土石坝地震动输入机制与变形规律研究
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摘要
土石坝抗震安全问题是已受到高度重视的难点和热点研究课题之一。本文在已有研究成果的基础上，从震害调查、理论分析、模型试验、数值计算和工程应用诸多方面入手，着重就非均匀地震动输入及其对土石坝震动响应与变形规律的影响问题开展了较为系统深入的研究，取得了如下具有创新的研究成果：
1.基于不规则河谷波动散射虚边界法，建议了一个可考虑非均匀地震动输入的土石坝动力分析方法。该方法将震源发出的地震波转变为一系列坝址场地的入射谐波，在此基础上首先采用虚边界法求解出土石坝建基面上的散射波位移场和入射波位移场进而由求和得到总位移场，然后再将该总位移场在大坝建基面上输入到坝体内从而引起整个坝体震动变形甚至破坏。通过与现有解析解的计算对比，分析论证了上述方法的第一步骤中采用的虚边界法的有效性以及推导的诸多解析公式的正确性。
2.基于系列化的离心机振动台试验成果，揭示了面板坝与组合坝在地震波和正弦波荷载作用下的动力响应和变形规律，同时采用新动力分析方法对试验成果进行计算对比，初步验证了该方法的第二步骤中通过建基面输入位移场的可行性。试验和数值分析结果均表明：①面板坝和组合坝均存在明显的加速度放大效应和震后残余变形，且两者均随着坝高增加而增大；②同高度和尺寸的组合坝比面板坝的残余变形要小。③震后面板堆石坝面板顺坡向应力在中上部达到最大值，而组合坝面板顺坡向应力随着高程增加而增大。
3．采用考虑非均匀地震动输入的动力分析方法对紫坪铺高面板堆石坝的地震响应进行了数值模拟，并与均匀一致输入方法的数值计算结果进行了对比分析。表明虚边界法获得的河谷边界不同点的地震响应时程存在明显的加速度峰值差和相位差，与采用均匀输入的情形相比，可能更符合实际地震波的传播规律。采用非均匀与均匀一致输入方法模拟分析得到的坝体动力响应和震动变形的基本规律比较接近，但是前者在数值上偏小，实际大坝建基面边界上的非均匀响应会降低大坝的动力响应水平。
Seismic safety issue of embankment dams is one of the most difficult and hotresearch problems that has attracted considerable attention in the field of civilengineering. On the basis of existing research findings, this thesis presented systematicresearch results on earthquake damage investigation, theoretical analysis, centrifugemodel tests, numerical modeling and engineering application. Special attention has beenpaid to nonuniform seismic input and its influence on the dynamic response anddeformation laws of embankment dams. The new main achievements are as follows:
1. New dynamic analysis of embankment dams considering nonuniform seismicinput has been developed based on the virtual boundary method of wave scattering in anirregular canyon. Firstly, an actual time history of seismic wave is decomposed into aseries of incident harmonic waves that propagate to a dam base surface. Secondly, thevirtual boundary method is used as the first step to obtain the incident and scattereddisplacement field as well as the total displacement field along the base surface. Finally,the nonuniform total displacement field is input along the base surface as the secondstep, so as to induce seismic response and deformation of the embankment dam. Theeffectiveness of the first-step part of the virtual boundary method and the correctness ofseries of analytical formulas of the waves has been preliminarily confirmed through acomparison with exact solutions calculated by using existing analytical analysis.
2. Effectiveness of the second-step part of the virtual boundary method has beenconfirmed with a series of dynamic centrifuge model tests on two types of embankmentdams including a CFRD and a combined dam. It is further found from numericalanalysis and dynamic centrifuge model tests that:(1) the acceleration amplificationeffects and permanent deformations of the two dams become more significantly largewith the increasing dam height;(2) the earthquake-induced permanent deformations ofthe combined dam display smaller than those of the CFRD with the same height andsize;(3) the maximum slope-direction stress of the CFRD occurrs on the middle and toppart of the face slabs, but the stress of the combined dam increases with the increasingdam height.
3. The above-mentioned numerical method considering nonuniform seismic inputhas been applied to dynamic response analysis of the Zipingpu concrete-faced rockfilldam (CFRD), which is the highest embankment dam located in the high seismicintensity region during the2008Wenchuan earthquake and the first CFRD experiencingstrong shallow earthquake of IX-X degrees in the world. A comparison is also madebetween two different methods considering nonuniform and uniform seismic input. It isshown that:(1) the new method of nonuniform seismic input can be used to simulatespacial variations of maximum accelerations and phases, and therefore it may providemore satisfactory results to access to actual earthquake response to a certain extent;(2)seismic responses of the dam calculated by the nonuniform seismic input method,including acceleration amplification and permanent deformation of the dam as well asthe permanent stress and deformation of the face slabs, appear significantly smaller inmagnitude than those obtained by the uniform seismic input method, however both ofthe results display the same patterns; and (3) nonuniform spacial variations of maximumaccelerations and phases on the dam base surface can decrease seismic motion of thedam.
1.基于不规则河谷波动散射虚边界法，建议了一个可考虑非均匀地震动输入的土石坝动力分析方法。该方法将震源发出的地震波转变为一系列坝址场地的入射谐波，在此基础上首先采用虚边界法求解出土石坝建基面上的散射波位移场和入射波位移场进而由求和得到总位移场，然后再将该总位移场在大坝建基面上输入到坝体内从而引起整个坝体震动变形甚至破坏。通过与现有解析解的计算对比，分析论证了上述方法的第一步骤中采用的虚边界法的有效性以及推导的诸多解析公式的正确性。
2.基于系列化的离心机振动台试验成果，揭示了面板坝与组合坝在地震波和正弦波荷载作用下的动力响应和变形规律，同时采用新动力分析方法对试验成果进行计算对比，初步验证了该方法的第二步骤中通过建基面输入位移场的可行性。试验和数值分析结果均表明：①面板坝和组合坝均存在明显的加速度放大效应和震后残余变形，且两者均随着坝高增加而增大；②同高度和尺寸的组合坝比面板坝的残余变形要小。③震后面板堆石坝面板顺坡向应力在中上部达到最大值，而组合坝面板顺坡向应力随着高程增加而增大。
3．采用考虑非均匀地震动输入的动力分析方法对紫坪铺高面板堆石坝的地震响应进行了数值模拟，并与均匀一致输入方法的数值计算结果进行了对比分析。表明虚边界法获得的河谷边界不同点的地震响应时程存在明显的加速度峰值差和相位差，与采用均匀输入的情形相比，可能更符合实际地震波的传播规律。采用非均匀与均匀一致输入方法模拟分析得到的坝体动力响应和震动变形的基本规律比较接近，但是前者在数值上偏小，实际大坝建基面边界上的非均匀响应会降低大坝的动力响应水平。
Seismic safety issue of embankment dams is one of the most difficult and hotresearch problems that has attracted considerable attention in the field of civilengineering. On the basis of existing research findings, this thesis presented systematicresearch results on earthquake damage investigation, theoretical analysis, centrifugemodel tests, numerical modeling and engineering application. Special attention has beenpaid to nonuniform seismic input and its influence on the dynamic response anddeformation laws of embankment dams. The new main achievements are as follows:
1. New dynamic analysis of embankment dams considering nonuniform seismicinput has been developed based on the virtual boundary method of wave scattering in anirregular canyon. Firstly, an actual time history of seismic wave is decomposed into aseries of incident harmonic waves that propagate to a dam base surface. Secondly, thevirtual boundary method is used as the first step to obtain the incident and scattereddisplacement field as well as the total displacement field along the base surface. Finally,the nonuniform total displacement field is input along the base surface as the secondstep, so as to induce seismic response and deformation of the embankment dam. Theeffectiveness of the first-step part of the virtual boundary method and the correctness ofseries of analytical formulas of the waves has been preliminarily confirmed through acomparison with exact solutions calculated by using existing analytical analysis.
2. Effectiveness of the second-step part of the virtual boundary method has beenconfirmed with a series of dynamic centrifuge model tests on two types of embankmentdams including a CFRD and a combined dam. It is further found from numericalanalysis and dynamic centrifuge model tests that:(1) the acceleration amplificationeffects and permanent deformations of the two dams become more significantly largewith the increasing dam height;(2) the earthquake-induced permanent deformations ofthe combined dam display smaller than those of the CFRD with the same height andsize;(3) the maximum slope-direction stress of the CFRD occurrs on the middle and toppart of the face slabs, but the stress of the combined dam increases with the increasingdam height.
3. The above-mentioned numerical method considering nonuniform seismic inputhas been applied to dynamic response analysis of the Zipingpu concrete-faced rockfilldam (CFRD), which is the highest embankment dam located in the high seismicintensity region during the2008Wenchuan earthquake and the first CFRD experiencingstrong shallow earthquake of IX-X degrees in the world. A comparison is also madebetween two different methods considering nonuniform and uniform seismic input. It isshown that:(1) the new method of nonuniform seismic input can be used to simulatespacial variations of maximum accelerations and phases, and therefore it may providemore satisfactory results to access to actual earthquake response to a certain extent;(2)seismic responses of the dam calculated by the nonuniform seismic input method,including acceleration amplification and permanent deformation of the dam as well asthe permanent stress and deformation of the face slabs, appear significantly smaller inmagnitude than those obtained by the uniform seismic input method, however both ofthe results display the same patterns; and (3) nonuniform spacial variations of maximumaccelerations and phases on the dam base surface can decrease seismic motion of thedam.
引文
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