宽带天线及波束赋形阵列天线研究
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摘要
随着现代通信技术的飞速发展，通信电子设备的体积日益小型化，其处理信息的能力也日益智能化与宽带化。为了适应现代无线通信的发展，天线就必须发展出与之相适应的宽带技术、多频技术与小型化技术等。本文结合科研课题，以天线小型化、多频带、宽频带及宽带阵列为设计目标，对宽带套筒天线、多频印刷天线、超宽带天线及宽带波束赋形阵列天线进行了深入研究。作者的主要研究成果可概括为：
1.对宽带低剖面套筒单极子天线进行了研究。针对数字电视频段的应用，设计了宽带低剖面锥形套筒单极子天线，采用圆盘顶加载技术和顶加载圆盘短接技术有效地实现了天线的低剖面化，提出锥形套筒结构实现了天线的宽带化；针对移动通信和无线通信频段，设计了宽带低剖面圆环套筒单极子天线，提出采用顶加载圆盘，锥形直线渐变结构和短路探针降低天线高度和尺寸，通过调节锥形的角度可以改变天线的输入阻抗，同时调节圆环套筒结构调节高频端产生的工作模式，有效地提高了天线阻抗带宽；在此基础上，进一步设计了宽带低剖面双套筒单极子天线，提出采用开式套筒结构，使其在高频段产生第三个激励模式，进一步扩展了天线的工作频带。
2.对宽带领结天线进行了研究。提出一种空间电磁耦合馈电巴伦结构，对末端短路形领结天线进行馈电，有效地展宽了领结天线的阻抗带宽，但是天线辐射方向图在高频端产生了裂瓣；进一步引入倒“L”形引向结结构，改善了天线频带内高频端的辐射特性；在上述研究的基础上，设计了一副宽带圆极化天线，并着重研究了一些结构参数对天线轴比特性的影响；设计了一副具有宽带特性的领结天线，提出采用末端折合的形式，有效地调节低频端阻抗特性，并通过电磁耦合馈电巴伦调节阻抗匹配，实现了天线宽频带工作；设计了一副带有背腔的超宽带领结天线，采用寄生引向结和寄生圆环结构有效结合的方法，改善了天线工作频带内辐射特性。
3.对宽带和多频印刷天线进行了研究。设计了一副宽带印刷偶极子天线，采用电磁耦合馈电方式有效地展宽了印刷偶极子天线的工作带宽；设计了“G”形印刷单极子天线，采用枝节法和电磁耦合馈电的方式，天线实现了双频和宽带工作特性；设计了多枝节单极子天线，并通过在地板上开对称的“L”形缝隙调节频带内的阻抗匹配；设计了带弯折寄生单极子天线，通过从地板上引出寄生的耦合支路，实现了天线多频带工作的性能，并通过弯折辐射体的方法，有效地延长了电流路径实现天线低剖面、小型化；设计了一种具有陷波特性的超宽带印刷天线，通过采用圆形与阶梯形辐射体相结合的方法从而使得各谐振模式平稳交叉实现了天线的超宽带特性，分别在辐射体上开“U”形缝隙和在地板上开“L”形缝隙，使得天线具有双陷波特性，实现了超宽带无线通信系统与WLAN和WiMAX系统之间的兼容。
4.对宽带波束赋形阵列天线进行了研究。结合现阶段自适应差分进化算法的研究现状，采用自适应差分进化算法对宽带阵列天线进行平顶波束赋形设计；在优化过程中，为了克服传统阵列综合忽略阵元互耦导致计算结果不精确的问题，通过将阵列各单元各频点方向图带入优化过程之中，提高了计算结果的可靠性；设计了宽带圆极化天线单元，并通过引入相位比较器实现了具有宽带平稳相位差的馈电网络；最后，实际制作了天线原理样机，并对其远场辐射特性进行了测量，测量结果验证了文中设计过程的正确性和有效性。
With the rapid development of modern communication technology, the sizes ofcommunication electronic equipments are increasingly miniaturized, and their ability toprocess information is also increasingly intelligent and broadband. In order to adapt tothe fast growth of modern wireless communication, there is no doubt that broadband,multi-frequency and miniaturization technology for antennas must be developed. In thisdissertation, based on the research projects, wideband sleeve antenna, multi-frequencyprinted antenna, ultra-wideband antenna and broadband beam-shaped array antennahave been studied intensively so as to obtain the designed antennas with characteristicsof miniaturization, multi-band and wideband and the array antenna with broadband. Theauthor’s major contributions are as follows:
1. Broadband low profile sleeve monopole antennas are studied. Aiming at digitalTV band, a broadband low profile tapered sleeve monopole antenna is designed with theproposed disc top loading technology, by a shorting probe connecting top loading discand ground to achieve low profile effectively and tapered sleeve to achieve broadband.For mobile communication and wireless communication band, a broadband low profilering sleeve monopole antenna is designed, with the top loading disc, tapered lineargradient structure and shorting probe to reduce the antenna’s height and size, byadjusting the tapered angle to improve input impedance and the ring’s structure tocontrol its working mode at high frequencies and widen impedance bandwidth greatly.After that, a broadband low-profile double sleeve monopole antenna is studied, withopened sleeve structure to produce a third incentive mode at high frequencies so as tofurther expand the working band.
2. Broadband bow-tie antennas are investigated. The impedance bandwidth of thiskind antenna can be broadened effectively by a space electromagnetic coupled-fedbalun structure and feeding the end shorted bow-tie antenna. But the radiation pattern athigh frequencies becomes split, and the inverted L-shaped leading junction structure isintroduced to improve its radiation characteristics. Based on these, a broadbandcircularly polarized antenna is investigated, focusing on the effects of some parameterson the axial ratio characteristics. Also, it is given an end equivalent bow-tie antennawith broadband characteristic by adopting end equivalent form to match the impedanceat low frequencies and electromagnetic coupled-fed balun to adjust impedance over the whole band. Meanwhile, an ultra-wideband bow-tie antenna with back cavity isproposed, using parasitic leading junction and ring structure together to improve theradiation characteristics within operating band.
3. Broadband and multi-band printed antennas are presented and studied. Abroadband printed dipole antenna is given by employing electromagnetic coupled-fed, aG-shaped printed monopole antenna, by introducing branches and electromagneticcoupled-fed to obtain dual-band and broadband, and a multi-branch monopole antenna,by loading symmetric L-shaped slots in the ground to adjust the impendence withinentire band. At the same time, a monopole antenna with parasitic bending is designed,through parasitic coupled branch from ground to achieve multi-band performance, andbending radiator to extend the current path in order to obtain low profile andminiaturization. Then, by combination of round and ladder radiator, giving a smoothcrossover of each resonant mode, to achieve ultra-wideband, and loading U-shaped slotsin radiator and V-shaped slots in ground respectively to reach double notchescharacteristic, a ultra-wideband printed antenna with notch performance is presented,which gives compatibility among ultra-wideband wireless communication systems,WLAN and WiMAX systems.
4. Broadband beam-shaped array antennas are investigated. A wideband arrayantenna flat-top beam-shaped is studied using adaptive differential evolution algorithmdominating its research status at the present stage. It is proposed to put patterns of eachunit and each frequency into the optimization process to overcome the neglect oftraditional array mutual coupled during the optimization process, which improves thereliability of the calculation results. What’s more, there are designed the broadbandcircularly polarized antenna elements, and feed network with broadband phasedifference by the introduction of phase comparator. Finally, the prototype of antenna isfabricated and its measured results of far-field radiation show the design method isreasonable and valid in this paper.
1.对宽带低剖面套筒单极子天线进行了研究。针对数字电视频段的应用，设计了宽带低剖面锥形套筒单极子天线，采用圆盘顶加载技术和顶加载圆盘短接技术有效地实现了天线的低剖面化，提出锥形套筒结构实现了天线的宽带化；针对移动通信和无线通信频段，设计了宽带低剖面圆环套筒单极子天线，提出采用顶加载圆盘，锥形直线渐变结构和短路探针降低天线高度和尺寸，通过调节锥形的角度可以改变天线的输入阻抗，同时调节圆环套筒结构调节高频端产生的工作模式，有效地提高了天线阻抗带宽；在此基础上，进一步设计了宽带低剖面双套筒单极子天线，提出采用开式套筒结构，使其在高频段产生第三个激励模式，进一步扩展了天线的工作频带。
2.对宽带领结天线进行了研究。提出一种空间电磁耦合馈电巴伦结构，对末端短路形领结天线进行馈电，有效地展宽了领结天线的阻抗带宽，但是天线辐射方向图在高频端产生了裂瓣；进一步引入倒“L”形引向结结构，改善了天线频带内高频端的辐射特性；在上述研究的基础上，设计了一副宽带圆极化天线，并着重研究了一些结构参数对天线轴比特性的影响；设计了一副具有宽带特性的领结天线，提出采用末端折合的形式，有效地调节低频端阻抗特性，并通过电磁耦合馈电巴伦调节阻抗匹配，实现了天线宽频带工作；设计了一副带有背腔的超宽带领结天线，采用寄生引向结和寄生圆环结构有效结合的方法，改善了天线工作频带内辐射特性。
3.对宽带和多频印刷天线进行了研究。设计了一副宽带印刷偶极子天线，采用电磁耦合馈电方式有效地展宽了印刷偶极子天线的工作带宽；设计了“G”形印刷单极子天线，采用枝节法和电磁耦合馈电的方式，天线实现了双频和宽带工作特性；设计了多枝节单极子天线，并通过在地板上开对称的“L”形缝隙调节频带内的阻抗匹配；设计了带弯折寄生单极子天线，通过从地板上引出寄生的耦合支路，实现了天线多频带工作的性能，并通过弯折辐射体的方法，有效地延长了电流路径实现天线低剖面、小型化；设计了一种具有陷波特性的超宽带印刷天线，通过采用圆形与阶梯形辐射体相结合的方法从而使得各谐振模式平稳交叉实现了天线的超宽带特性，分别在辐射体上开“U”形缝隙和在地板上开“L”形缝隙，使得天线具有双陷波特性，实现了超宽带无线通信系统与WLAN和WiMAX系统之间的兼容。
4.对宽带波束赋形阵列天线进行了研究。结合现阶段自适应差分进化算法的研究现状，采用自适应差分进化算法对宽带阵列天线进行平顶波束赋形设计；在优化过程中，为了克服传统阵列综合忽略阵元互耦导致计算结果不精确的问题，通过将阵列各单元各频点方向图带入优化过程之中，提高了计算结果的可靠性；设计了宽带圆极化天线单元，并通过引入相位比较器实现了具有宽带平稳相位差的馈电网络；最后，实际制作了天线原理样机，并对其远场辐射特性进行了测量，测量结果验证了文中设计过程的正确性和有效性。
With the rapid development of modern communication technology, the sizes ofcommunication electronic equipments are increasingly miniaturized, and their ability toprocess information is also increasingly intelligent and broadband. In order to adapt tothe fast growth of modern wireless communication, there is no doubt that broadband,multi-frequency and miniaturization technology for antennas must be developed. In thisdissertation, based on the research projects, wideband sleeve antenna, multi-frequencyprinted antenna, ultra-wideband antenna and broadband beam-shaped array antennahave been studied intensively so as to obtain the designed antennas with characteristicsof miniaturization, multi-band and wideband and the array antenna with broadband. Theauthor’s major contributions are as follows:
1. Broadband low profile sleeve monopole antennas are studied. Aiming at digitalTV band, a broadband low profile tapered sleeve monopole antenna is designed with theproposed disc top loading technology, by a shorting probe connecting top loading discand ground to achieve low profile effectively and tapered sleeve to achieve broadband.For mobile communication and wireless communication band, a broadband low profilering sleeve monopole antenna is designed, with the top loading disc, tapered lineargradient structure and shorting probe to reduce the antenna’s height and size, byadjusting the tapered angle to improve input impedance and the ring’s structure tocontrol its working mode at high frequencies and widen impedance bandwidth greatly.After that, a broadband low-profile double sleeve monopole antenna is studied, withopened sleeve structure to produce a third incentive mode at high frequencies so as tofurther expand the working band.
2. Broadband bow-tie antennas are investigated. The impedance bandwidth of thiskind antenna can be broadened effectively by a space electromagnetic coupled-fedbalun structure and feeding the end shorted bow-tie antenna. But the radiation pattern athigh frequencies becomes split, and the inverted L-shaped leading junction structure isintroduced to improve its radiation characteristics. Based on these, a broadbandcircularly polarized antenna is investigated, focusing on the effects of some parameterson the axial ratio characteristics. Also, it is given an end equivalent bow-tie antennawith broadband characteristic by adopting end equivalent form to match the impedanceat low frequencies and electromagnetic coupled-fed balun to adjust impedance over the whole band. Meanwhile, an ultra-wideband bow-tie antenna with back cavity isproposed, using parasitic leading junction and ring structure together to improve theradiation characteristics within operating band.
3. Broadband and multi-band printed antennas are presented and studied. Abroadband printed dipole antenna is given by employing electromagnetic coupled-fed, aG-shaped printed monopole antenna, by introducing branches and electromagneticcoupled-fed to obtain dual-band and broadband, and a multi-branch monopole antenna,by loading symmetric L-shaped slots in the ground to adjust the impendence withinentire band. At the same time, a monopole antenna with parasitic bending is designed,through parasitic coupled branch from ground to achieve multi-band performance, andbending radiator to extend the current path in order to obtain low profile andminiaturization. Then, by combination of round and ladder radiator, giving a smoothcrossover of each resonant mode, to achieve ultra-wideband, and loading U-shaped slotsin radiator and V-shaped slots in ground respectively to reach double notchescharacteristic, a ultra-wideband printed antenna with notch performance is presented,which gives compatibility among ultra-wideband wireless communication systems,WLAN and WiMAX systems.
4. Broadband beam-shaped array antennas are investigated. A wideband arrayantenna flat-top beam-shaped is studied using adaptive differential evolution algorithmdominating its research status at the present stage. It is proposed to put patterns of eachunit and each frequency into the optimization process to overcome the neglect oftraditional array mutual coupled during the optimization process, which improves thereliability of the calculation results. What’s more, there are designed the broadbandcircularly polarized antenna elements, and feed network with broadband phasedifference by the introduction of phase comparator. Finally, the prototype of antenna isfabricated and its measured results of far-field radiation show the design method isreasonable and valid in this paper.
引文
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