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中国若干典型陆内造山带演化过程与大规模成矿作用初探
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摘要
地球动力学演化过程与成矿之间的关系是近二、三十年来地球科学界一直关注的重要科学问题之一。虽然通过以往的大量研究,人们对大陆裂开、洋盆扩张、大洋板块俯冲和“陆—陆”或“弧—陆”碰撞等主要板块演化过程中的成矿作用有了较系统地了解,但对于板块碰撞之后陆内过程中的成矿作用了解较少,尚还未建立起系统的模式。我国从南往北发育的三江造山带、秦岭造山带和兴蒙造山带,记录了古板块演化旋回及其成矿作用的完整历史,也叠加了中新生代太平洋板块俯冲和印度板块碰撞导致的大陆边缘及陆内效应的信息。特别是这三个造山带在晚古生代—早中生代期间都经历了从板块碰撞到碰撞后的主要演化过程,并发育了一系列特征性强的成矿作用。这三大造山带良好的地质和成矿记录,为我们深入探讨造山带陆内演化主要过程中的大规模成矿作用模式提供了有利的条件。
     本文在总结全球大规模成矿的地球动力学背景资料基础上,通过深入解剖和系统对比我国三江造山带南段、东秦岭造山带和兴蒙造山带中南部等典型造山带关键地区以陆内演化过程为核心的地球动力学演化历史及其成矿特征,重新认识了我国大陆印支—早燕山期的动力学演化过程及其成矿效应,建立了关于造山带陆内演化阶段主要过程中的大规模成矿模式。主要研究成果归纳如下:
     1) 较系统全面地收集了全球主要金属矿种的大型、巨型矿床资料,首次从地球动力学演化与成矿作用关系的思路编制了《全球构造与矿床分布图》,发现了环太平洋带成矿分段性及其与大洋转换断层延入大陆位置的吻合性等新现象,提出巨型矿集区是全球成矿最显著特征的新认识。
     2) 较详细地提供了全球主要金属矿种大型、巨型矿床随时间演化的新资料,阐述了地球动力学演化历史中主要成矿阶段的特征成矿事件,首次总结了世界一些主要巨型矿集区的大规模成矿作用及其地球动力学背景特征,并归纳了岩石圈构造演化旋回中的大规模成矿作用类型。
     3) 系统总结了我国典型造山带(三江、秦岭和兴蒙等)陆内主要演化阶段的成矿特征,即在碰撞早期,强烈的挤压作用造成的剪切带型金矿和S型花岗岩体内外接触带里的热液型锡、钨矿;碰撞晚期由于岩石圈下部拆沉引起大量碱性岩浆和幔源流体活动,构成了以铜为主的多金属矿床及矿源层和形成了大量石英—钾长石脉型、蚀变岩型金矿;和碰撞之后伸展体制下大规模的构造—岩浆事件形成了大量斑岩型钼、钨、铜、铅锌等多金属矿床和石英脉型金矿及沉积型铜矿和含煤岩系。并首次提出了造山带拆沉—伸展过程
    
    中大规模成矿的模式。
    较全面地提出了判别造山带成熟拆沉作用发生的标志,特别是根据对我国典型造山带的
    总结分析,提出了一些新的标志,如环状超基性一基性一中酸性杂岩体;局部双峰式大
    陆裂谷型火山活动;二长花岗岩、碱性花岗岩和奥长环斑花岗岩;地壳局部短暂下沉;
    等等。
    基本厘定了三江造山带南段古澜沧江闭合后演化的主要阶段,即晚二迭世一中三叠世地
    块碰撞增生;晚三叠世岩石圈下部拆沉和上部裂陷;早侏罗世延续性挤压和抬升;中侏
    罗世一早白里世地壳伸展;晚白至世以来大规模走滑。特别是提出了晚三叠世该区岩石
    圈发生拆沉作用的新认识,并提供了有关证据,即从中三叠世相对较少量的酸性火山喷
    发转变成晚三叠世大量碱性、基性火山活动的喷发,临沧花岗岩基广泛发育的钾长石交
    代钠长石以及岩基周围环状超基性一基性一中酸性杂岩体的出现等。。
    初步阐明了三江造山带南段矿床的时空分布特征,特别是较系统阐述了与岩石圈拆沉作
    用相关的南澜沧江Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag、sn、Fe成矿带的特点,指出含钾较高的火山岩
    可作为寻找拆沉环境中铜多金属矿的有利地区,而火山岩中孔隙度较高的层位、层面和
    破碎带可作为优先找矿部位。
    明确提出了秦岭造山带岩石圈拆沉的证据和时间(220一195my),特别是阐明了造山带
    奥长环斑花岗岩形成的深部动力学背景及其特殊意义。初步阐述了东秦岭地区的成矿分
    区和成矿特点,指出小秦岭一熊耳山地区金矿形成的主要时期是印支一早燕山期,并且
    与岩石圈拆沉作用所引起的地慢流体活动和之后进一步大规模伸展作用产生的深源岩
    浆活动密切相关。
    提出了兴蒙造山带中南部晚古生代以来的成矿作用主要跟两次大的地慢上涌与岩石圈
    伸展事件相关。第一次是早二迭世末一三叠纪的岩石圈拆沉事件,引起裂谷型中基性火
    山活动和地慢流体活动,形成该区金属矿床形成的主要矿源层,并促进了古老岩系中金
    的活化、迁移和富集。第二次是晚侏罗世一早白坐世的地慢热柱事件,造成大量深成岩
    体,特别是小型杂岩体侵入。在这些中酸型小岩体与早二迭系地层的内外接触带往往形
    成eu、Pb、zn、sn、Ag、Au等多金属矿床和矿化密集区。
The relationship of geodynamic evolution and deposits formation has been one of important problems focused by geologists in the past twenty years. Although we known much about the metallogeny occurred during the main processes such as continent rifting, ocean spreading and plate subducting as well as continent-continent or continent-arc collision, the model of metallogeny occurred after collision has not been established. The three orogenic belts of Sanjiang, Qinling and Xingan-Mongolia developed in China from south to north , not only record the perfect history of the paleo-Asia plates evolutionary process, and also reflect the effects of Pacific Plate subducting and Indian-Asia continent collision on continental margin and intern, especially these orogenic belts have experienced the main processes and metallogeny during the collision to post-collision and . these geological and metallogenic records provide the good condition to delve further into the model of large-scale metallogenic processes during the i
    ntracontinent evolutionary processes.
    Based on the analysis of the data on global metallogeny in the framework of geodynamics and study of the processes of continental evolution and metalloeny of of Sanjiang, Qinling and Xingan-Mongolia orogenic belts, we have reconsidered the geodynamic evlution and metallogeny during Indosinian to Early-Yanshan movement in China , and established large-scale metallogenic model on intracontinental evolution we in orogenic belts. The main results are summarized as follow.
    (1) Systematically gathering the data about large-scale and superlarge-scale deposits in the world and drawing up the Map of Global Tectonics and Metallogeny; finding out the segmentation of Circle-Pacific Ocean Metallogenic Belt and informing that the giant deposit clusters are the prominent feature of global metallogeny.
    (2) providing the new information on large-scale , superlarge-scale deposits evolution in time and characteristic metallogenic events of the main stages during geodynanmic evolution; summarizing the feature of large-scale metallogenic processes in some giant deposit clusters in the world and concluding the main type of large-scale metallogenic processes in the tectonic cycle of lithosphere.
    (3) Summing up the metallogenic feature in different stages of intra-continent evolution of Sanjiang, Qinling and Xinan-Mongolia orogenic belts; giving up the model of delamination and extension occurred in orogenic belts.
    (4) based on the analysis and summary of typical orogenic belt in China, advancing the marker to distinguish the exist of delamination occurred in orogenic belt, especially giving up some new marker such as ring ultrabasic-basic-medium acid rock body, local bimodal continental rifting volcanic activity; rapakivi granite, etc.
    (5) collating the main stages of south part of Sanjiang orogenic belts evolution after the close of old Nanchangjiang Ocean, i. e. continent block colliding during
    
    
    
    
    late-Permian to middle-Triassic; lower part delamination and upper part rifting of lithosphere during late-Triassic; delayed compression and uplift during early-Jurassic; crust extension from middle-Jurassic to early-Cretaceous; large-scale strike sliping from late-Cretacoues to present.
    (6) roughly expounding the deposits distribution feature in south part of Sanjiang orogenic belts , especially in detail to set forth the characters of southern Nanchangjiang Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Sn, Fe metallogenic belt.
    (7) showing and determining the evidence and timing of the lithophere delamination occurred in Qinling orogenic belt. Pointing out the gold deposit in Xiaoqinling-Xiongershan region are mostly formed during Indosinian to Early-Yanshan movement, related to mantle fluid injecting caused by lithosphere delamination and plutonic activity caused by further large-scale tectonic extension.
    (8)suggesting the deposit information in central south part of Xingan-Mongolia orogenic belt relate to the two events of mantle upwell and lithosphere extension since late-Paleozoic. First is th
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