超低频磁场拖曳天线技术研究
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摘要
通过在电极对拖曳天线电缆中附加磁场环天线可实现超低频(SLF)对潜通信的全向接收。与电极对天线相比,磁场天线的噪声种类更多,形式更复杂,电压更高。本文对SLF磁场拖曳天线中的各种噪声源进行了理论分析,得到了热噪声、运动感应噪声、磁致伸缩噪声和巴克豪森噪声的ENF表达式,随后讨论了电缆振动、电缆机械特性、电缆电气特性和地磁场等关键因素对这些噪声的影响,提出了减小噪声的途径。为降低热噪声ENF,必须引入高磁导率的铁磁材料作为铁芯;为最小化运动感应噪声,天线灵敏度曲线应选择抛物线;为降低磁致伸缩噪声,需要天线灵敏度曲线更加平滑,采用“零应变”铁芯结构;为降低巴克豪森噪声,需要在接收机中采用退磁控制电路。降低这四种噪声ENF的要求存在矛盾,必须进行综合优化配置。天线线圈应采用铝线单层密绕,使用程控绕线装置改变匝密度以构成抛物线型天线灵敏度曲线,铁芯应使用4-79坡莫合金薄带绕成“零应变”结构。根据已知电极对天线参数和浮力条件,得到了最佳的线圈/铁芯半径比,并可证明此时铁芯相对磁导率、相对密度等参数都是可以实现的,天线阻抗、电感、有效长度也都在合理范围内,因而此减小热噪声和运动感应噪声的综合设计方案是可行的,其噪声指标也符合设计要求。退磁控制电路可保证铁芯轴向偏磁通密度稳定在零状态,从而减小磁致伸缩噪声和巴克豪森噪声。本文对退磁控制电路的原理和结构进行了初步探讨。
By means of attaching a H-field loop antenna to the cable of electrode-pair antenna, we can achieve omni-directional reception in the SLF communication to the submarine. The noise of loop antenna is higher in voltage level and more complex than that of electrode-pair antenna. This dissertation studies theoretically various noise sources in the H-field antenna, finds the expressions of thermal noise, motion-induced noise, magnetostrictive noise and barkhausen noise ENF, analyzes the contributing of key factors as cable vibration, cable electricity characteristic, cable mechanical characteristic and geomagnetic field, provides the way to reduce these noises. To reduce the thermal noise ENF, high reversible permeability core material should be used; To minimize the motion–induced noise, the antenna sensitivity profile should take parabola type. To reduce magnetostrictive noise, sensitivity profile should be more smooth, core should take“zero-strain”structure. To reduce barkhausen noise, SLF receiver should include degaussing control circuit. There is conflict between these requirements and we should provide a total optimize configuration. Antenna winding should be dense winded in single tier with aluminium material, use pre-programmed winding machine to achieve a parabola turn density, the core should form“zero-strain”structure with 4-79 permalloy tape. The best winding/core radius ratio can obtained from the known electrode pair antenna parameters and buoyant condition, while the core reversible permeability and relative density are realizable, antenna resistance, inductance and effective length are in a suitable range, thus the design to reduce thermal noise and motion-induced noise is feasible,besides, the noise figure satisfies the design requirement. The degaussing circuit can keep zero level axis direction flux to decrease magnetostrictive noise and barkhausen noise, the dissertation discusses the principle and scheme of degaussing control circuit.
By means of attaching a H-field loop antenna to the cable of electrode-pair antenna, we can achieve omni-directional reception in the SLF communication to the submarine. The noise of loop antenna is higher in voltage level and more complex than that of electrode-pair antenna. This dissertation studies theoretically various noise sources in the H-field antenna, finds the expressions of thermal noise, motion-induced noise, magnetostrictive noise and barkhausen noise ENF, analyzes the contributing of key factors as cable vibration, cable electricity characteristic, cable mechanical characteristic and geomagnetic field, provides the way to reduce these noises. To reduce the thermal noise ENF, high reversible permeability core material should be used; To minimize the motion–induced noise, the antenna sensitivity profile should take parabola type. To reduce magnetostrictive noise, sensitivity profile should be more smooth, core should take“zero-strain”structure. To reduce barkhausen noise, SLF receiver should include degaussing control circuit. There is conflict between these requirements and we should provide a total optimize configuration. Antenna winding should be dense winded in single tier with aluminium material, use pre-programmed winding machine to achieve a parabola turn density, the core should form“zero-strain”structure with 4-79 permalloy tape. The best winding/core radius ratio can obtained from the known electrode pair antenna parameters and buoyant condition, while the core reversible permeability and relative density are realizable, antenna resistance, inductance and effective length are in a suitable range, thus the design to reduce thermal noise and motion-induced noise is feasible,besides, the noise figure satisfies the design requirement. The degaussing circuit can keep zero level axis direction flux to decrease magnetostrictive noise and barkhausen noise, the dissertation discusses the principle and scheme of degaussing control circuit.
引文
[1] [美]极低频通讯使潜艇潜的更深更隐蔽, Defense Electronics, 1985,(1):95～98.白冰译.电波与天线. 1996,(4):10～30
[2]曲晓慧.国内对潜通信发展方向之浅见.舰船电子工程, 2000,(5):42～44
[3]毕德显.电磁场理论.北京:电子工业出版社. 1985.305～393
[4]谭显裕.对潜通信系统的发展动向.现代防御技术, 1995,(6):16～25
[5]王元坤.电波传播概论.第一版.北京:国防工业出版社. 1984.18～30
[6] J Merrill.Some Early Historical Aspects of Project Sanguine.IEEE Trans on Com, 1974, 22(4):359～362
[7] J R Wait. Project Sanguine. Science,1972, 14(5):272～275
[8]程树俊.美国极低频潜艇通信的最新进展.电波与天线, 1995,(5):19～22
[9] D L Jones. Sending Signals to Submarines. New Scientist, 1985,1463(4):37～41
[10] M L Burrows. The submarine-towed ELF loop antenna. Radio Science, 1976, 11(4): 357～367
[11] Steven A Cummer. Modeling Electromagnetic Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide. IEEE Trans on antennas, 2000,48(9):1420～1429
[12]焦其祥,王道东.电磁场理论.北京:北京邮电出版社. 1994.231
[13]梁高权.甚低频波和超低频波的辐射与传播.第一版.南京:海军工程大学出版社, 2002.56～57
[14] Antonio Meloni, Paolo Palangio. Some Characteristics of the ELF/VLF Radio Noise Measured near L’Aquila,Italy. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1992, 40(2):233～236
[15] M L Burrows. Motion-induced noise in electrode-pair extremely low frequency(ELF) receiving antennas. IEEE Trans on Com, 1974,22(4):540～542
[16]内山晋.应用磁学.姜恩永译.天津:天津科学出版社. 1982. 9～17
[17]钟文定.铁磁学.第一版.北京:科学出版社, 1987.35～37
[18] P Mazzetti, G Montalenti. power Spectrum of the Barkhausen Noise of Various Magnectic Materials. Phys, 1963,34(11):3223～3225
[19]宛德福,马兴隆.磁性物理学.北京:电子工业出版社, 1999. 30～48
[20] M L Burrows. On the Design of a Towed ELF H-field Antenna. 1972. TN: AD754949: 1～91
[21] A D Watt. VLF radio engineering. New York:Pergamon. 1967.427
[22] A D Cafaro. Stress-Induced Noise in Magnetic-Cored H-Field Antennas. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 1974,22(4):543～548
[23]查理A弗格斯.电噪声手册.张伦,李镇远译.北京:计量出版社, 1981. 42
[24]陈卫东,王永斌.潜艇ELF拖曳环天线的热噪声研究.舰船科学技术, 2004, 26(2):55～57
[25] O G Nackoney. Strain Gage Instrumentation of a Buoyant Cable. 1972. TN:AD744825: 1～38
[26] J E Manning. Vibration and Strain-Induced Noise from the ELF Flexible Loop Antenna.1971.TN:AD737093:1～31
[27] S E Forman. ELF Antenna Flow Test Facility. TN:AD7788326:1～21
[28]张静,谢慧,田培根.潜艇极低频全向接收天线中运动感应噪声研究.电声技术, 2006,(8):57～60
[29]杨路刚,程瑾. ELF磁场拖曳天线的运动感应噪声分析.舰船电子工程, 2006, 26(2), 151～153
[30] M L Burrows. ELF Communication Antennas.第一版. England: Peter Peregrinus LTD, 1978. 213～221
[31]老大中.变分法基础.第一版.北京:国防工业出版社, 2004.20～200
[32]丁浩,朱四华,王德石.水下拖曳绳索在随机脉动压力作用下的响应.鱼雷技术, 2005,13(1):29～32
[33]朱四华,王德石,程华斌.磁场天线的纵向振动及磁致伸缩噪声研究.中国力学学会学术大会2005论文摘要集.北京:中国力学学会, 2005.45～46
[34] M L Burrows. Helically Wound Permalloy Tape Cores for ELF Antennas. TN: ADA0023168:1～19
[35] H Bittel. Noise in Ferromagnetic Materials. IEEE Trans MAG,1969,5 (3):359～365
[36] M L Burrows. Winding a Long Coil with a Pre-programmed Turns Density Variation. TN: ADA0119487:1～16
[37]朱承高.电工及电子技术手册.北京:高等教育出版社, 1990.129～130
[38]张世远.磁性材料基础.北京:科学出版社, 1988.168
[39]陈煜廉,丘渝青.非晶态合金脆性的研究.北京:冶金工业部科学技术司, 1990.188
[40]张玉民.电磁学.第一版.北京:科学技术出版社, 2000.350～355
[41]陈卫东,王永斌,屈晓旭.超低频磁场拖曳天线设计中的热噪声研究.海军工程大学学报, 2004,16(2):51～55
[42] S L Bernstein.A Signal Scheme and Experimental Receiver for Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Communication.IEEE Transtractions on Communications, 1974, 22 (4):508～528
[43] O G Nackoney.Design of an ELF Loop Antenna Receiver.TN: AD 9021593:1～46
[44]武斌,姜丽,尹亚兰.超低频放大器的低噪声和抗干扰设计与实现.电子工程师, 2006,32(1):28～30
[45]王瑛剑,董俊宏,王永斌.一种微型超低频低噪声放大器电路的设计及噪声分析.长江大学学报, 2004,1(4):45～47
[46] H E Rowe.Extremely Low Frequency(ELF) Communication to Submarines. IEEE Transtractions on Communications,1974,22(4):371～384
[47]蔡樱,张祖荫.甚低频水下全向数字接收技术.舰船电子工程, 1999,(6):38～41
[48]陈蕴基,陈亮.关于潜艇拖曳天线测控方案的探讨.航海工程, 2002,(1):11～13
[2]曲晓慧.国内对潜通信发展方向之浅见.舰船电子工程, 2000,(5):42～44
[3]毕德显.电磁场理论.北京:电子工业出版社. 1985.305～393
[4]谭显裕.对潜通信系统的发展动向.现代防御技术, 1995,(6):16～25
[5]王元坤.电波传播概论.第一版.北京:国防工业出版社. 1984.18～30
[6] J Merrill.Some Early Historical Aspects of Project Sanguine.IEEE Trans on Com, 1974, 22(4):359～362
[7] J R Wait. Project Sanguine. Science,1972, 14(5):272～275
[8]程树俊.美国极低频潜艇通信的最新进展.电波与天线, 1995,(5):19～22
[9] D L Jones. Sending Signals to Submarines. New Scientist, 1985,1463(4):37～41
[10] M L Burrows. The submarine-towed ELF loop antenna. Radio Science, 1976, 11(4): 357～367
[11] Steven A Cummer. Modeling Electromagnetic Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide. IEEE Trans on antennas, 2000,48(9):1420～1429
[12]焦其祥,王道东.电磁场理论.北京:北京邮电出版社. 1994.231
[13]梁高权.甚低频波和超低频波的辐射与传播.第一版.南京:海军工程大学出版社, 2002.56～57
[14] Antonio Meloni, Paolo Palangio. Some Characteristics of the ELF/VLF Radio Noise Measured near L’Aquila,Italy. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1992, 40(2):233～236
[15] M L Burrows. Motion-induced noise in electrode-pair extremely low frequency(ELF) receiving antennas. IEEE Trans on Com, 1974,22(4):540～542
[16]内山晋.应用磁学.姜恩永译.天津:天津科学出版社. 1982. 9～17
[17]钟文定.铁磁学.第一版.北京:科学出版社, 1987.35～37
[18] P Mazzetti, G Montalenti. power Spectrum of the Barkhausen Noise of Various Magnectic Materials. Phys, 1963,34(11):3223～3225
[19]宛德福,马兴隆.磁性物理学.北京:电子工业出版社, 1999. 30～48
[20] M L Burrows. On the Design of a Towed ELF H-field Antenna. 1972. TN: AD754949: 1～91
[21] A D Watt. VLF radio engineering. New York:Pergamon. 1967.427
[22] A D Cafaro. Stress-Induced Noise in Magnetic-Cored H-Field Antennas. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 1974,22(4):543～548
[23]查理A弗格斯.电噪声手册.张伦,李镇远译.北京:计量出版社, 1981. 42
[24]陈卫东,王永斌.潜艇ELF拖曳环天线的热噪声研究.舰船科学技术, 2004, 26(2):55～57
[25] O G Nackoney. Strain Gage Instrumentation of a Buoyant Cable. 1972. TN:AD744825: 1～38
[26] J E Manning. Vibration and Strain-Induced Noise from the ELF Flexible Loop Antenna.1971.TN:AD737093:1～31
[27] S E Forman. ELF Antenna Flow Test Facility. TN:AD7788326:1～21
[28]张静,谢慧,田培根.潜艇极低频全向接收天线中运动感应噪声研究.电声技术, 2006,(8):57～60
[29]杨路刚,程瑾. ELF磁场拖曳天线的运动感应噪声分析.舰船电子工程, 2006, 26(2), 151～153
[30] M L Burrows. ELF Communication Antennas.第一版. England: Peter Peregrinus LTD, 1978. 213～221
[31]老大中.变分法基础.第一版.北京:国防工业出版社, 2004.20～200
[32]丁浩,朱四华,王德石.水下拖曳绳索在随机脉动压力作用下的响应.鱼雷技术, 2005,13(1):29～32
[33]朱四华,王德石,程华斌.磁场天线的纵向振动及磁致伸缩噪声研究.中国力学学会学术大会2005论文摘要集.北京:中国力学学会, 2005.45～46
[34] M L Burrows. Helically Wound Permalloy Tape Cores for ELF Antennas. TN: ADA0023168:1～19
[35] H Bittel. Noise in Ferromagnetic Materials. IEEE Trans MAG,1969,5 (3):359～365
[36] M L Burrows. Winding a Long Coil with a Pre-programmed Turns Density Variation. TN: ADA0119487:1～16
[37]朱承高.电工及电子技术手册.北京:高等教育出版社, 1990.129～130
[38]张世远.磁性材料基础.北京:科学出版社, 1988.168
[39]陈煜廉,丘渝青.非晶态合金脆性的研究.北京:冶金工业部科学技术司, 1990.188
[40]张玉民.电磁学.第一版.北京:科学技术出版社, 2000.350～355
[41]陈卫东,王永斌,屈晓旭.超低频磁场拖曳天线设计中的热噪声研究.海军工程大学学报, 2004,16(2):51～55
[42] S L Bernstein.A Signal Scheme and Experimental Receiver for Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Communication.IEEE Transtractions on Communications, 1974, 22 (4):508～528
[43] O G Nackoney.Design of an ELF Loop Antenna Receiver.TN: AD 9021593:1～46
[44]武斌,姜丽,尹亚兰.超低频放大器的低噪声和抗干扰设计与实现.电子工程师, 2006,32(1):28～30
[45]王瑛剑,董俊宏,王永斌.一种微型超低频低噪声放大器电路的设计及噪声分析.长江大学学报, 2004,1(4):45～47
[46] H E Rowe.Extremely Low Frequency(ELF) Communication to Submarines. IEEE Transtractions on Communications,1974,22(4):371～384
[47]蔡樱,张祖荫.甚低频水下全向数字接收技术.舰船电子工程, 1999,(6):38～41
[48]陈蕴基,陈亮.关于潜艇拖曳天线测控方案的探讨.航海工程, 2002,(1):11～13