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我国农村宅基地置换中农民权益保护问题研究
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摘要
伴随着工业化、城镇化进程的加快,地方经济发展对土地的需求极为旺盛,在国家严格的耕地保护制度下,整理粗放利用特征明显的农村宅基地以获取城镇建设用地指标成了破解城镇发展建设用地供给瓶颈的“金钥匙”。由于宅基地承载着农民的庭院农业经营、农民的生存习惯、低成本的生活方式,因此被许多农民视为其规避生存风险的最后一道屏障。地方政府在推进宅基地置换中理应以尊重农民意愿为原则,做好对农民的安置补偿工作,让农民“安居、乐业、有保障”,然而,由于相关制度不完善、农民处于弱势地位等原因,地方政府等强势利益主体在宅基地置换中严重侵犯了农民权益,由此引发的社会矛盾已经威胁到我国社会稳定和城乡经济统筹发展。因此,分析宅基地置换中的农民权益受损问题,发现问题的根源所在,找到保护宅基地置换中农民权益的有效路径,具有重要的理论与现实意义。本文主要内容包括以下几个部分:
     第一部分为理论基础,一是对国内外相关研究进行了系统梳理与客观评价;二是借鉴土地发展权及产权公共域理论,提出了土地发展权公共域理论,并以此为基础构建了宅基地发展权公共域模型。模型分析了农民与地方政府在宅基地发展权界定及执行产权过程中,由于非技术因素的影响,农民权益的变动情况,从而为后续研究奠定了理论基础。
     第二部分围绕宅基地置换模式论述了农民权益受损的主要问题。在分析宅基地制度演进及现状、宅基地置换动因的基础上,围绕宅基地置换的主要模式,分析了我国农村宅基地置换过程中农民权益受损的主要表现,即地方政府违背农民意愿,强力推行宅基地置换;宅基地发展权收益分配不公,对农民宅基地及房产补偿不足;农民上楼后从事农业生产便利性下降、生活成本上升;宅基地置换后土地权属及社会保障等后续问题未能得到妥善解决。
     第三部分是依据宅基地发展权公共域模型分析宅基地置换中农民权益受损的原因,主要包括三个方面:一是有关法律制度不完善。主要有农地发展权制度缺失、宅基地所有权主体虚置、宅基地置换的具体法律规定欠缺、公众参与制度缺失、宅基地流转受限及有偿退出制度缺失等方面,法律制度不完善使农民同地方政府在界定宅基地发展权和执行产权中缺乏有效的制度保障;二是地方政府对土地财政的过度依赖,使得地方政府尽量压缩和模糊农民应当分享的宅基地发展权;三是农民的弱势地位及集体行动逻辑使农民维权能力严重不足。
     总之,上述三个方面原因增加了农民分享宅基地发展权的边际成本,使其应享有的宅基地发展权滞留在“公共域”中,进而被地方政府和开发商等强势利益主体分割。
     第四部分是对策研究。针对宅基地置换中农民权益受损的问题及原因,提出了保护农民权益的对策建议,包括三个方面:一是完善相关法律制度,主要有构建农地发展权制度、明晰农地产权、建立健全关于宅基地置换的具体法律制度、建立有效的公众参与制度、建立宅基地流转及有偿退出制度等方面;二是完善财政分权及地方政府的政绩考核制度;三是提高农民维权能力,包括构建农民维权组织、提高农民文化素质及维权意识、建立实现农民平等选举权的有效路径等方面。
Along with the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, local economicdevelopment has an extremely strong demand for more land. Therefore, in the conditionof strictly national farmland protection system, consolidating rural residential land whichhas been extensively used has become “golden key” for solving the problem of urbanconstruction land supply. However, homestead carries the responsibilities for courtyardagricultural operations, the survival habits and the low-cost lifestyle of farmers, so it isregarded as the last bulwark of circumvention of survival risk by many farmers. Fromthis perspective, the local government should respect the wishes of farmers whenadvancing the homestead replacement, give them good resettlement compensation, andmake them live and work in peace and contentment. But the fact is that the land rightsand interests of farmers, due to the imperfection of relevant legal system and farmers’weak social position, are seriously violated by local governments and other stronginterest groups during the implementation of homestead replacement, which results in aseries of social contradictions that threaten the social stability of China and the balanceddevelopment between the urban and the rural economy.As a result, analyzing the damageto the rights and interests of farmers in the homestead replacement,discovering the rootcause of the problems, and finding a valid path for the protection of farmers’ rights andinterests have an important theoretical and practical significance for a deeper and furtherstudy. The basic contents of this dissertation are as follows:
     Part one is a theoretical basis. First, domestic and foreign researches aresystematically combed and objectively evaluated. Secondly, on the basis of learning theland development rights and property rights public domain theoretical research, publicdomain theory of land development rights is proposed, then, public domain model ofhomestead development rights is built, with which the dissertation analyzes the change tothe rights and interests of farmers caused by the effects of those non-technical factorswhen farmers define the homestead development rights with the local government andexecute them,which lay a theoretical foundation for further study.
     Part two discusses the main problems of damage to the farmers’ rights and interests around the homestead replacement mode. After analyzing the evolution and currentstatus of the homestead system and the motivation of homestead replacement, the mainperformance of damage to the rights and interests of farmers are analyzed around themain modes concerning the homestead replacement. The dissertation points out that theperformances of the above mentioned damage are as follows: local government goesagainst the wishes of farmers by forcing farmers to accept the replacement. Incomedistribution of homestead development rights is unfair and compensation for farmers’homestead and estate is inadequate. The convenience for farmers to engage inagricultural production declines during their entire life in the building, while the cost oftheir living is rising.Some follow-up questions are unresolved after homesteadreplacement, such as the issue of land ownership, the issue of the social security forfarmers.
     Part three analyzes the causes of damage to the rights and interests of farmers inhomestead replacement according to the homestead development rights public domainmodel. It mainly talks about three aspects:First, the concerning legal system is imperfect,which relates to the lack of farmland development rights system, dummy main body ofhomestead ownership, the lack of specific law of homestead replacement, the lack ofpublic participation System, limited homestead transactions and paid exit systemmissing. This kind of imperfect legal system can't protect farmers' rightseffectively when farmers define the homestead development rights with the localgovernment and execute them. Second, due to over-reliance on land finance, localgovernments compress and blur the space of homestead development rights that farmersshould share. Third, the farmers’ weak status and the collective action logic make themunable to protect their rights and interests.
     In short, above mentioned three causes increase the marginal cost for farmers whenthey share the homestead development rights,the homestead development right whichshould be shared by farmers is stranded in the public domain, and thus the rights andinterests of farmers are cut apart by the local government and other powerfulstakeholders.
     Part four puts forward countermeasures. In connection with the problems and causesof damage to the farmers’ rights and interests in the practice of homestead replacement, recommendations to protect farmers rights and interests are proposed. It mainly talkabout three aspects: First, improving the corresponding legal system, they are:constructing agricultural land development rights system, clearing agricultural landproperty rights, establishing and improving the specific legal system on the homesteadreplacement, establishing effective public participation system and the homesteadtransactions and paid exit system. Second, improving fiscal decentralization and localgovernment performance appraisal system. Third, improving the ability of farmers todefend their rights and interests, such as building farmers’ safeguarding legal rights andinterests group, improving the cultural quality and rights awareness of farmers, andestablishing a valid path to realize farmers’ rights to equally vote.
引文
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