火绒草防治奶牛乳腺炎的药理学研究
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摘要
火绒草为一民间草药，系菊科火绒草属植物火绒草的全草。民间用药经验表明：火绒草具有疏风解表、清热解毒、凉血止血、消炎利尿等多种功效。文献检索和实地考察显示：火绒草野生资源极为丰富，目前国内有关研究报道甚少，国外尚无其化学和药理活性的研究报道。因此，为了开发利用火绒草资源，其多种药理活性及活性成分亟待研究阐明。奶牛乳腺炎是奶牛乳腺发生的一种炎症，是一种复杂的、招致奶牛业经济损失最严重的疾病。尽管西方一些国家对此病已进行了100多年研究，但至今尚未能提出一个彻底解决的办法。而我国对此病在二十多年的研究中虽取得了显著的成绩，但仍远未能达到彻底解决之目标。在奶牛乳腺炎的防治方面，传统的抗生素疗法导致了一系列新的问题(如耐药菌株增加、抗生素残留等)，而非抗生素疗法已成为国内外学者研究的热点。中草药及其活性成分防治奶牛乳腺炎的研究作为非抗生素疗法的一个重要方面，正日益引起国内外同行的关注。
本试验针对奶牛乳腺炎这一重大疾病，探讨火绒草的不同极性部位的抗菌、抗炎及免疫活性，为火绒草及其活性成分防治奶牛乳腺炎以及开发利用火绒草资源打下了基础。
1 药材采集、生药鉴定及活性组分的提取分离
本试验所用药材火绒草采自青藏高原，通过来源鉴定法确定火绒草的拉丁学名(Leontopodium leontopodioides)。采用水煎法、水提醇沉法和乙醇回流提取法提取火绒草的活性成分。醇提液进一步依次用石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取分离成4个不同极性部分。上述方法提取的水煎液、水提醇沉液、醇提物、醇提石油醚部分、醇提乙酸乙酯部分、醇提正丁醇部分、醇提水溶部分等7种提取物供药理试验用。
2 火绒草的体外抗菌活性研究
采用试管稀释法，分别检测水煎液、水提醇沉液、醇提物、醇提石油醚部分、醇提乙酸乙酯部分、醇提正丁醇部分、醇提水溶部分等7种提取物对大肠杆菌C_(83882)、大肠杆菌C_(83903)、大肠杆菌C_(83914)、沙门氏菌C_(79-20)、金黄色葡萄球菌Newbould S-305、金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株等6株病原菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。试验结果表明：火绒草醇提物及其石油醚部分和乙酸乙酯部分对两种金黄色葡萄球菌具有较强的抑制作用，其MIC最低可达0.14mg/ml生药浓度，MBC最低可达0.27mg/ml生药浓度，而其它部分对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用较弱。火绒草醇提正丁醇部分和水溶部分对3
脓止大斧项士赣丈：义躲草矽谷斑牛缸屎史的戎理学研岔．
株大肠杆菌和 1株沙门氏菌具有较强的抑制作用，其 MIC最低可达 2．70 mg加 生药浓度，＿
sC最低亦可达2．70myml生药浓度，显示了较强的抗菌活性。＿
3 火绒革的抗炎活性研究
采用小白鼠作实验动物，建立二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀急性炎症模型，针对火绒草
3种水溶性组分（水煎液、水提醇沉液、醇提水溶部分人 每种试验药物分为大剂量组
门加l）和小剂量组m．5 g／inl人每组 12 ／q小鼠，以地塞米松作为阳性对照药物，比
较试验组与对照组小鼠耳廓肿胀度的差异，计算小鼠耳廓伊文氏蓝染料渗出的抑制率，
探讨试验药物对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀及毛细血管通透性的影响。结果显示：试验组
小鼠耳廓肿胀度和耳增重百分比与对照组比较，除了水煎液小剂量组外，其差异具有非
常显著bo．01）或极显著意义h仍．001人说明3种提取物对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀具－
有显著的抑制作用。试验药物对小鼠耳廓伊文氏蓝染料渗出的抑制作用与对照组比较，
具有极显著差异（P＜0．00），且抑制率均在 88％以上，显示了较强的抗炎活性。
4 火绒草的免疫活性研究
采用平板计数法和MTT法，检测火绒草3种水溶性组分（水煎液、水提醇沉液、醇＿
提水溶部分）对牛奶中多形核白细胞JMN）体外吞噬金黄色葡萄球菌Newb刚ld S习
功能的影响，每种试验药物分为4种不同浓度（10m／ml、sins／ml、2．sing／ml、ling／ml）～
通过比较试验药物孔与对照孔PMN杀菌百分率的差异，研究试验药物对奶牛乳腺免疫功
能的调节作用。试验结果表明：平板计数法测定结果中，除醇提水溶部分（l。g／Inl）外，3
种提取物其它不同浓度与对照组比较，其杀菌百分率具有显著炉0．05）或非常显著
（P＜0．01）差异。MTT法中，除水提醇沉液（ling／ml）外，3种提取物其它不同浓度均能显
著Om．05）或非常显著炉狈．01）地提高乳中Pi的体外吞噬活性。且随药物浓度升高，
两种试验方法检测的杀菌百分率在总体上呈增大趋势。两种方法所得试验结果差异不显
著…川．05L表明火绒草3种提取组分对奶牛乳腺兔疫功能具有良好的调节作用。
总之，通过对火绒草不同溶剂提取物及其不同极性分离组分的抗菌、抗炎及兔疫活
性研究，显示了火绒草在防治奶牛乳腺炎上具有良好的药理活性，同时也说
The common edelweiss (Leontopodium leontopodioides),as a folk herb,is the whole herb of leontopodioides of Leontopodium plants of Compositae. The folk clinical researchs indicated that the herb possesses the effects of dispersing the pathogenic wind and expelling superficial evils,clearing away heat and toxic materials,cooling the blood and stopping bleeding,invigorating the kidney and promoting water,anti-inflammatory and promoting diuresis,and so on. Literature retrieval and field investigation showed that the natural resources of this plant are rich very much;the research reports concerned are rare in china;the reports on the chemistry components and pharmacological activities of this plant are not found in abroad yet. Obviously,its active components and their pharmacological activities need farther studied for exploitage application of the common edelweiss. Mastitis is a kind of inflammation of bovine mammary gland,which is a complicated disease that brought the most seriously economic losses to the bovi
ne industry in the whole world. Although some western countries have studied this disease for over one hundred years,a thorough solvation is not put forward up to today. In recent more twenty years,even though our country has made marked achievement in the research of mastitis,there is a very long way to go before this problem is solved completely. In the prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis,traditional antibiotic therapy brought a series of questions,such as resistant organism,antibiotic residual,and so on. Therefore,non-antibiotic therapy has become a research focus in domestic and abroad. Chinese medicinal herb and its active constituents were used to prevent and treat mastits,as a important part of non-antibiotic therapy,is becoming increasingly the centre of attention of the specialists in mastitis study in the world.
The antibacterial,anti-inflammatory and immune activity of the different polar fractions of the common edelweiss were studied for the prevention and treatment of mastitis. This research laid a foundation for the development and application of the herb. 1 Collection of Leontopodium leontopodioides,identification of crude drug,extraction and isolation of active constituents.
The Latin name of the common edelweiss from Gingzang Plateau was determined by the
taxonnmy identification method. The water decoction,the method of water-extraction and
alcohol precipitation,and the alcohol refluxing method were used to extract the active principles of this whole herb. By using the extract method,the alcohol extraction was isolated into four different polar fractions,such as the petroleum ether-soluble fraction,the ethylacetate-soluble fraction,the n-butanol-soluble fraction and the water-soluble fraction. In the pharmacological trials,seven different polar fractions as experimental drugs are respectively the decoction,the alcohol extraction and its the petroleum ether-soluble fraction,the ethylacetate-soluble fraction,the n-butanol-soluble fraction and the water-soluble fraction.
2 Study on the antibacterial activity in vitro of Leontopodium leontopodioides.
The test tube dilution method was adopted to measure minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration(MBC) of seven extractions (such as the decoction,the solution of water-extraction and alcohol precipitation,the alcohol extraction and its the petroleum ether-soluble fraction,the ethylacetate-soluble fraction,the n-butanol-soluble fraction and the water-soluble fraction) against six bacteria,such as E.coli Cg3882,E.coli Cg3903,E.coli Cg39i4,Salmonella €79-20,Staphylococcus aureus Newbould S-305,and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the clinical case of bovine mastitis. The experimental results indicated that the alcohol extraction and its the petroleum ether-soluble fraction and the ethylacetate-soluble fraction can strongly inhibit the development of Staphylococcus aureus with MIC(0.14mglml) and MBC(0.27mg/ml). The n-butanol-soluble fraction and the water-soluble fraction of the alcohol extra
本试验针对奶牛乳腺炎这一重大疾病，探讨火绒草的不同极性部位的抗菌、抗炎及免疫活性，为火绒草及其活性成分防治奶牛乳腺炎以及开发利用火绒草资源打下了基础。
1 药材采集、生药鉴定及活性组分的提取分离
本试验所用药材火绒草采自青藏高原，通过来源鉴定法确定火绒草的拉丁学名(Leontopodium leontopodioides)。采用水煎法、水提醇沉法和乙醇回流提取法提取火绒草的活性成分。醇提液进一步依次用石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取分离成4个不同极性部分。上述方法提取的水煎液、水提醇沉液、醇提物、醇提石油醚部分、醇提乙酸乙酯部分、醇提正丁醇部分、醇提水溶部分等7种提取物供药理试验用。
2 火绒草的体外抗菌活性研究
采用试管稀释法，分别检测水煎液、水提醇沉液、醇提物、醇提石油醚部分、醇提乙酸乙酯部分、醇提正丁醇部分、醇提水溶部分等7种提取物对大肠杆菌C_(83882)、大肠杆菌C_(83903)、大肠杆菌C_(83914)、沙门氏菌C_(79-20)、金黄色葡萄球菌Newbould S-305、金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株等6株病原菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。试验结果表明：火绒草醇提物及其石油醚部分和乙酸乙酯部分对两种金黄色葡萄球菌具有较强的抑制作用，其MIC最低可达0.14mg/ml生药浓度，MBC最低可达0.27mg/ml生药浓度，而其它部分对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用较弱。火绒草醇提正丁醇部分和水溶部分对3
脓止大斧项士赣丈：义躲草矽谷斑牛缸屎史的戎理学研岔．
株大肠杆菌和 1株沙门氏菌具有较强的抑制作用，其 MIC最低可达 2．70 mg加 生药浓度，＿
sC最低亦可达2．70myml生药浓度，显示了较强的抗菌活性。＿
3 火绒革的抗炎活性研究
采用小白鼠作实验动物，建立二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀急性炎症模型，针对火绒草
3种水溶性组分（水煎液、水提醇沉液、醇提水溶部分人 每种试验药物分为大剂量组
门加l）和小剂量组m．5 g／inl人每组 12 ／q小鼠，以地塞米松作为阳性对照药物，比
较试验组与对照组小鼠耳廓肿胀度的差异，计算小鼠耳廓伊文氏蓝染料渗出的抑制率，
探讨试验药物对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀及毛细血管通透性的影响。结果显示：试验组
小鼠耳廓肿胀度和耳增重百分比与对照组比较，除了水煎液小剂量组外，其差异具有非
常显著bo．01）或极显著意义h仍．001人说明3种提取物对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀具－
有显著的抑制作用。试验药物对小鼠耳廓伊文氏蓝染料渗出的抑制作用与对照组比较，
具有极显著差异（P＜0．00），且抑制率均在 88％以上，显示了较强的抗炎活性。
4 火绒草的免疫活性研究
采用平板计数法和MTT法，检测火绒草3种水溶性组分（水煎液、水提醇沉液、醇＿
提水溶部分）对牛奶中多形核白细胞JMN）体外吞噬金黄色葡萄球菌Newb刚ld S习
功能的影响，每种试验药物分为4种不同浓度（10m／ml、sins／ml、2．sing／ml、ling／ml）～
通过比较试验药物孔与对照孔PMN杀菌百分率的差异，研究试验药物对奶牛乳腺免疫功
能的调节作用。试验结果表明：平板计数法测定结果中，除醇提水溶部分（l。g／Inl）外，3
种提取物其它不同浓度与对照组比较，其杀菌百分率具有显著炉0．05）或非常显著
（P＜0．01）差异。MTT法中，除水提醇沉液（ling／ml）外，3种提取物其它不同浓度均能显
著Om．05）或非常显著炉狈．01）地提高乳中Pi的体外吞噬活性。且随药物浓度升高，
两种试验方法检测的杀菌百分率在总体上呈增大趋势。两种方法所得试验结果差异不显
著…川．05L表明火绒草3种提取组分对奶牛乳腺兔疫功能具有良好的调节作用。
总之，通过对火绒草不同溶剂提取物及其不同极性分离组分的抗菌、抗炎及兔疫活
性研究，显示了火绒草在防治奶牛乳腺炎上具有良好的药理活性，同时也说
The common edelweiss (Leontopodium leontopodioides),as a folk herb,is the whole herb of leontopodioides of Leontopodium plants of Compositae. The folk clinical researchs indicated that the herb possesses the effects of dispersing the pathogenic wind and expelling superficial evils,clearing away heat and toxic materials,cooling the blood and stopping bleeding,invigorating the kidney and promoting water,anti-inflammatory and promoting diuresis,and so on. Literature retrieval and field investigation showed that the natural resources of this plant are rich very much;the research reports concerned are rare in china;the reports on the chemistry components and pharmacological activities of this plant are not found in abroad yet. Obviously,its active components and their pharmacological activities need farther studied for exploitage application of the common edelweiss. Mastitis is a kind of inflammation of bovine mammary gland,which is a complicated disease that brought the most seriously economic losses to the bovi
ne industry in the whole world. Although some western countries have studied this disease for over one hundred years,a thorough solvation is not put forward up to today. In recent more twenty years,even though our country has made marked achievement in the research of mastitis,there is a very long way to go before this problem is solved completely. In the prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis,traditional antibiotic therapy brought a series of questions,such as resistant organism,antibiotic residual,and so on. Therefore,non-antibiotic therapy has become a research focus in domestic and abroad. Chinese medicinal herb and its active constituents were used to prevent and treat mastits,as a important part of non-antibiotic therapy,is becoming increasingly the centre of attention of the specialists in mastitis study in the world.
The antibacterial,anti-inflammatory and immune activity of the different polar fractions of the common edelweiss were studied for the prevention and treatment of mastitis. This research laid a foundation for the development and application of the herb. 1 Collection of Leontopodium leontopodioides,identification of crude drug,extraction and isolation of active constituents.
The Latin name of the common edelweiss from Gingzang Plateau was determined by the
taxonnmy identification method. The water decoction,the method of water-extraction and
alcohol precipitation,and the alcohol refluxing method were used to extract the active principles of this whole herb. By using the extract method,the alcohol extraction was isolated into four different polar fractions,such as the petroleum ether-soluble fraction,the ethylacetate-soluble fraction,the n-butanol-soluble fraction and the water-soluble fraction. In the pharmacological trials,seven different polar fractions as experimental drugs are respectively the decoction,the alcohol extraction and its the petroleum ether-soluble fraction,the ethylacetate-soluble fraction,the n-butanol-soluble fraction and the water-soluble fraction.
2 Study on the antibacterial activity in vitro of Leontopodium leontopodioides.
The test tube dilution method was adopted to measure minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration(MBC) of seven extractions (such as the decoction,the solution of water-extraction and alcohol precipitation,the alcohol extraction and its the petroleum ether-soluble fraction,the ethylacetate-soluble fraction,the n-butanol-soluble fraction and the water-soluble fraction) against six bacteria,such as E.coli Cg3882,E.coli Cg3903,E.coli Cg39i4,Salmonella €79-20,Staphylococcus aureus Newbould S-305,and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the clinical case of bovine mastitis. The experimental results indicated that the alcohol extraction and its the petroleum ether-soluble fraction and the ethylacetate-soluble fraction can strongly inhibit the development of Staphylococcus aureus with MIC(0.14mglml) and MBC(0.27mg/ml). The n-butanol-soluble fraction and the water-soluble fraction of the alcohol extra
引文
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