太阳能碟式聚光发电供热综合利用系统研究
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摘要
本文基于太阳能光伏光热综合利用技术,从经济性、实用性和产业发展角度出发,解决现有碟式聚光PV/T (photovoltaic/thermal)系统中存在的问题,取得了整套系统独立研发技术,提出了新型的高倍聚光GaAs发电供热系统。采用液体冷媒强化冷却高能流密度下GaAs电池的同时,收集热能加以利用。
针对目前碟式聚光技术存在聚光器造价高,制作工艺复杂,光强分布不均匀的问题,在碟式系统中采用“化整为零”的思想,尝试利用平面玻璃分段式逼近抛物面的聚光方式来替代连续曲面的聚光方式,具有加工制作难度小、聚光光强分布均匀性好等优点,可极大地提高电池组件的光伏输出效率和运行安全性。针对400倍以上太阳聚光的高能流密度(>40W/cm2),本文研制新型复合式接收器,通过特殊设计的微通道强化传热、喷射流动等方式来增强冷媒对光伏电池的冷却效果,冷却光伏电池的同时将热能加以收集利用,提高系统的太阳能综合利用率。
结合高倍碟式聚光GaAs发电集热系统的结构特点及运行机理,采用理论模拟和实验研究相结合的方法,对高倍聚光条件下的多碟共焦和多平面镜线性组合两种聚光构件的反射、聚焦以及光强分布的均匀性等光学特性分别进行研究。对多碟共焦聚光构件,研究了圆形、矩形、六边形和八边形四种形状子碟的几何聚光特性,给出了各形状子碟的面积效率因子,研究结果表明矩形开口面较适合做为子碟聚光构件。运用TracePro分析了9个矩形子碟构成的聚光器的聚光特性,并试制出样机。对多平面镜组合聚光器构件,从镜阵中镜面数量、焦距、平面镜尺寸等相互耦合的方面研究了其聚光特性,结合余弦效率概念,分析了焦平面处的能流分布情况,给出了多平面镜线性组合的最优设计参数,并成功试制出样机。
对高倍聚光后处于高热流密度条件下的复合接收器的传热机理及流场特性进行理论模拟和实验研究。运用Fluent软件对喷射/微通道复合式接收器建立仿真模型,并与实验进行对比,模拟计算了接收器换热性能,最后通过在样机上实验测试确定其工作性能。建立直流微通道式换热器热阻模型,通过理论计算优化了接收器设计参数,并根据理论计算得出的参数制作了该种冷却接收器,在聚光器样机上测试其性能。
搭建了碟式聚光PV/T系统试验测试平台,对高倍聚光后PV/T系统热、电性能进行了初步实验研究,初步实验获取的系统平均瞬时热效率为35.9%,最高瞬时效率为47.8%；系统电池瞬时发电最大效率为16.99%,平均效率15.67%；最大输出功率为50.48W,平均输出功率46.67W,填充因子最大为71.17%。
建立了PV/T系统的理论计算模型,对聚光后系统的热性能以及处于高光强条件下的GaAs电池输出特性进行研究。研究了影响系统热效率的几个关键因素,为进一步优化系统热性能提供了参考。利用Matlab/Simulink软件平台建立电池阵列模型,对不同光照强度和不同工作温度下的聚光GaAs电池阵列输出特性进行研究,预测了系统在正常情况下发电功率能达到1.5kW。
Based on the photovoltaic/thermal technology, from the economical, practical and industrial development point of view, the thesis proposes a novel photovoltaic/thermal(PV/T) system, and discusses aspects of the system that has been designed to produce both electricity with GaAs solar cells and hot water.
In this thesis, the solar dish concentrators are made of several sub-mirrors, employing the concept of breaking up the whole into parts. The novel concentrator can be manufactured easily and cheaply, Because of the advantage of uniform light intensity distribution, the efficiency of solar cells that work on the concentrator can be raised greatly. Two new hybrid cooling scheme are proposed for cooling photovoltaic cells under a paraboloidal dish concentrator. The scheme integrates the cooling effects of a microchannel flow and jet impingement, which can cool the solar cells and collect heat energy at the same time.
Considering the structure features and operation mechanism of paraboloidal dish concentrators, the concentrating characteristics of two types of concentrators have been investigated with the method of combining theoretical simulation and experimental study. The two types of concentrators are Multi-dish con-focal concentrator and Multi-plane linear combination concentrator respectively. For the Multi-dish con-focal concentrator, the concentrating characteristics of sub-dish with different apertures but the same focal length or the same rim angle are investigated respectively. In order to make a quantitative evaluation for the concentrating performance of concentrators, the concept of area efficiency factor is applied. The geometric models for simulation are established, and the average flux distribution on the receivers is simulated and drawn with the software of TracePro.The result of simulation shows that rectangle aperture is more suited for the paraboloidal dish concentraror, and the prototype has been developed with the parameters from simulation results. For Multi-plane linear combination concentrator, the concentrating characteristics and distribution of flux is investigated considering several factors, including quantity of mirrors, focal length, dimensions of plane mirror and cosine efficiency. The prototype of this kind of concentrator has been developed and detected as well.
In this thesis, a numerical model for the jet impingement/channel receiver has been developed with the Fluent software and experiment is conducted to verify the computational approach. The simulation results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results, and further numerical predictions are then performed. It is shown that the new cooling scheme has the desirable working performance and is of good application potential for the cooling of photovoltaic cells exposed to a high heat flux. Another numerical model for the microchannel receiver has been developed too. The key parameters have been optimized over a range of coolant flow rates, and these include height, thickness of fins and width of the channels. The receiver is developed and tested under Multi-plane linear combination concentrator.
Experimental measurement of the thermal and electrical performance of the paraboloidal dish concentrating PV/T system is carried out. The average and maximum instantaneous thermal efficiency are35.9%and47.8%respectively. The average and maximum instantaneous electrical efficiency are16.99%and15.67%respectively; the maximum and average power are50.48W and46.67W, respectively. The fill factor of maximum is71.7%, through the experiment measurement over Multi-plane linear combination concentrator.
A detailed analytical model simulating the the paraboloidal dish concentrating PV/T system is developed. Several key parameters that affect the thermal efficiency are discussed. Besides, the output characteristics of GaAs solar cells are simulated through a numerical model developed with Simulink software. The simulation about output characteristic of GaAs under different temperature and radiation flux profile are carried out through Simulink software, and the electrical power of system would be1.5kW in normal operation by predicting.
针对目前碟式聚光技术存在聚光器造价高,制作工艺复杂,光强分布不均匀的问题,在碟式系统中采用“化整为零”的思想,尝试利用平面玻璃分段式逼近抛物面的聚光方式来替代连续曲面的聚光方式,具有加工制作难度小、聚光光强分布均匀性好等优点,可极大地提高电池组件的光伏输出效率和运行安全性。针对400倍以上太阳聚光的高能流密度(>40W/cm2),本文研制新型复合式接收器,通过特殊设计的微通道强化传热、喷射流动等方式来增强冷媒对光伏电池的冷却效果,冷却光伏电池的同时将热能加以收集利用,提高系统的太阳能综合利用率。
结合高倍碟式聚光GaAs发电集热系统的结构特点及运行机理,采用理论模拟和实验研究相结合的方法,对高倍聚光条件下的多碟共焦和多平面镜线性组合两种聚光构件的反射、聚焦以及光强分布的均匀性等光学特性分别进行研究。对多碟共焦聚光构件,研究了圆形、矩形、六边形和八边形四种形状子碟的几何聚光特性,给出了各形状子碟的面积效率因子,研究结果表明矩形开口面较适合做为子碟聚光构件。运用TracePro分析了9个矩形子碟构成的聚光器的聚光特性,并试制出样机。对多平面镜组合聚光器构件,从镜阵中镜面数量、焦距、平面镜尺寸等相互耦合的方面研究了其聚光特性,结合余弦效率概念,分析了焦平面处的能流分布情况,给出了多平面镜线性组合的最优设计参数,并成功试制出样机。
对高倍聚光后处于高热流密度条件下的复合接收器的传热机理及流场特性进行理论模拟和实验研究。运用Fluent软件对喷射/微通道复合式接收器建立仿真模型,并与实验进行对比,模拟计算了接收器换热性能,最后通过在样机上实验测试确定其工作性能。建立直流微通道式换热器热阻模型,通过理论计算优化了接收器设计参数,并根据理论计算得出的参数制作了该种冷却接收器,在聚光器样机上测试其性能。
搭建了碟式聚光PV/T系统试验测试平台,对高倍聚光后PV/T系统热、电性能进行了初步实验研究,初步实验获取的系统平均瞬时热效率为35.9%,最高瞬时效率为47.8%；系统电池瞬时发电最大效率为16.99%,平均效率15.67%；最大输出功率为50.48W,平均输出功率46.67W,填充因子最大为71.17%。
建立了PV/T系统的理论计算模型,对聚光后系统的热性能以及处于高光强条件下的GaAs电池输出特性进行研究。研究了影响系统热效率的几个关键因素,为进一步优化系统热性能提供了参考。利用Matlab/Simulink软件平台建立电池阵列模型,对不同光照强度和不同工作温度下的聚光GaAs电池阵列输出特性进行研究,预测了系统在正常情况下发电功率能达到1.5kW。
Based on the photovoltaic/thermal technology, from the economical, practical and industrial development point of view, the thesis proposes a novel photovoltaic/thermal(PV/T) system, and discusses aspects of the system that has been designed to produce both electricity with GaAs solar cells and hot water.
In this thesis, the solar dish concentrators are made of several sub-mirrors, employing the concept of breaking up the whole into parts. The novel concentrator can be manufactured easily and cheaply, Because of the advantage of uniform light intensity distribution, the efficiency of solar cells that work on the concentrator can be raised greatly. Two new hybrid cooling scheme are proposed for cooling photovoltaic cells under a paraboloidal dish concentrator. The scheme integrates the cooling effects of a microchannel flow and jet impingement, which can cool the solar cells and collect heat energy at the same time.
Considering the structure features and operation mechanism of paraboloidal dish concentrators, the concentrating characteristics of two types of concentrators have been investigated with the method of combining theoretical simulation and experimental study. The two types of concentrators are Multi-dish con-focal concentrator and Multi-plane linear combination concentrator respectively. For the Multi-dish con-focal concentrator, the concentrating characteristics of sub-dish with different apertures but the same focal length or the same rim angle are investigated respectively. In order to make a quantitative evaluation for the concentrating performance of concentrators, the concept of area efficiency factor is applied. The geometric models for simulation are established, and the average flux distribution on the receivers is simulated and drawn with the software of TracePro.The result of simulation shows that rectangle aperture is more suited for the paraboloidal dish concentraror, and the prototype has been developed with the parameters from simulation results. For Multi-plane linear combination concentrator, the concentrating characteristics and distribution of flux is investigated considering several factors, including quantity of mirrors, focal length, dimensions of plane mirror and cosine efficiency. The prototype of this kind of concentrator has been developed and detected as well.
In this thesis, a numerical model for the jet impingement/channel receiver has been developed with the Fluent software and experiment is conducted to verify the computational approach. The simulation results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results, and further numerical predictions are then performed. It is shown that the new cooling scheme has the desirable working performance and is of good application potential for the cooling of photovoltaic cells exposed to a high heat flux. Another numerical model for the microchannel receiver has been developed too. The key parameters have been optimized over a range of coolant flow rates, and these include height, thickness of fins and width of the channels. The receiver is developed and tested under Multi-plane linear combination concentrator.
Experimental measurement of the thermal and electrical performance of the paraboloidal dish concentrating PV/T system is carried out. The average and maximum instantaneous thermal efficiency are35.9%and47.8%respectively. The average and maximum instantaneous electrical efficiency are16.99%and15.67%respectively; the maximum and average power are50.48W and46.67W, respectively. The fill factor of maximum is71.7%, through the experiment measurement over Multi-plane linear combination concentrator.
A detailed analytical model simulating the the paraboloidal dish concentrating PV/T system is developed. Several key parameters that affect the thermal efficiency are discussed. Besides, the output characteristics of GaAs solar cells are simulated through a numerical model developed with Simulink software. The simulation about output characteristic of GaAs under different temperature and radiation flux profile are carried out through Simulink software, and the electrical power of system would be1.5kW in normal operation by predicting.
引文
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