声场与重力场耦合作用下热声热机实验研究
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摘要
热声热机是一种可实现热能与声能转换的新型动力装置，具有结构简单、运行可靠、环保无污染等优点。热声发动机的起振温度较低，可在工厂余热回收及太阳能利用等方面发挥重要作用。太阳能驱动的热声热机以接收太阳的热辐射作为热源，在跟踪太阳旋转的过程中，其安装倾角不断发生变化。旋转工作的热声热机受到声场与重力场的耦合作用，热声核内进行着复杂的交变流动与换热过程。基于此本论文开展了多角度下热声发动机及扬声器驱动的热声热机可视化实验研究，探讨了多场耦合作用下热声热机内部的流动与传热特性。
本文首先搭建了驻波型热声发动机实验装置，研究了其起消振温度、工作频率和压力振幅等基本工作特性，并用频谱分析的方法再现了热声发动机的自激振荡过程。基于红外热像仪观察了起消振过程中板叠处的温度变化，实验发现发动机起振后热能不仅被转换为声能消耗，同时振荡气流不断将热端的热量带到冷端，使板叠处温度升高。起振后系统内产生的声振荡必然带来高温端的热量损失。
实验中利用外加声扰动的方法有效地降低了热声发动机的起振温度，为其在低品位热源中的应用做出贡献。通过对比不同扰动信号对热声强制振荡的影响，为实际应用中合适扰动信号的选择提供了实验依据。实验发现热声强制振荡对扰动信号的频率具有选择性，最优的扰动频率为发动机的基频。强制振荡的起振温度随扰动功率的增加而逐渐降低，但当起振温度达到发动机的最低起振温度时，强制振荡的起振温度几乎不再随扰动功率的增加而变化。起振温度是影响热声压力振幅的重要因素，强制振荡的起振温度越低，振荡稳定后系统的压力振幅也越低。
为研究安装角度对发动机工作特性的影响，实验对比了45°、90°、0°、-45°和-90°五个角度下发动机的起消振温度及工作过程中板叠处的温度变化，分析了不同角度下重力作用下的热对流对起振过程的影响。实验发现驻波型热声发动机在水平安装时具有最低的起振和消振温度。随着角度的旋转，发动机的起消振温度出现不同程度的上升。当加热器位于冷却器上方时(45°和90°)，在重力场影响下热端热气流不断向上流动，不利于板叠处气体与固体介质间的换热，发动机起振温度升高。起振后系统内的声振荡强制将热气流带向冷端，板叠处温度升高。当加热器位于冷却器下方时(-45°和-90°)，受重力影响，板叠处存在着由下向上的强烈热对流，造成大量的热损失，系统起振温度大幅度上升。发动机高温起振后，系统内强烈的声振荡抑制了板叠处的上升热气流，板叠处温度下降。
为进一步分析多场耦合作用下热声热机内部的交变流动与换热规律，实验中利用扬声器模拟热声起振，基于粒子成像测速仪(PIV)和红外热像仪观察了45°、90°、0°、-45°和-90°五个角度下扬声器驱动的热声热机热声核内的速度和温度场分布。实验发现热声核处的流动与传热特性受热对流与声振荡的共同影响，当热声热机水平安装时，热声核处存在环形的热对流，温度呈阶梯状分布。声场引入后热声核处换热模式由自然对流变为强制对流，在声振荡作用下温度分布变为抛物状。当热声核两端的温差增强时，受强烈热对流影响，热声核处径向速度呈现出由上到下逐渐变小的趋势。当热端位于冷端上方时(45°和90°)，热声核处的热对流非常微弱，周期速度在声振荡的影响下遵循正弦规律变化。当热端在冷端下方时(-45°和-90°)，受重力场作用，加热器与冷却器间存在着强烈的热对流，热声核处温度很高。在热对流的影响下热声核处的正弦速度分布呈现出整体的向上正位移。正是在声振荡与热对流的共同作用下，热声热机在不同的倾角下表现出不同的工作特性。
Thermoacoustic engine is a new type of device which can convert thermal energy intosound energy. It has many advantages, such as simple construction, high reliability andnon-polution. Since thermoacoustic prime mover can work at a low temperature, it has broadapplication prospect on waste heat recovery and solar energy utilization. Solar poweredthermoacoustic engine takes the solar radiation as heat source. Its tilt angle is constantlychanging when it rotates with the sun. During the raotating process, thermoacoustic engineworks under the coupling effect of sound and gravity fields. And the flow and heat transferprocess in thermoacoustic core is complex. In this context, experimental study aboutthermoacoustic prime mover and thermoacoustic engine driven by loudspeaker were carriedout in this paper under multi-tilt angles, the flow and heat transfer characteristic inthermoacoustic engine under the coupling effect of sound and gravity fields was discussed.
Firstly, a standing-wave thermoacoustic prime mover was built. Its basic operatecharacteristics such as onset and damping temperatures, frequency and pressure amplitudewere experimentally studied, and the onset process of thermoacoustic self-excited oscillationwas shown by frequency analysis. The temperature distribution within stacks during the onsetand damping processes were observed by thermal infrared imager. The experiment resultsshowed that thermal energy is not only converted into sound energy after onset, but also betaken to the cold end by oscillatory flow. Theroforce, the heat loss in thermoacoustic engineinduced by sound oscillation after onset is inevitable.
Secondly, it was found that sound disturbance can effectively decrease the onsettemperature of thermoacoustic prime mover, which is benefical for low grade heat utilization.To provide experiment basis for the selection of adaptable disturbance signal in practice, theeffect of different disturbance signals on thermoacoustic forced oscillation was discussed.The experiment results showed that thermoacoustic forced oscillation has selectivity for thedisturbance frequency, the optimal disturbance frequency is the fundamental frequency ofthermoacoustic prime mover. Onset temperature of thermoacoustic forced oscillationdecreases with the increase of disturbance power. However it does not decrease any morewhen the lowest onset temperature reached. Onset temperature is the key factor to influence the pressure amplitude of thermoacoustic forced oscillation. The lower the onset temperatureis, the smaller the pressure amplitude is.
Thirdly, to study the effect of tilt angle on the performance of thermoacoustic primemover, the onset temperature, damping temperature and temperature disturbation withinstacks under five tilt angles (45°,90°,0°,-45°and-90°) were compared. The influence ofthermal convection induced by gravity on onset process was analyzed. It was found thatstanding-wave thermoacoustic prime mover has the lowest onset and damping temperatureswhen it is installed horizontally. During the process of rotation, its onset temperature rises tosome extent. When the heater is above the cooler(45°and90°), thermals induced by gravityflows upward which is not benefical for the heat transfer between gas and solid in stacks, sothe onset temperature increases. After onset, thermoacoustic oscillation forceses thermals toflow to the cold end and makes the temperature of stacks increase. When the heater is underthe cooler(45°and90°), thermals from hot end to cold end is serious which induce lots ofheat loss and the onset temperature of primes mover increase obviously. After onset, strongthermoacoustic oscillation suppresses the thermal convection in stacks and makes thetemperature of stacks decrease.
Fourthly, to better study the alternating flow and heat transfer rule in thermoacousticengine under the coupling effect of sound and gravity fields, loudspeaker was used tosimulate the thermoacoustic oscillation. And the temperature and velocity distributions withinthermoacoustic core under five tilt angles (45°,90°,0°,-45°and-90°) were observed bythermal infrared imager and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The experimental resultsshowed that the flow and heat transfer characteristic of thermoacoustic engine is affected bothby thermal convection and thermoacoustic oscillation. When thermoacoustic engine isinstalled horizontally, natural convection in thermoacoustic core shows as cycle flow and thetemperature distributes as ladder pattern. After the addition of sound oscillation, the heattransfer mode in thermoacoustic core changes into forced convection and the temperaturefield redistributes as parabolic shape. When the temperature difference between heater andcooler increases, the cycle thermal convection becomes stronger which makes the averageradial speed in thermoacoustic core gradually decrease from top to bottom. When the hot endis above the cold end (45°and90°), thermal convection in thermoacoustic core is very weak and the velocity changes following the normal sine rule. When the hot end is under the coldend (-45°and-90°), the upward thermals in thermoacoustic core is strong, which makesthermoacoustic core have high temperature. Also, the periodic velocity in thermoacousticcore has an obviously upward shift due to the effect of thermals. It is just becaust of thecombined effect of thermoacoustic coscillation and thermal convection that thermoacousticengine shows different operating characteristics under different tilt angles.
本文首先搭建了驻波型热声发动机实验装置，研究了其起消振温度、工作频率和压力振幅等基本工作特性，并用频谱分析的方法再现了热声发动机的自激振荡过程。基于红外热像仪观察了起消振过程中板叠处的温度变化，实验发现发动机起振后热能不仅被转换为声能消耗，同时振荡气流不断将热端的热量带到冷端，使板叠处温度升高。起振后系统内产生的声振荡必然带来高温端的热量损失。
实验中利用外加声扰动的方法有效地降低了热声发动机的起振温度，为其在低品位热源中的应用做出贡献。通过对比不同扰动信号对热声强制振荡的影响，为实际应用中合适扰动信号的选择提供了实验依据。实验发现热声强制振荡对扰动信号的频率具有选择性，最优的扰动频率为发动机的基频。强制振荡的起振温度随扰动功率的增加而逐渐降低，但当起振温度达到发动机的最低起振温度时，强制振荡的起振温度几乎不再随扰动功率的增加而变化。起振温度是影响热声压力振幅的重要因素，强制振荡的起振温度越低，振荡稳定后系统的压力振幅也越低。
为研究安装角度对发动机工作特性的影响，实验对比了45°、90°、0°、-45°和-90°五个角度下发动机的起消振温度及工作过程中板叠处的温度变化，分析了不同角度下重力作用下的热对流对起振过程的影响。实验发现驻波型热声发动机在水平安装时具有最低的起振和消振温度。随着角度的旋转，发动机的起消振温度出现不同程度的上升。当加热器位于冷却器上方时(45°和90°)，在重力场影响下热端热气流不断向上流动，不利于板叠处气体与固体介质间的换热，发动机起振温度升高。起振后系统内的声振荡强制将热气流带向冷端，板叠处温度升高。当加热器位于冷却器下方时(-45°和-90°)，受重力影响，板叠处存在着由下向上的强烈热对流，造成大量的热损失，系统起振温度大幅度上升。发动机高温起振后，系统内强烈的声振荡抑制了板叠处的上升热气流，板叠处温度下降。
为进一步分析多场耦合作用下热声热机内部的交变流动与换热规律，实验中利用扬声器模拟热声起振，基于粒子成像测速仪(PIV)和红外热像仪观察了45°、90°、0°、-45°和-90°五个角度下扬声器驱动的热声热机热声核内的速度和温度场分布。实验发现热声核处的流动与传热特性受热对流与声振荡的共同影响，当热声热机水平安装时，热声核处存在环形的热对流，温度呈阶梯状分布。声场引入后热声核处换热模式由自然对流变为强制对流，在声振荡作用下温度分布变为抛物状。当热声核两端的温差增强时，受强烈热对流影响，热声核处径向速度呈现出由上到下逐渐变小的趋势。当热端位于冷端上方时(45°和90°)，热声核处的热对流非常微弱，周期速度在声振荡的影响下遵循正弦规律变化。当热端在冷端下方时(-45°和-90°)，受重力场作用，加热器与冷却器间存在着强烈的热对流，热声核处温度很高。在热对流的影响下热声核处的正弦速度分布呈现出整体的向上正位移。正是在声振荡与热对流的共同作用下，热声热机在不同的倾角下表现出不同的工作特性。
Thermoacoustic engine is a new type of device which can convert thermal energy intosound energy. It has many advantages, such as simple construction, high reliability andnon-polution. Since thermoacoustic prime mover can work at a low temperature, it has broadapplication prospect on waste heat recovery and solar energy utilization. Solar poweredthermoacoustic engine takes the solar radiation as heat source. Its tilt angle is constantlychanging when it rotates with the sun. During the raotating process, thermoacoustic engineworks under the coupling effect of sound and gravity fields. And the flow and heat transferprocess in thermoacoustic core is complex. In this context, experimental study aboutthermoacoustic prime mover and thermoacoustic engine driven by loudspeaker were carriedout in this paper under multi-tilt angles, the flow and heat transfer characteristic inthermoacoustic engine under the coupling effect of sound and gravity fields was discussed.
Firstly, a standing-wave thermoacoustic prime mover was built. Its basic operatecharacteristics such as onset and damping temperatures, frequency and pressure amplitudewere experimentally studied, and the onset process of thermoacoustic self-excited oscillationwas shown by frequency analysis. The temperature distribution within stacks during the onsetand damping processes were observed by thermal infrared imager. The experiment resultsshowed that thermal energy is not only converted into sound energy after onset, but also betaken to the cold end by oscillatory flow. Theroforce, the heat loss in thermoacoustic engineinduced by sound oscillation after onset is inevitable.
Secondly, it was found that sound disturbance can effectively decrease the onsettemperature of thermoacoustic prime mover, which is benefical for low grade heat utilization.To provide experiment basis for the selection of adaptable disturbance signal in practice, theeffect of different disturbance signals on thermoacoustic forced oscillation was discussed.The experiment results showed that thermoacoustic forced oscillation has selectivity for thedisturbance frequency, the optimal disturbance frequency is the fundamental frequency ofthermoacoustic prime mover. Onset temperature of thermoacoustic forced oscillationdecreases with the increase of disturbance power. However it does not decrease any morewhen the lowest onset temperature reached. Onset temperature is the key factor to influence the pressure amplitude of thermoacoustic forced oscillation. The lower the onset temperatureis, the smaller the pressure amplitude is.
Thirdly, to study the effect of tilt angle on the performance of thermoacoustic primemover, the onset temperature, damping temperature and temperature disturbation withinstacks under five tilt angles (45°,90°,0°,-45°and-90°) were compared. The influence ofthermal convection induced by gravity on onset process was analyzed. It was found thatstanding-wave thermoacoustic prime mover has the lowest onset and damping temperatureswhen it is installed horizontally. During the process of rotation, its onset temperature rises tosome extent. When the heater is above the cooler(45°and90°), thermals induced by gravityflows upward which is not benefical for the heat transfer between gas and solid in stacks, sothe onset temperature increases. After onset, thermoacoustic oscillation forceses thermals toflow to the cold end and makes the temperature of stacks increase. When the heater is underthe cooler(45°and90°), thermals from hot end to cold end is serious which induce lots ofheat loss and the onset temperature of primes mover increase obviously. After onset, strongthermoacoustic oscillation suppresses the thermal convection in stacks and makes thetemperature of stacks decrease.
Fourthly, to better study the alternating flow and heat transfer rule in thermoacousticengine under the coupling effect of sound and gravity fields, loudspeaker was used tosimulate the thermoacoustic oscillation. And the temperature and velocity distributions withinthermoacoustic core under five tilt angles (45°,90°,0°,-45°and-90°) were observed bythermal infrared imager and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The experimental resultsshowed that the flow and heat transfer characteristic of thermoacoustic engine is affected bothby thermal convection and thermoacoustic oscillation. When thermoacoustic engine isinstalled horizontally, natural convection in thermoacoustic core shows as cycle flow and thetemperature distributes as ladder pattern. After the addition of sound oscillation, the heattransfer mode in thermoacoustic core changes into forced convection and the temperaturefield redistributes as parabolic shape. When the temperature difference between heater andcooler increases, the cycle thermal convection becomes stronger which makes the averageradial speed in thermoacoustic core gradually decrease from top to bottom. When the hot endis above the cold end (45°and90°), thermal convection in thermoacoustic core is very weak and the velocity changes following the normal sine rule. When the hot end is under the coldend (-45°and-90°), the upward thermals in thermoacoustic core is strong, which makesthermoacoustic core have high temperature. Also, the periodic velocity in thermoacousticcore has an obviously upward shift due to the effect of thermals. It is just becaust of thecombined effect of thermoacoustic coscillation and thermal convection that thermoacousticengine shows different operating characteristics under different tilt angles.
引文
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