资源科学,2012,34(1):166-172.
[43] Pagiola S. Payments for environmental services in Costa Rica[J].Ecological Economics,2008,(65):712-724.
[44]孙新章，谢高地，张其仔等.中国生态补偿的实践及其政策取向[J].资源科学，2006，28(4):25-30.
[45]刘旭芳，王明安.生态补偿释义[J].桂海论丛，2006，22(1):82-84.
[46]扬朝飞,发挥市场经济条件下的政府监督职能，深入做好生态环境补偿费试点工作，参见：国家环境保护局自然保护司，中国生态环境补偿费的理论与实践，北京：中国环境科学出版社,1995:19-47.
[47] Engel, S., Pagiola, S. and Wunder, S. Designing payment forenvironmental services in theory and Practice: An overview of the issues.Ecological Economies.2008，65(4):663-674.
[48]李远,赵景柱,严岩,吴钢.生态补偿及其相关概念辨析[J].环境保护,2009.6B:64-66.
[49]尤艳馨.我国国家生态补偿体系研究[D].河北工业大学博士论文，2007-05-01,p26
[50]唐玉兰.资源的稀缺性与循环经济[J].企业家天地（理论版），2006（07）：16-18.
[51]王常文.资源稀缺理论与可持续发展[J].当代经济，2005（4）：52.
[52]E.C.M. Ruijgrok. Transferring economic values on the basis of anecological classification of nature. Ecological Eeonomies.2001，(39):399-408.
[53] Chee YE. An ecological perspective on the valuation of ecosystemservices. Biological Conservation.2004,120(4):549-565.
[54]付意成,阮本清,张春玲,王瑞年.生态补偿机制研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2009,(3):55-58.
[55]潘少兵.生态补偿机制建立的经济学原理及补偿模式[J].安庆师范学院学报(社会科学版),2008,27(10):6-9.
[56](美)萨缪尔森，诺德豪斯著，高鸿业等译.经济学[M].北京:中国发展出版社，1992.
[57]沈满洪，何灵巧.外部性的分类及外部性理论的演化[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2002，32(l):152-160.
[58]刘燕.西部地区生态假设补偿机制及配套政策研究[M].科学出版社，2010：21.
[59]任勇，冯东方等.中国生态补偿理论与政策框架设计[M].中国环境科学出版社，2008:18.
[60]Claassen R, Cattanco R, Johansson. Cost-effective design of agri-environmental Payment programs: U.S. experience in theory andpractice[J]. Ecological Economies,2008(65):737-7.52.
[61]Howarth, R. and Farber, S. Accounting for the value of ecosystem services.Ecological Eeonomies.2002，41(3):421-429.
[62]周洁敏.吉林向海国家级自然保护区的规划与管理[J].中南林业调查规划，2000，19（2）：7-17.
[63]霍林河流域和扎龙湿地生态需水量研究报告.水利部松辽水利委员会，2004，7.
[64]王国平，余国营.水利工程对霍林河下游湿地的影响[J].农业环境保护.2001,20(6):459-461.
[65]白城市供销合作网[EB/OL].http://baicheng.jlcoop.gov.cn/class.asp?classid=39
[66]白城市，互动百科[EB/OL].http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9F%8E&prd=button_doc_jinru
[67]松嫩平原湿地自然保护区土地利用遥感动态分析报告[R].水利部松辽水利委员会.2006，4.
[68]向海，百度百科[EB/OL].http://baike.baidu.com/view/70123.htm
[69]吕宪国，佟守正，张俊海,等.向海与科尔沁保护区水资源共管计划.2005年10月.
[70]崔保山，杨志峰.湿地生态需水量研究[J].环境科学学报，2002，22（2）：219-224.
[71]崔保山，杨志峰.湿地生态需水量等级划分与实例分析[J].资源科学，2003，25（1）：21-28.
[72]杨志峰，崔保山，刘静玲，等.生态需水量理论、方法与实践[M].北京：科学出版社，2003.54-63.
[73]盛琼，申双和，顾泽。小型蒸发器的水面蒸发量折算系数[J].南京气象学院学报,2007，30(4):562-563.
[74]唐占辉，马逊风.向海湿地生态需水量的初步研究[J].吉林水利，2003（12）：1-2.
[75]唐蕴，王浩，严登华.向海自然保护区湿地生态需水研究[J].资源科学，2005，27（5）：101-106.
[76]陶国芳.向海湿地生态环境需水量的界定及调控[D].东北师范大学,2006.5.
[77]高文宏，闫红军.引察济向恢复湿地功能效益分析[J].吉林水利，2006，（11）：18-20.
[78]高文宏，闫红军.引察济向恢复湿地功能效益分析[J].吉林水利，2006，（11）：18-20.
[79] Venkatachalam L. The contingent valuation method: a review.Environmental Impact Assessment Review.2004，24:89-124.
[80]姜宏瑶.中国湿地生态补偿机制研究[D].北京林业大学,2010.12.
[81]高永志,黄北新.对尽力跨区域河流污染经济补偿机制的探讨[J].环境经济,2003.(9):45-47.
[82]刘磊.南四湖利于退耕还湿工程生态补偿机制研究[D].山东大学,2011.5.
[83]吴耀宇.浅论盐城海滨湿地自然保护区旅游开发中的生态补偿机制的构建[C].江苏省旅游学会首届学术年会论文集,2008.
[84]毛显强，钟瑜，张胜.生态补偿的理论探讨[J].中国人口·资源与环境，2002，(4):38-41.
[85]费世民，彭镇华，杨冬生等.关于森林生态效益补偿问题的探讨[J].林业科学，2004，40(4):171-179.
[86]《中华人民共和国自然保护区条例》
[87]Karimzadegan, H., Rahmatian, M., Dehghani Salmasi, M., Jalali, R.andShahkarami, A. Valuing Forests and Rangelands-Ecosystem Services. Int.J. Environ. Res.2007, l(4):368-377.
[88]江中文,南水北调中线工程汉江流域水源保护区生态补偿标准与机制研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2008.6.
[89]蔡邦成,陆根法,宋莉娟,刘庄.生态建设补偿的定量标准——以南水北调东线水源地保护区一期生态建设工程为例[J].2008,(5):2413-2416.
[90]毛占峰.跨流域调水水源地生态补偿研究——以南水北调中线工程水源地安康为例[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2008.
[91]何承耕,多时空尺度视野下的生态补偿理论与应用研究[D],福建师范大学,2007.4.
[92]李怀恩,尚晓英,王媛.流域生态补偿研究进展[J].西北大学学报，2009,39(4):P667-669.
[93] Simon Zbinden，David R Lee. Paying for Environmental Services: AnAnalysis of Participation in Costa Rica’s PSA Program [J]. WorldDevelopment.2005，33(2):55-272.
[94]郑海霞,中国流域生态服务补偿机制与政策研究[D].中国农业科学院农业经济与发展研究所,2006.8.
[95]贺志丽.南水北调西线工程生态补偿机制研究[D].西安:西安交通大学,2008.
[96]朱福才，冯治国，朱萍萍，幸福灌区渠道防渗技术分析[J]，水利科技与经济，2009，(8)：751-751.
[97]唐林峰.广西集体生态公益林生态效益补偿机制研究[D].2006.
[98]程艳军.中国流域生态服务补偿模式研究——以浙江省金华江流域为例[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2006.