人体中心网络可穿戴天线及传播特性研究
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摘要
人体中心网络是第四代移动通信(4G)的一个重要组成部分,可应用在一些特定的场合,如火灾现场、战场和老年人监护等。人体中心网络天线研究中最重要的研究方向是可穿戴式织物天线,因为它易集成到衣物中,既方便携带,又不易被察觉。人体天线的开发与我们寻常使用的天线设备不同,主要是由于它必须考虑人体本身这个非常复杂的电磁系统,人体由多种形状各异、电磁特性不同的生物组织构成；而且,大多数生物组织都是非均匀的色散媒质,这些组织具有随着频率、温度、组织结构和含水量而变化的传导性和介电性,这些特性与人体复杂的几何形体共同构成了天线电波传播的边界条件。此外,人体形态变化也会对天线电波的传播带来影响。因此,基于人体与天线的交互影响进行人体天线的设计,对于人体中心网络的实现有着重大的意义。
本文的研究内容为人体中心网络可穿戴天线及其传播特性,通过理论分析、仿真、实测等方法,探索人体中心网络中天线的传播特性、与人体的相互影响,设计更加新型的天线。本课题围绕人体中心网络中可穿戴天线及其传播特性研究展开,涉及电磁场与微波技术、天线理论、生物医学工程等多个领域。本研究中采用理论分析+建模仿真+实验测量的模式,主要研究工作和创新成果如下：
(1)对人体中心网络中可穿戴天线的导电织物电磁特性进行研究,建立了平纹组织织物每个金属栅格单元的集总参数模型,分析了其电磁特性；利用电路和电磁仿真软件研究了导电织物的表面电流分布；利用电磁仿真软件研究了导电织物不同编织密度对天线性能的影响；利用市售的导电织物实际制作天线,研究不同的材质对天线性能的影响。
(2)设计了一种较简单的测试介质介电常数的方法,即利用网络分析仪通过测试天线的谐振点来求取所用织物材料的介电常数,并进行实际验证。
(3)分析了织物天线的辐射和接收特性,建立了织物天线辐射和接收的电路模型,研究了电磁波在人体附近的传播特性和人体表面信道模型。
(4)设计了工作于2.4GHz ISM频段的可穿戴圆极化天线,利用在金属板上开窗来达到天线小型化的目的。通过HFSS和SEMCAD的交叉验证,本天线的阻抗带宽和轴比带宽覆盖了2.4GHz ISM频段。建立了三层人体模型,研究了天线置于人体不同距离时、弯曲不同半径时天线的性能变化及对人体的影响。
(5)设计了工作于3.1GHz-10.6GHz UWB频段的可穿戴UWB天线,该天线采用微带馈电的共面单极子结构,带宽3.2GHz-11.6GHz。将人体设定为非均匀的色散媒质,建立三层人体模型,研究了天线置于人体不同距离时天线的性能变化及对人体的影响。
(6)利用人体的几何外形,设计了工作于VHF和UHF频段的CPW-Bowtie天线、人体平面偶极子天线和圆柱环形加载天线。利用加载来改善天线的性能,探讨加载不同元件时对天线性能的影响。
In recent years, body-centric wireless communication is paid more and more attention by researchers. It could be used in some specialized occupations, such as fire fighters, military and monitoring the aged. One of the dominant research topics for body-centric communications is wearable, textile-based antennas because it could be easily worn on body and integrated into clothes.
The main work of this paper is as follows:
1. This paper focuses at the study on the electromagnetic properties of e-textiles for wearable antennas applications, mainly studies the electromagnetic properties of e-textile cell and calculates the basic resistance and inductance in a grid as well as discusses the influences of different woven densities and e-textile materials to antenna performances. We studied the surface current distribution of e-textiles, founding that the surface currents are mainly parallel to the feed line, and has the same orientation. In addition, to study the influences of different e-textile materials to antenna performances, we adopt four different materials to design and fabricate four microstrip patch antennas. The conclusion is that metal plated woven fabric could be used as metal plane to design antennas while non-woven fabric shows distinct differences.
2. Proposed an easy method to measure permittity of the substrate, which is measuring the resonance point of antennas to evaluate the actual permittity of the textile adopted.
3. Study on the radiation characteristics of textile antenna and propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves near human body, as well as body-centric wireless communication channels.
4. In order to achieve an antenna with circular polarization in the2.45GHz ISM band, we designed a square-ring microstrip antenna with truncated corners using textile materials, which could be easily worn on human body. We also simulated the antenna performances when it was placed at different distances to the human body. Moreover, special attention was devoted to the antenna performance in the bent situation. Furthermore, the circular polarization analysis enhanced its operability. Simulations indicated that SAR values compliedwith the basic restrictions for the general public.
5. Design a planar monopole UWB wearable antenna. It works at3.1GHz-10.6GHz. To evaluate the characteristic of the antenna worn on human body, we model the human body as a three-layer phantom including1mm skin,3mm fat and10mm mulcle. Then we assume the human body as dispersion media, and put the antenna at different distences to the human body. The conclusion is that when the antenna is put on the vicinity of the human body, its performance of the return loss and radiation decreases, however, it could work in the body-centric wireless communication as well.
6. We design a CPW-Bowtie Antena, Body dipole antenna and Cylinder ring dipole antenna utilizing the geometry of human body.
本文的研究内容为人体中心网络可穿戴天线及其传播特性,通过理论分析、仿真、实测等方法,探索人体中心网络中天线的传播特性、与人体的相互影响,设计更加新型的天线。本课题围绕人体中心网络中可穿戴天线及其传播特性研究展开,涉及电磁场与微波技术、天线理论、生物医学工程等多个领域。本研究中采用理论分析+建模仿真+实验测量的模式,主要研究工作和创新成果如下：
(1)对人体中心网络中可穿戴天线的导电织物电磁特性进行研究,建立了平纹组织织物每个金属栅格单元的集总参数模型,分析了其电磁特性；利用电路和电磁仿真软件研究了导电织物的表面电流分布；利用电磁仿真软件研究了导电织物不同编织密度对天线性能的影响；利用市售的导电织物实际制作天线,研究不同的材质对天线性能的影响。
(2)设计了一种较简单的测试介质介电常数的方法,即利用网络分析仪通过测试天线的谐振点来求取所用织物材料的介电常数,并进行实际验证。
(3)分析了织物天线的辐射和接收特性,建立了织物天线辐射和接收的电路模型,研究了电磁波在人体附近的传播特性和人体表面信道模型。
(4)设计了工作于2.4GHz ISM频段的可穿戴圆极化天线,利用在金属板上开窗来达到天线小型化的目的。通过HFSS和SEMCAD的交叉验证,本天线的阻抗带宽和轴比带宽覆盖了2.4GHz ISM频段。建立了三层人体模型,研究了天线置于人体不同距离时、弯曲不同半径时天线的性能变化及对人体的影响。
(5)设计了工作于3.1GHz-10.6GHz UWB频段的可穿戴UWB天线,该天线采用微带馈电的共面单极子结构,带宽3.2GHz-11.6GHz。将人体设定为非均匀的色散媒质,建立三层人体模型,研究了天线置于人体不同距离时天线的性能变化及对人体的影响。
(6)利用人体的几何外形,设计了工作于VHF和UHF频段的CPW-Bowtie天线、人体平面偶极子天线和圆柱环形加载天线。利用加载来改善天线的性能,探讨加载不同元件时对天线性能的影响。
In recent years, body-centric wireless communication is paid more and more attention by researchers. It could be used in some specialized occupations, such as fire fighters, military and monitoring the aged. One of the dominant research topics for body-centric communications is wearable, textile-based antennas because it could be easily worn on body and integrated into clothes.
The main work of this paper is as follows:
1. This paper focuses at the study on the electromagnetic properties of e-textiles for wearable antennas applications, mainly studies the electromagnetic properties of e-textile cell and calculates the basic resistance and inductance in a grid as well as discusses the influences of different woven densities and e-textile materials to antenna performances. We studied the surface current distribution of e-textiles, founding that the surface currents are mainly parallel to the feed line, and has the same orientation. In addition, to study the influences of different e-textile materials to antenna performances, we adopt four different materials to design and fabricate four microstrip patch antennas. The conclusion is that metal plated woven fabric could be used as metal plane to design antennas while non-woven fabric shows distinct differences.
2. Proposed an easy method to measure permittity of the substrate, which is measuring the resonance point of antennas to evaluate the actual permittity of the textile adopted.
3. Study on the radiation characteristics of textile antenna and propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves near human body, as well as body-centric wireless communication channels.
4. In order to achieve an antenna with circular polarization in the2.45GHz ISM band, we designed a square-ring microstrip antenna with truncated corners using textile materials, which could be easily worn on human body. We also simulated the antenna performances when it was placed at different distances to the human body. Moreover, special attention was devoted to the antenna performance in the bent situation. Furthermore, the circular polarization analysis enhanced its operability. Simulations indicated that SAR values compliedwith the basic restrictions for the general public.
5. Design a planar monopole UWB wearable antenna. It works at3.1GHz-10.6GHz. To evaluate the characteristic of the antenna worn on human body, we model the human body as a three-layer phantom including1mm skin,3mm fat and10mm mulcle. Then we assume the human body as dispersion media, and put the antenna at different distences to the human body. The conclusion is that when the antenna is put on the vicinity of the human body, its performance of the return loss and radiation decreases, however, it could work in the body-centric wireless communication as well.
6. We design a CPW-Bowtie Antena, Body dipole antenna and Cylinder ring dipole antenna utilizing the geometry of human body.
引文
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