宽带小型化天线及阵列技术研究
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摘要
随着现代无线通信技术、大规模集成电路以及空间技术的飞速发展，各种电子设备都日趋小型化。而天线作为通信设备的前端关键部件，其性能优越与否对整个通信质量起着至关重要的作用，因此，研制出能与小型化设备相适应的各种小天线，特别是工作在HF、VHF/UHF频段的宽带小型化天线及阵列具有极其重要的意义。
本文主要针对HF、VHF/UHF天线及阵列，利用Hilbert线的空间填充特性和电磁超介质左手特性，对天线的小型化、宽频带、高增益等关键技术进行理论和实验研究，提出了多种设计方案并制作了相关样机。
本文的主要内容和结果如下：
1.对宽带小型化天线及阵列的发展要求和研究进展进行了回顾和分析。分析表明：天线的小型化，特别是HF、VHF和UHF天线的小型化已经成为制约现代无线通信发展的颈瓶，虽然通过近几十年的研究取得了很大的进展，但在这个领域还存在许多亟待解决的难题和关键技术。
2.对Hilbert天线小型化技术进行了研究。首先，对分形结构的基本概念和在天线中的应用进行了讨论和阐述，并具体就低阶空间填充线天线结构进行了分析。然后，将Hilbert线的空间填充技术和嵌入式匹配技术有机结合，根据实际工程应用环境提出了基于1阶Hilbert空间填充线的小型化天线结构，并利用遗传算法对嵌入式匹配网络和集总加载宽带匹配网络进行优化设计，结合自组构技术完成全频段的宽带设计和天线性能测试。最后，针对Hilbert天线所存在的缺陷，提出和设计了一种多偶极子共轴一体化宽频带小型化天线。
3.对基于人工电磁媒质的电小天线进行了研究。首先，基于电磁超介质的基本物理特性，研究了空间匹配层与电小天线之间相互作用的机理和等效电路模型。根据工程应用要求，研究和设计了一种新型结构的宽带、全向高增益智能天线。然后，对基于复合左右传输线的宽带电小天线展开研究，阐述了构造左手传输线的理论依据，具体分析了复合左右手传输线单元结构的物理特性和等效实现，并设计出一种新型非周期性结构的宽带电小天线。
4.将Hilbert线的空间填充技术和左右手传输线相结合，对基于1阶Hilbert偶极子的阵列模型进行理论分析，利用左右手传输线的相位特性对馈电网络进行了设计，提出了一种基于左右手传输线的Wilkinson功分器模型，借助ADS软件完成匹配网络的优化和设计。最后设计出一种适应流余散射通信系统要求的、可控波束的宽带小型化阵列天线。
5.结论和展望。
With the rapid development of modern wireless communication technology, largescale integrated circuit and space technology, there has been a trend that all kinds ofelectronic devices are miniaturized. However, antenna plays a key role in the front endof the communication equipment, whose performance is crucial for the communicationquality. Therefore, it is very important to develop various miniaturized antennas,especially broadband and compact antennas and arrays in HF、VHF/UHF bands, toadapt the miniaturized equipments.
The key techniques such as antenna miniaturization, broadband, high gain and soon have been studied theoretically and experimentally using Hilbert curves’space-filling properties and meta-material left-handed properties in HF, VHF/UHFantennas and arrays. Some designs have been proposed and the correspondingprototypes have been made.
The main contents and results are as follows:
1. The progress in broadband and miniaturization for antenna and array isreviewed and analyzed. It shows that miniaturization for antenna, especiallyminiaturization for HF, VHF and UHF antenna is a bottleneck in the presentdevelopment of wireless communication. Althrough remarkable progress has been madewithin the last few decades, but a lot of questions and key techniques have not beensolved in this field.
2. Miniaturization technique for Hilbert antenna is studied. Firstly, the conceptionof fractal and its application in antenna are elaborated and discussed. Moreover, theantennas with lower order space-filling curves structures are analyzed in detail. Then,combined with Hilbert curve’ space-filling technique and embedded-matching techniqueorganically, a compact antenna is proposed using first-order Hilbert space-filling curvestechnique according to the actual condition. The embedded-matching network and thelumped loading matching network are optimized using the genetic algorithm. Thebroadband in all of the bands is designed using self-structuring technique and theproperties of the antenna are tested. Finally, a broadband and compact antenna with integrated dipole is proposed in order to make up the fault of Hilbert antenna.
3. ESA (Electrically Small Antenna) based on artificially electromagneticmeta-materials is studied. Firstly, the physical properties of the meta-material areanalyzed. The interaction mechanism between the spatial match layer and ESA and theequivalent-circuit model are studied. A novel broadband, omni directional, high gainsmart antenna is studied and designed to meet with the requirement of application in theproject. Then, researches are focused based on broadband and compact antenna basedon composite right/left-handed trans-mission lines. Properties of the left-handedtransmission line and right/left-handed transmission line based on dipoles are depictedin detail. The physical properties and the equivalent realization of left-handed andright/left-handed transmission line structures are analyzed. Finally, a novel structure ofbroadband ESA is designed. A novel aperiodic broadband and compact antenna isdesigned.
4. Combined Hilbert curves’ space-filling technique with compositeright/left-handed transmission line, an array model based on the first-order Hilbertdipoles is analyzed theoretically. The feed-network is analyzed and designed using thephase characteristic of the composite right/left-handed transmission line. Then, aWilkinson power divider is designed based on composite right/left-handed transmissionline and the matching network is analyzed and optimized using ADS software.Finally, a novel broadband and compact structure is designed to meet the requirement ofESA (Electrically Small Antenna) in the project.
5. Conclusion and prospect.
本文主要针对HF、VHF/UHF天线及阵列，利用Hilbert线的空间填充特性和电磁超介质左手特性，对天线的小型化、宽频带、高增益等关键技术进行理论和实验研究，提出了多种设计方案并制作了相关样机。
本文的主要内容和结果如下：
1.对宽带小型化天线及阵列的发展要求和研究进展进行了回顾和分析。分析表明：天线的小型化，特别是HF、VHF和UHF天线的小型化已经成为制约现代无线通信发展的颈瓶，虽然通过近几十年的研究取得了很大的进展，但在这个领域还存在许多亟待解决的难题和关键技术。
2.对Hilbert天线小型化技术进行了研究。首先，对分形结构的基本概念和在天线中的应用进行了讨论和阐述，并具体就低阶空间填充线天线结构进行了分析。然后，将Hilbert线的空间填充技术和嵌入式匹配技术有机结合，根据实际工程应用环境提出了基于1阶Hilbert空间填充线的小型化天线结构，并利用遗传算法对嵌入式匹配网络和集总加载宽带匹配网络进行优化设计，结合自组构技术完成全频段的宽带设计和天线性能测试。最后，针对Hilbert天线所存在的缺陷，提出和设计了一种多偶极子共轴一体化宽频带小型化天线。
3.对基于人工电磁媒质的电小天线进行了研究。首先，基于电磁超介质的基本物理特性，研究了空间匹配层与电小天线之间相互作用的机理和等效电路模型。根据工程应用要求，研究和设计了一种新型结构的宽带、全向高增益智能天线。然后，对基于复合左右传输线的宽带电小天线展开研究，阐述了构造左手传输线的理论依据，具体分析了复合左右手传输线单元结构的物理特性和等效实现，并设计出一种新型非周期性结构的宽带电小天线。
4.将Hilbert线的空间填充技术和左右手传输线相结合，对基于1阶Hilbert偶极子的阵列模型进行理论分析，利用左右手传输线的相位特性对馈电网络进行了设计，提出了一种基于左右手传输线的Wilkinson功分器模型，借助ADS软件完成匹配网络的优化和设计。最后设计出一种适应流余散射通信系统要求的、可控波束的宽带小型化阵列天线。
5.结论和展望。
With the rapid development of modern wireless communication technology, largescale integrated circuit and space technology, there has been a trend that all kinds ofelectronic devices are miniaturized. However, antenna plays a key role in the front endof the communication equipment, whose performance is crucial for the communicationquality. Therefore, it is very important to develop various miniaturized antennas,especially broadband and compact antennas and arrays in HF、VHF/UHF bands, toadapt the miniaturized equipments.
The key techniques such as antenna miniaturization, broadband, high gain and soon have been studied theoretically and experimentally using Hilbert curves’space-filling properties and meta-material left-handed properties in HF, VHF/UHFantennas and arrays. Some designs have been proposed and the correspondingprototypes have been made.
The main contents and results are as follows:
1. The progress in broadband and miniaturization for antenna and array isreviewed and analyzed. It shows that miniaturization for antenna, especiallyminiaturization for HF, VHF and UHF antenna is a bottleneck in the presentdevelopment of wireless communication. Althrough remarkable progress has been madewithin the last few decades, but a lot of questions and key techniques have not beensolved in this field.
2. Miniaturization technique for Hilbert antenna is studied. Firstly, the conceptionof fractal and its application in antenna are elaborated and discussed. Moreover, theantennas with lower order space-filling curves structures are analyzed in detail. Then,combined with Hilbert curve’ space-filling technique and embedded-matching techniqueorganically, a compact antenna is proposed using first-order Hilbert space-filling curvestechnique according to the actual condition. The embedded-matching network and thelumped loading matching network are optimized using the genetic algorithm. Thebroadband in all of the bands is designed using self-structuring technique and theproperties of the antenna are tested. Finally, a broadband and compact antenna with integrated dipole is proposed in order to make up the fault of Hilbert antenna.
3. ESA (Electrically Small Antenna) based on artificially electromagneticmeta-materials is studied. Firstly, the physical properties of the meta-material areanalyzed. The interaction mechanism between the spatial match layer and ESA and theequivalent-circuit model are studied. A novel broadband, omni directional, high gainsmart antenna is studied and designed to meet with the requirement of application in theproject. Then, researches are focused based on broadband and compact antenna basedon composite right/left-handed trans-mission lines. Properties of the left-handedtransmission line and right/left-handed transmission line based on dipoles are depictedin detail. The physical properties and the equivalent realization of left-handed andright/left-handed transmission line structures are analyzed. Finally, a novel structure ofbroadband ESA is designed. A novel aperiodic broadband and compact antenna isdesigned.
4. Combined Hilbert curves’ space-filling technique with compositeright/left-handed transmission line, an array model based on the first-order Hilbertdipoles is analyzed theoretically. The feed-network is analyzed and designed using thephase characteristic of the composite right/left-handed transmission line. Then, aWilkinson power divider is designed based on composite right/left-handed transmissionline and the matching network is analyzed and optimized using ADS software.Finally, a novel broadband and compact structure is designed to meet the requirement ofESA (Electrically Small Antenna) in the project.
5. Conclusion and prospect.
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