不同变形方式对GCr15组织与性能的影响研究
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摘要
本文采用不同热处理工艺参数对连铸态、压缩变形态和等径角挤压(ECAP)变形态的GCr15进行球化退火、淬火及热模拟轧制，通过金相显微镜和扫描电镜(SEM)观察分析了退火、淬火及热模拟轧制后的组织与性能变化，结果表明：
连铸坯态和压缩变形态组织中存在的碳化物液析、带状碳化物及网状碳化物无法用球化退火加以消除；而ECAP组织在球化退火后已观察不到带状碳化物和网状碳化物；在相同球化退火工艺下，ECAP试样的硬度值最低。
淬火处理后连铸态、压缩变形态组织中的碳化物液析及网状碳化物得到了很大改善，但碳化物仍呈不均匀分布；而ECAP试样淬火后的组织中基本不存在碳化物偏析；相同的退火工艺+淬火后，ECAP试样的硬度最低。
连铸态试样热模拟轧制后仍存在带状碳化物，ECAP试样中带状碳化物已消除；ECAP试样的热轧中变形抗力比连铸态大。
Spheroidization, quenching and heat-simulation rolling were performed for high-carbon chromium bearing steel with different annealing parameters after continuous casting, pressing and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and the changes of the structures were observed by optical microscope and the scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and the mechanical properties were also measured. The results show that:
There exist separation carbide, zonal carbide and net-shaped carbide in the structures after annealing which can not be eliminated by annealing; while the zonal carbide and net-shaped carbide can be mostly eliminates after ECAP and the hardness of specimen after ECAP is far lowest under same condition; The most separation carbide and net-shaped carbide in the structures of preliminary continuous casting and pressing specimen has been eliminated after quenching while only small portion of carbide with big size distributes asymmetrically. After ECAP separation of carbide has been eliminated by quenching and the hardness of specimen is lowest under same condition. After heat-simulation rolling zonal carbide still exists in the continuous casting specimen while after ECAP zonal carbide has been eliminated and resist-deforming force is higher than it in casting specimen.
连铸坯态和压缩变形态组织中存在的碳化物液析、带状碳化物及网状碳化物无法用球化退火加以消除；而ECAP组织在球化退火后已观察不到带状碳化物和网状碳化物；在相同球化退火工艺下，ECAP试样的硬度值最低。
淬火处理后连铸态、压缩变形态组织中的碳化物液析及网状碳化物得到了很大改善，但碳化物仍呈不均匀分布；而ECAP试样淬火后的组织中基本不存在碳化物偏析；相同的退火工艺+淬火后，ECAP试样的硬度最低。
连铸态试样热模拟轧制后仍存在带状碳化物，ECAP试样中带状碳化物已消除；ECAP试样的热轧中变形抗力比连铸态大。
Spheroidization, quenching and heat-simulation rolling were performed for high-carbon chromium bearing steel with different annealing parameters after continuous casting, pressing and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and the changes of the structures were observed by optical microscope and the scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and the mechanical properties were also measured. The results show that:
There exist separation carbide, zonal carbide and net-shaped carbide in the structures after annealing which can not be eliminated by annealing; while the zonal carbide and net-shaped carbide can be mostly eliminates after ECAP and the hardness of specimen after ECAP is far lowest under same condition; The most separation carbide and net-shaped carbide in the structures of preliminary continuous casting and pressing specimen has been eliminated after quenching while only small portion of carbide with big size distributes asymmetrically. After ECAP separation of carbide has been eliminated by quenching and the hardness of specimen is lowest under same condition. After heat-simulation rolling zonal carbide still exists in the continuous casting specimen while after ECAP zonal carbide has been eliminated and resist-deforming force is higher than it in casting specimen.
引文
1 虞明全．“十五”期间的五钢轴承钢．五钢科技，2000(3)：3-10
2 冶金部特殊钢信息网编著．国外特殊钢生产技术．北京：冶金工业出版社，1996：1-39
3 Toshikazu UESUGI. Recent Development of Bearing Steel in Japan. Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 1988, 28 (11): 893-899
4 Toshikazu UESUGI. Production of High-Carbon Chromium Steel in Vertical Type Continuous Caster. Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 1986, 26(7): 614-620
5 付云峰，崔连进，刘雅琳．国内轴承钢的生产现状及发展．重型机械科技，2004(4)：37-40
6 李铮，徐明华，冯刚等．轴承钢纯净度的现状与发展．五钢科技，2003(1)：3-8
7 Toshikazu UESUGI. Production of High-Carbon Chromium Steel in Vertical Type Continuous Caster. Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 1986, 26(7): 614-620
8 轴承钢协调组2002年总结．特钢企业协会．内部资料，2003
9 徐明华．轴承钢精炼与浇铸技术发展概况．特殊钢，1999，12
10 陈君豪．轴承钢的最新技术及市场动向．轴承．2000(1)．37-38
11 Hall E O. Pro Ry Soc B, 1951 (64): 747
12 Petch N J. J Iron Steel Inst, 1953 (37): 25
13 郑来苏．铸造合金及熔炼[M]．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1994
14 唐志宏．超细晶材料制备新工艺．材料导报，2001，15(8)：16-19
15 Segal V M., Reznilkov V I, Drobyshekij A E, et al. Metally, 1981 (1): 115
16 Segal V M, Reznilkov V I, Kopylov V I, et al. Processes of Plastic Transformation of Metals Minsk. Navuka Teknika, 1984: 295
17 Segal V M. Mater Sci Eng, 1995, A197: 157
18 Lowe T C, Valiev R Z. JOM, 2000, 52(4): 27
19 Segal V M. Mater Sci Eng, 1999, A271: 322
20 石凤健，汪建敏，许晓静．等截面角形挤压的研究内容及现状．热加工工艺，2003 (1)：51-53
21 Iwahashi Y, Furukawa M, Hirita Z, et al. Metal Mater Trans, 1998, 29A: 2245
22 Iwahashi Y, Horita Z, NemotoM, et al. Acta Mater, 1998, 46 (9): 3317
23 Valiev R Z, Mukherjee A K. Nanostructures and unique properties in intermetallics subjected to severe plastic deformation. Scripta Mater, 2001, 44(8/9): 1747-1750
24 Jongryoul Kim, Inyoung Kim, Dong Hyuk Shin. Development of deformation structures in low carbon steel by equal channel angular pressing. Scripta Materialia, 2001(45): 421-426
25 Y Fukuda, K Oh-ishi, Z Horita, et al. Processing of a low-carbon steel by equal-channel angular pressing. Acta materialia, 2002(50): 1359-1368
26 Shin D H, Kim B C, Kim Y-S, et al. Microstructure evolution in a commercial low carbon steel by equal channel angular pressing. Acta mater, 2000 (48): 2247-2255
27 Shin D H, Kim B C, Park K, et al. Microstructural changes in equal-channel angular pressed low carbon steel by static annealing. Acta mater, 2000 (48): 3245-3252
28 Kim W J, Kim J K, Choo W Y, et al. Large strain hardening in Ti-V carbon steel processed by equal channel angular pressing. Materials Letters, 2001 (51): 177-182
29 Dong Hyuk Shin, Inyoung Kim, Jongryoul Kim, et al. Grain Refinement Mechanical During Equal-Channel Angular Pressing of a Low Carbon Steel. Acta Materialla, 2001 (49): 1285-1292
30 Howe H M. The Metallurgy of Steel. 2nd ed. New York: Scientific Publishing Company, 1981
31 Bridge M R. Structural Effects and Band Segregate Formation During Electronmagnetic Stirring of Strand-cast Steel. Metallurgical Transactions B, 1984, 15B (9): 581-587
32 Birat J P. EMS on Billet, Bloom, and Slab Continuous Casters. Ironmaking and
Steelmaking, 1983, 10 (6): 269
33 王磊．GCr15钢热形变等温淬火组织中碳化物的球化．金属科学与工艺，1992，11(2)：17-23
34 蒋昕萍．GCr15钢退火欠热组织的淬回火规范．轴承，1994(4)：8-9
35 Pagueton H, Pineau A. JISI, 1971 (209): 991
36 Lupton D F, Warrington P H. Metally Science Journal, 1972 (6): 200
37 弓自洁，曹必刚．GCr15轴承钢的热处理发展动向．金属热处理．1992(9)．3-6
38 贺毅，王学前．高碳钢快速球化退火工艺的研究．热加工工艺．2002(1)．32-34
39 姚文峰，罗玉田．高碳铬轴承钢的质量要求和轧制生产工艺．科技情报开发与经济．1998(5)，44-45
40 弓自洁，曹必刚，刘绍贤．国内外轴承钢热处理技术的发展．1991，10(3)：9-16
41 周德光，傅杰，王平．工艺参数对连铸轴承钢坯碳偏析的影响．钢铁．1999，34(6)：22-26
42 周德光，徐君浩．轴承钢连祷坯碳偏析的形成机理及影响因素．冶钢科技．1999(1-2)：30-34
43 M Wolf．改进高碳钢中心致密度．现代连铸理论与实践，1986：250-260
44 虞明全．大方坯连铸轴承钢的研究与开发．五钢科技，2003(2)：9-17
45 钟顺思，王昌生．轴承钢．北京：冶金工业出版社，2000
46 孙振国．GCr15轴承钢球化退火方法综述．辽宁工学院学报，1992，12(2)：36-40
47 谭玉华，曾德长，贺跃辉．中、高碳钢中马氏体的形态和本质．湘潭大学自然科学学报，1992，14(1)：93-101
48 王学前．理化检验(物理分册)，1981(6)：2
2 冶金部特殊钢信息网编著．国外特殊钢生产技术．北京：冶金工业出版社，1996：1-39
3 Toshikazu UESUGI. Recent Development of Bearing Steel in Japan. Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 1988, 28 (11): 893-899
4 Toshikazu UESUGI. Production of High-Carbon Chromium Steel in Vertical Type Continuous Caster. Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 1986, 26(7): 614-620
5 付云峰，崔连进，刘雅琳．国内轴承钢的生产现状及发展．重型机械科技，2004(4)：37-40
6 李铮，徐明华，冯刚等．轴承钢纯净度的现状与发展．五钢科技，2003(1)：3-8
7 Toshikazu UESUGI. Production of High-Carbon Chromium Steel in Vertical Type Continuous Caster. Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 1986, 26(7): 614-620
8 轴承钢协调组2002年总结．特钢企业协会．内部资料，2003
9 徐明华．轴承钢精炼与浇铸技术发展概况．特殊钢，1999，12
10 陈君豪．轴承钢的最新技术及市场动向．轴承．2000(1)．37-38
11 Hall E O. Pro Ry Soc B, 1951 (64): 747
12 Petch N J. J Iron Steel Inst, 1953 (37): 25
13 郑来苏．铸造合金及熔炼[M]．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1994
14 唐志宏．超细晶材料制备新工艺．材料导报，2001，15(8)：16-19
15 Segal V M., Reznilkov V I, Drobyshekij A E, et al. Metally, 1981 (1): 115
16 Segal V M, Reznilkov V I, Kopylov V I, et al. Processes of Plastic Transformation of Metals Minsk. Navuka Teknika, 1984: 295
17 Segal V M. Mater Sci Eng, 1995, A197: 157
18 Lowe T C, Valiev R Z. JOM, 2000, 52(4): 27
19 Segal V M. Mater Sci Eng, 1999, A271: 322
20 石凤健，汪建敏，许晓静．等截面角形挤压的研究内容及现状．热加工工艺，2003 (1)：51-53
21 Iwahashi Y, Furukawa M, Hirita Z, et al. Metal Mater Trans, 1998, 29A: 2245
22 Iwahashi Y, Horita Z, NemotoM, et al. Acta Mater, 1998, 46 (9): 3317
23 Valiev R Z, Mukherjee A K. Nanostructures and unique properties in intermetallics subjected to severe plastic deformation. Scripta Mater, 2001, 44(8/9): 1747-1750
24 Jongryoul Kim, Inyoung Kim, Dong Hyuk Shin. Development of deformation structures in low carbon steel by equal channel angular pressing. Scripta Materialia, 2001(45): 421-426
25 Y Fukuda, K Oh-ishi, Z Horita, et al. Processing of a low-carbon steel by equal-channel angular pressing. Acta materialia, 2002(50): 1359-1368
26 Shin D H, Kim B C, Kim Y-S, et al. Microstructure evolution in a commercial low carbon steel by equal channel angular pressing. Acta mater, 2000 (48): 2247-2255
27 Shin D H, Kim B C, Park K, et al. Microstructural changes in equal-channel angular pressed low carbon steel by static annealing. Acta mater, 2000 (48): 3245-3252
28 Kim W J, Kim J K, Choo W Y, et al. Large strain hardening in Ti-V carbon steel processed by equal channel angular pressing. Materials Letters, 2001 (51): 177-182
29 Dong Hyuk Shin, Inyoung Kim, Jongryoul Kim, et al. Grain Refinement Mechanical During Equal-Channel Angular Pressing of a Low Carbon Steel. Acta Materialla, 2001 (49): 1285-1292
30 Howe H M. The Metallurgy of Steel. 2nd ed. New York: Scientific Publishing Company, 1981
31 Bridge M R. Structural Effects and Band Segregate Formation During Electronmagnetic Stirring of Strand-cast Steel. Metallurgical Transactions B, 1984, 15B (9): 581-587
32 Birat J P. EMS on Billet, Bloom, and Slab Continuous Casters. Ironmaking and
Steelmaking, 1983, 10 (6): 269
33 王磊．GCr15钢热形变等温淬火组织中碳化物的球化．金属科学与工艺，1992，11(2)：17-23
34 蒋昕萍．GCr15钢退火欠热组织的淬回火规范．轴承，1994(4)：8-9
35 Pagueton H, Pineau A. JISI, 1971 (209): 991
36 Lupton D F, Warrington P H. Metally Science Journal, 1972 (6): 200
37 弓自洁，曹必刚．GCr15轴承钢的热处理发展动向．金属热处理．1992(9)．3-6
38 贺毅，王学前．高碳钢快速球化退火工艺的研究．热加工工艺．2002(1)．32-34
39 姚文峰，罗玉田．高碳铬轴承钢的质量要求和轧制生产工艺．科技情报开发与经济．1998(5)，44-45
40 弓自洁，曹必刚，刘绍贤．国内外轴承钢热处理技术的发展．1991，10(3)：9-16
41 周德光，傅杰，王平．工艺参数对连铸轴承钢坯碳偏析的影响．钢铁．1999，34(6)：22-26
42 周德光，徐君浩．轴承钢连祷坯碳偏析的形成机理及影响因素．冶钢科技．1999(1-2)：30-34
43 M Wolf．改进高碳钢中心致密度．现代连铸理论与实践，1986：250-260
44 虞明全．大方坯连铸轴承钢的研究与开发．五钢科技，2003(2)：9-17
45 钟顺思，王昌生．轴承钢．北京：冶金工业出版社，2000
46 孙振国．GCr15轴承钢球化退火方法综述．辽宁工学院学报，1992，12(2)：36-40
47 谭玉华，曾德长，贺跃辉．中、高碳钢中马氏体的形态和本质．湘潭大学自然科学学报，1992，14(1)：93-101
48 王学前．理化检验(物理分册)，1981(6)：2