RHIC STAR飞行时间探测器MRPC模块批量生产的质量控制与性能研究
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摘要
高能重离子对撞是人们目前探索新的物质相的主要手段。通过研究高能核核碰撞形成的高温高密度环境下核物质的相互作用和性质,对于理解有关宇宙的形成和演化也有重要的意义。美国布鲁克海文国家实验室(BNL)相对论重离子对撞机(RHIC)是世界上中心对撞能量最高的加速器之一。它的主要物理目标是寻找夸克胶子等离子体(QGP),研究其性质,寻找相变临界点。而2006年开始的中美合作建造基于MRPC技术的飞行时间探测器是RHIC-STAR探测器升级的核心部分。MRPC具有探测效率高,时间分辨好等许多优点。STAR桶部飞行时间探测器的升级大大扩展了STAR探测器的粒子鉴别能力,使得许多物理实验成为了可能。
本论文第3章介绍了中美合作大批量生产MRPC模块期间,中国科大高能组在MRPC批量生产的质量控制方面所做出的诸多工作,包括前期对MRPC的R&D,超净室的建造,MRPC生产材料的市场调查和质量控制,生产流程的标准化,模块合格标准的确立,电极的制作工艺要求和漏电流测量,MRPC模块的机械尺寸控制,宇宙线性能测试的流程安排,MRPC数据库网站的建设等。因为这些工作,中国科大高能组提前半年完成了全部的生产和测试任务,所生产的MRPC模块的优异性能得到美方的一致好评。
第4章对于数据库的框架,网站的结构,网站的使用,在质量控制方面起到的作用进行了论述。MRPC数据库网站的开发建设是本人在MRPC批量生产的质量控制方面做出的主要工作,它对于MRPC模块生产情况和测试结果的保存起到了积极的作用,使合作组成员对于MRPC信息能及时掌握。
第5章是本人在掌握了大批量的MRPC测试结果的基础上,对于MRPC的性能参数进行的研究和讨论。为了使测试结果的分析准确可靠,在前人的基础上,对宇宙线测试结果的处理方法做出了一些合理化的改进,排除了一些不稳定因素对于测试结果造成的影响。对于新的处理结果得到的MRPC的各种性能参数做了大量统计,对性能参数间的关系作了研究,得到了一些结论。这些研究使得我们对MRPC的工作机理有了进一步的了解。
High energy heavy ion collision is an important tool to research new phases of nuclei matter recently. The study of the interaction and performance of nuclei matter under extreme high temperature and high density by colliding two relativistic heavy nuclei is of great importance. It helps human to understand the formation and evolution of the universe. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Lab (BNL) is one of the accelerators with the highest collision energy in the world. Its aim is to search Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), study its characteristic and find the critical point of phase transition. STAR experiment is one of the four collaboration experiments at RHIC. Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPCs) were selected to construct the barrel Time of Flight (TOF) detector for the STAR experiments. MRPC is a gaseous detector with high detection efficiency and excellent time resolution. It is a good choice for particle identification (PID) in high multiplicity final states in Heavy Ion Collision. This detector will significantly extend the reach of the STAR scientific program, and greatly enhance the identification capability of charged hadrons to more than 95% of all those produced within the MRPC-TOF acceptance (η<1). The increase in particle identification efficiency over a large solid angle will enhance the PID physics abilities, which is important to search for Quark Gluon Plasma. The extended momentum range for particle identified spectra provided by the MRPC barrel TOF detector is crucial to understand the information contained in the large scale correlations and fluctuations observed in Au+Au collisions at RHIC.
Chapter 3 particularize large amount of jobs which have been done by the High Energy Physics Group of USTC during China-US cooperation—the MRPC mass production, includes the research and development of MRPC since 2000, the building of the cleaning room for MRPC assembly, the market research and quality assurance of materials of MRPC, the standardization of the production flow, the establishment of criterion, the manufacture craft, the dark current measurement of electrode, the quality control of mechanical dimensions of modules, the flow arrangement of cosmic ray test and the development of the MRPC database website. Thanks to all these contributions, the High Energy Physics Group of USTC accomplishes the production and measurement task ahead of half a year, and the excellent performance of MRPC modules has received a lot of praise from the US.
Chapter 4 introduces the framework and function of database, the structure of the network station, the usage of the website, and what the role has been played in the quality control of MRPC mass production. The development of MRPC database website is one of main contribution to the quality assurance and quality control of MRPC mass production. It has expected positive effect on the conservation of the MRPC mass production and test results of MRPC modules, and the members of the Cooperation Group can grasp the information of MRPC modules in time.
Chapter 5 presents research and discussion of the performance parameters of MRPC modules based on the MRPC database. To make sure the results are correct and reliable, some reasonable improvements are made based on the previous code and some effects of unstable factors have been precluded. Some conclusions are obtained: the peak of ADC spectrum is given by landau fitting, which is linear correlated with stretching of ADC spectrum. The relations between the performance parameters are studied. The ratio of avalanche signals is related to the time resolution. Time resolution performance is better with large avalanche signal ratios. A lot of statistic works are also made based on the new analysis results. With these studies, the working mechanisms of MRPC are better understood.
本论文第3章介绍了中美合作大批量生产MRPC模块期间,中国科大高能组在MRPC批量生产的质量控制方面所做出的诸多工作,包括前期对MRPC的R&D,超净室的建造,MRPC生产材料的市场调查和质量控制,生产流程的标准化,模块合格标准的确立,电极的制作工艺要求和漏电流测量,MRPC模块的机械尺寸控制,宇宙线性能测试的流程安排,MRPC数据库网站的建设等。因为这些工作,中国科大高能组提前半年完成了全部的生产和测试任务,所生产的MRPC模块的优异性能得到美方的一致好评。
第4章对于数据库的框架,网站的结构,网站的使用,在质量控制方面起到的作用进行了论述。MRPC数据库网站的开发建设是本人在MRPC批量生产的质量控制方面做出的主要工作,它对于MRPC模块生产情况和测试结果的保存起到了积极的作用,使合作组成员对于MRPC信息能及时掌握。
第5章是本人在掌握了大批量的MRPC测试结果的基础上,对于MRPC的性能参数进行的研究和讨论。为了使测试结果的分析准确可靠,在前人的基础上,对宇宙线测试结果的处理方法做出了一些合理化的改进,排除了一些不稳定因素对于测试结果造成的影响。对于新的处理结果得到的MRPC的各种性能参数做了大量统计,对性能参数间的关系作了研究,得到了一些结论。这些研究使得我们对MRPC的工作机理有了进一步的了解。
High energy heavy ion collision is an important tool to research new phases of nuclei matter recently. The study of the interaction and performance of nuclei matter under extreme high temperature and high density by colliding two relativistic heavy nuclei is of great importance. It helps human to understand the formation and evolution of the universe. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Lab (BNL) is one of the accelerators with the highest collision energy in the world. Its aim is to search Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), study its characteristic and find the critical point of phase transition. STAR experiment is one of the four collaboration experiments at RHIC. Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPCs) were selected to construct the barrel Time of Flight (TOF) detector for the STAR experiments. MRPC is a gaseous detector with high detection efficiency and excellent time resolution. It is a good choice for particle identification (PID) in high multiplicity final states in Heavy Ion Collision. This detector will significantly extend the reach of the STAR scientific program, and greatly enhance the identification capability of charged hadrons to more than 95% of all those produced within the MRPC-TOF acceptance (η<1). The increase in particle identification efficiency over a large solid angle will enhance the PID physics abilities, which is important to search for Quark Gluon Plasma. The extended momentum range for particle identified spectra provided by the MRPC barrel TOF detector is crucial to understand the information contained in the large scale correlations and fluctuations observed in Au+Au collisions at RHIC.
Chapter 3 particularize large amount of jobs which have been done by the High Energy Physics Group of USTC during China-US cooperation—the MRPC mass production, includes the research and development of MRPC since 2000, the building of the cleaning room for MRPC assembly, the market research and quality assurance of materials of MRPC, the standardization of the production flow, the establishment of criterion, the manufacture craft, the dark current measurement of electrode, the quality control of mechanical dimensions of modules, the flow arrangement of cosmic ray test and the development of the MRPC database website. Thanks to all these contributions, the High Energy Physics Group of USTC accomplishes the production and measurement task ahead of half a year, and the excellent performance of MRPC modules has received a lot of praise from the US.
Chapter 4 introduces the framework and function of database, the structure of the network station, the usage of the website, and what the role has been played in the quality control of MRPC mass production. The development of MRPC database website is one of main contribution to the quality assurance and quality control of MRPC mass production. It has expected positive effect on the conservation of the MRPC mass production and test results of MRPC modules, and the members of the Cooperation Group can grasp the information of MRPC modules in time.
Chapter 5 presents research and discussion of the performance parameters of MRPC modules based on the MRPC database. To make sure the results are correct and reliable, some reasonable improvements are made based on the previous code and some effects of unstable factors have been precluded. Some conclusions are obtained: the peak of ADC spectrum is given by landau fitting, which is linear correlated with stretching of ADC spectrum. The relations between the performance parameters are studied. The ratio of avalanche signals is related to the time resolution. Time resolution performance is better with large avalanche signal ratios. A lot of statistic works are also made based on the new analysis results. With these studies, the working mechanisms of MRPC are better understood.
引文
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[4] J. Christiansen and Z. Augewandte. Phys.4(1956) 46
[5] F. Karsch.“Lattice Results on QCD Thermodynamics.”Nucl. Phys., A698: 199-208, 2002
[6] http://www.bnl.gov/RHIC/
[7] T.Roser, Nuclear Physics A, Volume 698, Issues 1-4, 11 February 2002, Pages 23-28
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[23] Chen Hongfang, Li Cheng, Wang Xiaolian, et al, HEP &NP(in Chinese), 2002,26:201
[24] Li Cheng, Wu Jian,Chen Hongfang,Wang Xiaolian, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics,2001 25 (09): 933-936
[25] Li Cheng , Wu Jian, Wang Xiaolian, Nuclear Science and Techniques,2002 13(1)
[26]黄胜利,李澄,许咨宗,多气隙电阻板室的宇宙线测量结果,高能物理与核物理,2003 27(2)
[27]李伟峰,刘海东,汪晓莲,快时间分辨MRPC性能研究,中国科学技术大学学报, 2004 34(2):151-156
[28]黄胜利,许咨宗,李澄,宇宙线塑料闪烁望远镜系统时间特性的研究,核技术,2005 28(8)
[29]阮丽娟,汪晓莲,李澄,多气隙电阻板室电极材料的电阻特性测量,中国科学技术大学学报,2005 35(5)
[30]赵艳娥汪晓莲明瑶邹涛,2×4双层结构MRPC的宇宙线测试结果,中国科学技术大学学报,2008 38(11)
[31]邵明,陈宏芳,李澄,高能物理与核物理, 2004 28(7):733-737
[32] Zhao Yan-e, Wang Xiaolian, Liu Haidong, et al, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics, Vol 28, No.11, 2004, 1193-1196
[33] Zhao Yan-e, Wang Xiaolian, Liu Haidong, et al, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 547 (2005) 334-341
[34] Wu Yuelei, Wang Xiao-Lian, Zou Tao, Nuclear Science and Techniques, 2006 17(5):293-296
[35] Ming Shao, Olga Barannikova, Xin Dong, et al, Extensive particle identification with TPC and TOF at the STAR experiment, Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section A, 2006 Vol.558(No.2)
[36] M. Shao, L. J. Ruan, H. F. Chen, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A,Vol 492, 2002, 344-350
[37]阮丽娟,伍健,董昕,高能物理与核物理,2005 29(2):620-623
[38] Sun Yong-jie, Li Cheng,Shao Ming, Nuclear Science and Techniques,2005 16(4):231-237
[39]李亮,邵明,陈宏芳,高能物理与核物理, 2007 31(6):576-580
[40]李澄,陈宏芳,邵明,高能物理与核物理, 2002 26(5):455-461
[41]李澄,孙勇杰,邵明,高能物理与核物理, 2006 30(7): 660-664
[42]孙勇杰,李澄,核电子学与探测技术, 2008 28(2):342-345
[43]邵明,阮丽娟,陈宏芳,高能物理与核物理, 2003 27(1):67-71
[44]阮丽娟,邵明,陈宏芳,高能物理与核物理, 2003 27(8):712-715
[45] Shao Ming,Chen Hongfang, Li Cheng, et al, High Energy Physics and Nuclear hysics, 2004 28 (07): 733-737
[46]李昕,邵明,李澄,高能物理与核物理, 2007 31(4), 377-383
[47] Ming Shao, Yan'e Zhao, Cheng Li ,et al, Measurement Science and Technology, Vol 17,2006,123-127
[48] Jian Wu, B. Bonner, H.F. Chen, et al, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A,Vol 538, 2005, 243-248
[49]《Access 2002数据库技术及应用》,胡绪英,李梓,郑传生编著,科学出版社,2003
[50]《ASP快速建站全程实录》,陈季编著,电子工业出版社,2007
[51]《Dreamweaver 8+ASP动态网页制作实用教程》,陈建伟,王祥仲编著,清华大学出版社,2006
[52]《Dreamweaver + ASP完美动态网站设计》,孙东梅编著,电子工业出版社,2007
[53]《粒子探测技术》,汪晓莲,李澄,邵明,陈宏芳,中国科学技术大学出版社,2009
[2] T.D.Lee et al,Phys.Rev.D9,2291(1974); T.D.Lee,Rev.Mod.Phys47,267(1975).
[3] For a review see M.Schmelling,proceedings of the XXV 111 International Conference on High Energy Physics,Warsaw.
[4] J. Christiansen and Z. Augewandte. Phys.4(1956) 46
[5] F. Karsch.“Lattice Results on QCD Thermodynamics.”Nucl. Phys., A698: 199-208, 2002
[6] http://www.bnl.gov/RHIC/
[7] T.Roser, Nuclear Physics A, Volume 698, Issues 1-4, 11 February 2002, Pages 23-28
[8] R. Santomico and R. Cardarelli, Nucl. Intru. Meth. A, 187(1981), 377
[9] M. Harrison, T. Ludlam, S. Ozaki,Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 499 (2003) 235–244
[10] J.W. Harris et al, Nucl. Phys. A 566, 277(1991)
[11] K.H. Ackermann et al, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 499 (2003) 624–632
[12] M.Andersen et al,Nucl.Instr.Meth.A,499:659,2003.
[13] ALICE Technical Proposal, CERN/LHCC/95-71
[14] W. J. Llope et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A522, 252 (2004)
[15] Observation of an Antimatter Hypernucleus, The STAR Collaboration, et al. Science 328, 58 (2010);
[16] J.Keuffel. Phys. Rev., 73(1948)531
[17] J.Keuffel. The Review of Scientific Instruments, 20(3)(1949)202
[18] V.Parchomchuk, Yu. Pestov, and N.V. Petrovykh. Nucl. Instr. And Meth., 93(1971)269
[19] Yu.Pestov and G. Fedotovich. IYAF-77-78-trans-E,1978.SLAC-TRANS-184
[20] Yu.N. Pestov, Proc.4th San Miniato Topical Seminar, World Scientific, (1991)156
[21] Yu. Pestov. Ric. Sci. Educ. Perm, 112:604-621,1998 Presented on the 36th International Winter Meeting on Nuclear Physics, Bormio, Italy, 1998
[22] E. C. Zebballos et al, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A434, 362 (1999)
[23] Chen Hongfang, Li Cheng, Wang Xiaolian, et al, HEP &NP(in Chinese), 2002,26:201
[24] Li Cheng, Wu Jian,Chen Hongfang,Wang Xiaolian, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics,2001 25 (09): 933-936
[25] Li Cheng , Wu Jian, Wang Xiaolian, Nuclear Science and Techniques,2002 13(1)
[26]黄胜利,李澄,许咨宗,多气隙电阻板室的宇宙线测量结果,高能物理与核物理,2003 27(2)
[27]李伟峰,刘海东,汪晓莲,快时间分辨MRPC性能研究,中国科学技术大学学报, 2004 34(2):151-156
[28]黄胜利,许咨宗,李澄,宇宙线塑料闪烁望远镜系统时间特性的研究,核技术,2005 28(8)
[29]阮丽娟,汪晓莲,李澄,多气隙电阻板室电极材料的电阻特性测量,中国科学技术大学学报,2005 35(5)
[30]赵艳娥汪晓莲明瑶邹涛,2×4双层结构MRPC的宇宙线测试结果,中国科学技术大学学报,2008 38(11)
[31]邵明,陈宏芳,李澄,高能物理与核物理, 2004 28(7):733-737
[32] Zhao Yan-e, Wang Xiaolian, Liu Haidong, et al, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics, Vol 28, No.11, 2004, 1193-1196
[33] Zhao Yan-e, Wang Xiaolian, Liu Haidong, et al, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 547 (2005) 334-341
[34] Wu Yuelei, Wang Xiao-Lian, Zou Tao, Nuclear Science and Techniques, 2006 17(5):293-296
[35] Ming Shao, Olga Barannikova, Xin Dong, et al, Extensive particle identification with TPC and TOF at the STAR experiment, Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section A, 2006 Vol.558(No.2)
[36] M. Shao, L. J. Ruan, H. F. Chen, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A,Vol 492, 2002, 344-350
[37]阮丽娟,伍健,董昕,高能物理与核物理,2005 29(2):620-623
[38] Sun Yong-jie, Li Cheng,Shao Ming, Nuclear Science and Techniques,2005 16(4):231-237
[39]李亮,邵明,陈宏芳,高能物理与核物理, 2007 31(6):576-580
[40]李澄,陈宏芳,邵明,高能物理与核物理, 2002 26(5):455-461
[41]李澄,孙勇杰,邵明,高能物理与核物理, 2006 30(7): 660-664
[42]孙勇杰,李澄,核电子学与探测技术, 2008 28(2):342-345
[43]邵明,阮丽娟,陈宏芳,高能物理与核物理, 2003 27(1):67-71
[44]阮丽娟,邵明,陈宏芳,高能物理与核物理, 2003 27(8):712-715
[45] Shao Ming,Chen Hongfang, Li Cheng, et al, High Energy Physics and Nuclear hysics, 2004 28 (07): 733-737
[46]李昕,邵明,李澄,高能物理与核物理, 2007 31(4), 377-383
[47] Ming Shao, Yan'e Zhao, Cheng Li ,et al, Measurement Science and Technology, Vol 17,2006,123-127
[48] Jian Wu, B. Bonner, H.F. Chen, et al, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A,Vol 538, 2005, 243-248
[49]《Access 2002数据库技术及应用》,胡绪英,李梓,郑传生编著,科学出版社,2003
[50]《ASP快速建站全程实录》,陈季编著,电子工业出版社,2007
[51]《Dreamweaver 8+ASP动态网页制作实用教程》,陈建伟,王祥仲编著,清华大学出版社,2006
[52]《Dreamweaver + ASP完美动态网站设计》,孙东梅编著,电子工业出版社,2007
[53]《粒子探测技术》,汪晓莲,李澄,邵明,陈宏芳,中国科学技术大学出版社,2009