中国大学生组织发展研究
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摘要
大学生组织是由在校大学生组成、以实现大学生发展为目标的学校组织,是现代大学的重要组成部分。由大学生作为青年、高深学问初学者的特点决定了从整体上促进大学生组织发展的动力主要来源于大学生的认识论需求和政治论需求。大学生组织的认识论基础和政治论基础总是交织在一起的,受社会背景和大学发展阶段影响,在不同时期对大学生组织发展起着不同的作用。
本研究主要在解释学方法论指导下,从结构文化主义视角,通过对大学生——大学生组织——大学的关系建构过程的描述和分析来解读中国大学生组织发展。遵循从实然到应然的研究路径,并在研究过程中始终坚持比较的视野。
论文第一部分是选取西方大学生组织历史变迁作为中国大学生组织发展研究的参照系。通过对中世纪大学和美国大学学生组织历史变迁的描述和分析,可以看到大学生对知识的追求和争取自由地追求知识的校园秩序是西方大学生组织产生、存在、发展的主要原因,并在大学自治、学术自由的理念指导下,西方大学生组织主要是在大学的范围内活动,成为推动现代大学发展的重要力量。
论文第二部分是对中国大学生组织是怎样发展的,以及为什么这样发展进行描述和分析。首先是对历史的回顾。在近代中国内忧外患的背景下,中国大学和大学生从一开始就与中国社会现实紧密联系在一起。并因为与社会局势太过紧密的联系,使大学生组织发展往往随着社会局势的剧烈变革而出现断裂,至今中国大学生组织已经历了三次明显的断裂:50年代由国家主导的高等教育社会主义改造,把大学生组织纳入了当时统一的国家制度内,成为国家体制的一部分;1966——1976年文革中红卫兵组织对官方大学生组织的破坏和取代;1978年改革开放后官方学生组织的恢复和学生自发组织的出现。这三次断裂都是由大学生组织外、大学外的政治力量所主导的。经过几次断裂,中国大学生组织没有自主发展的历史,大学生文化、大学文化也与社会文化高度同质。
其次,对当前中国大学生组织发展现状进行描述和分析。90年代中期以后,中国大学生组织开始了一场新的变革,这场变革目前仍在继续之中。受现行高校管理体制影响,现在正在进行的这场变革表现为两条相对独立的路径:一是传统官方学生组织自下而上的适应性变革,其变革动力主要是大学生在新形势下要求有校园新秩序的政治论需求;二是大量学生自发组织的出现及其进行的创新性变革,其产生和变革的动力主要是大学生在知识经济社会背景下自主探索新知识的认识论需求。目前这两条变革路径还缺少有效的整合机制,使当前中国大学生组织的政治论基础与认识论基础之间还难以实现相互促进。
论文第三部分是对中国大学生组织发展趋势进行分析。通过案例分析可以看到尽管当前中国大学校园里大学生组织存在官、民二分局面,并且官、民学生组织的变革路径表现出明显差异,但变革的根本动力都来自于大学生自主发展的需要,并在当今知识经济时代,“知识”内涵扩大的背景下,大学生组织变革的主要动力是大学生自主探索新知识的认识论需求。当大学生通过参与学生组织进行各类知识的学习和创造时,“学习”就成为当代大学生基本的生活方式。在自主参与学生组织活动过程中,大学生还通过学生组织进行交流、对话,推动形成一个大学生自己的“公共领域”和协商机制,从而形成一个理性、民主、平等、开放、多元的大学生公民社会。这个学习化大学生公民社会的核心价值观是强调个人和集体共同发展的“后集体主义”。目前这个大学生公民社会还缺少一个有效的整合机制,本研究认为改革学生会管理模式、让学生会成为整合大学生社会和代表学生参与学校事务的主要途径应该是发展的方向。随着大学生社会的形成,独特的大学生文化也开始形成,并推动大学文化走向开放、多元。
最后,论文对大学生组织应该如何发展提出建议。整理中国大学生组织变革路径,可以看到中国大学生组织发展主要有三种模式:计划模式、适应模式和创新模式。这三种模式的成功实现都有一个必要前提,即大学生组织成员充分而有效的参与。因此,大学生组织应当是大学生自主发展的途径,大学对大学生组织的管理应主要采取“适应”策略。
College student organizations composing of undergraduates are important components of modern universities, through which undergraduates make process. As undergraduates are youth and beginners of learning advanced knowledge, the developing dynamic of college student organizations mainly originates from the epistemological demand and political demand. The epistemological base and political base of college student organizations are always intertwined and play a different role in different periods affected by the social context and the university development periods to promote the college students organization development.
The methodology of the research is the hermeneutics. From the perspective of structural-cultural, the author interprets the development of Chinese college students organization through describing and analyzing the forming of the relationship of Chinese undergraduates——college students organizations——college. The research course is from the reality to the ideality. And the author insists on comparative perspective from beginning to end.
The first section of the dissertation is about the evolution process of the western college student organizations which is the necessary reference system to understand Chinese college student organizations. Reviewing the evolution process of college student organizations in the Middle Ages University and the US universities, the author believes that the requirements in pursuit of advanced knowledge and of building a campus system to pursue advanced knowledge freely are the main basis of the western college student organizations to develop. Under the guidance of the idea of university autonomy and academic freedom, western college student organizations contribute to the development of western colleges and have formed a particular undergraduate culture through the process.
The second section of the dissertation is about describing and interpreting the vicissitude of Chinese college student organizations. First, the author reviews the history of Chinese college student organizations. In the past time, Chinese colleges and undergraduates had been closely linked with the social situation from the beginning .Chinese college student organizations were so closely linked with social situation that the development fracture of college student organizations would occur when social situation experienced drastic changes. The development of Chinese college student organizations has experienced three obvious ruptures: in the 1950’s, through reform of higher education led by government, Chinese college student organizations were put into the unified national system and became a part of state system. 1966-1976, in the Culture Revolution, Red Guards damaged and replaced the official student organizations in colleges. With the reform and opening-up, official student organizations have been resumed and lots of spontaneous student organizations have been formed in Chinese college campus since 1978. It is clear that three ruptures in the history of Chinese college student organizations were led by the political forces outside campus. After three ruptures, Chinese student organizations haven’t their own traditions; both college and college student organizations’culture have a high degree of homogeneity with social culture.
Second, the author describes and analyzes the current development of Chinese college student organizations. Since the mid-1990s, Chinese college student organizations have had a new change and this change is still continuing. Affected by the current management system in Chinese colleges, the ongoing changes of student organizations experience two relatively independent paths: one path is realized by the bottom-up changes of the traditional official student organizations, which is mainly inspired by students calling for new political orders in campus; the other path is realized by the innovative changes of spontaneous student organizations, which is mainly inspired by students’demand of exploring new knowledge independently in contemporary era of the knowledge-based economy. At present these two ways still lack an effective conformity mechanism, which causes it is difficult to mutually promote the political and the epistemology bases of the current Chinese college student organizations.
The third section of the dissertation is about the trend of the current Chinese college student organizations. Through case analysis, the dissertation proposes that the fundamental driving force of the changes of college student organizations is students’need for self-development in the information society with the expansion essence of“knowledge”. When contemporary college students learn and create new knowledge by taking part in various student organizations,“studying”has become a basic way of life. Today, undergraduates are promoting the formation of a“public domain”and a consultation mechanism of their own through dialogues between students in kinds of student organizations. As a result, a college student civil society is coming into being which is characterized with rationality, democracy, equality, openness and pluralistic. The core value of this college student society is post-collectivism which emphasizes both personal and collective development. Now, the current college student society lacks an effective integrated mechanism. The author believes that it is necessary to reform Student Union. Student Union should be reformed to be the integrating mechanism of the college student socity and to be the main way on behalf of students through which undergraduates participate the college affairs. With the formation of college student society, the unique culture of college students will be formed. The unique student culture will promote the college culture to be more open and plural.
In the end, the author gives some advice about how to promote the development of Chinese college student organizations. Reviewing the means of college student organizations changing, there are three models in the development of Chinese college student organizations: the plan model, the adaptive model and the innovative model. To successfully complete any model, there is a necessary precondition to be achieve, that is, full and effective participation of the student members. Therefore, college student organizations should be ways for undergraduates to develop independently and college management systems about student affairs should mainly take“adaptive”strategy.
本研究主要在解释学方法论指导下,从结构文化主义视角,通过对大学生——大学生组织——大学的关系建构过程的描述和分析来解读中国大学生组织发展。遵循从实然到应然的研究路径,并在研究过程中始终坚持比较的视野。
论文第一部分是选取西方大学生组织历史变迁作为中国大学生组织发展研究的参照系。通过对中世纪大学和美国大学学生组织历史变迁的描述和分析,可以看到大学生对知识的追求和争取自由地追求知识的校园秩序是西方大学生组织产生、存在、发展的主要原因,并在大学自治、学术自由的理念指导下,西方大学生组织主要是在大学的范围内活动,成为推动现代大学发展的重要力量。
论文第二部分是对中国大学生组织是怎样发展的,以及为什么这样发展进行描述和分析。首先是对历史的回顾。在近代中国内忧外患的背景下,中国大学和大学生从一开始就与中国社会现实紧密联系在一起。并因为与社会局势太过紧密的联系,使大学生组织发展往往随着社会局势的剧烈变革而出现断裂,至今中国大学生组织已经历了三次明显的断裂:50年代由国家主导的高等教育社会主义改造,把大学生组织纳入了当时统一的国家制度内,成为国家体制的一部分;1966——1976年文革中红卫兵组织对官方大学生组织的破坏和取代;1978年改革开放后官方学生组织的恢复和学生自发组织的出现。这三次断裂都是由大学生组织外、大学外的政治力量所主导的。经过几次断裂,中国大学生组织没有自主发展的历史,大学生文化、大学文化也与社会文化高度同质。
其次,对当前中国大学生组织发展现状进行描述和分析。90年代中期以后,中国大学生组织开始了一场新的变革,这场变革目前仍在继续之中。受现行高校管理体制影响,现在正在进行的这场变革表现为两条相对独立的路径:一是传统官方学生组织自下而上的适应性变革,其变革动力主要是大学生在新形势下要求有校园新秩序的政治论需求;二是大量学生自发组织的出现及其进行的创新性变革,其产生和变革的动力主要是大学生在知识经济社会背景下自主探索新知识的认识论需求。目前这两条变革路径还缺少有效的整合机制,使当前中国大学生组织的政治论基础与认识论基础之间还难以实现相互促进。
论文第三部分是对中国大学生组织发展趋势进行分析。通过案例分析可以看到尽管当前中国大学校园里大学生组织存在官、民二分局面,并且官、民学生组织的变革路径表现出明显差异,但变革的根本动力都来自于大学生自主发展的需要,并在当今知识经济时代,“知识”内涵扩大的背景下,大学生组织变革的主要动力是大学生自主探索新知识的认识论需求。当大学生通过参与学生组织进行各类知识的学习和创造时,“学习”就成为当代大学生基本的生活方式。在自主参与学生组织活动过程中,大学生还通过学生组织进行交流、对话,推动形成一个大学生自己的“公共领域”和协商机制,从而形成一个理性、民主、平等、开放、多元的大学生公民社会。这个学习化大学生公民社会的核心价值观是强调个人和集体共同发展的“后集体主义”。目前这个大学生公民社会还缺少一个有效的整合机制,本研究认为改革学生会管理模式、让学生会成为整合大学生社会和代表学生参与学校事务的主要途径应该是发展的方向。随着大学生社会的形成,独特的大学生文化也开始形成,并推动大学文化走向开放、多元。
最后,论文对大学生组织应该如何发展提出建议。整理中国大学生组织变革路径,可以看到中国大学生组织发展主要有三种模式:计划模式、适应模式和创新模式。这三种模式的成功实现都有一个必要前提,即大学生组织成员充分而有效的参与。因此,大学生组织应当是大学生自主发展的途径,大学对大学生组织的管理应主要采取“适应”策略。
College student organizations composing of undergraduates are important components of modern universities, through which undergraduates make process. As undergraduates are youth and beginners of learning advanced knowledge, the developing dynamic of college student organizations mainly originates from the epistemological demand and political demand. The epistemological base and political base of college student organizations are always intertwined and play a different role in different periods affected by the social context and the university development periods to promote the college students organization development.
The methodology of the research is the hermeneutics. From the perspective of structural-cultural, the author interprets the development of Chinese college students organization through describing and analyzing the forming of the relationship of Chinese undergraduates——college students organizations——college. The research course is from the reality to the ideality. And the author insists on comparative perspective from beginning to end.
The first section of the dissertation is about the evolution process of the western college student organizations which is the necessary reference system to understand Chinese college student organizations. Reviewing the evolution process of college student organizations in the Middle Ages University and the US universities, the author believes that the requirements in pursuit of advanced knowledge and of building a campus system to pursue advanced knowledge freely are the main basis of the western college student organizations to develop. Under the guidance of the idea of university autonomy and academic freedom, western college student organizations contribute to the development of western colleges and have formed a particular undergraduate culture through the process.
The second section of the dissertation is about describing and interpreting the vicissitude of Chinese college student organizations. First, the author reviews the history of Chinese college student organizations. In the past time, Chinese colleges and undergraduates had been closely linked with the social situation from the beginning .Chinese college student organizations were so closely linked with social situation that the development fracture of college student organizations would occur when social situation experienced drastic changes. The development of Chinese college student organizations has experienced three obvious ruptures: in the 1950’s, through reform of higher education led by government, Chinese college student organizations were put into the unified national system and became a part of state system. 1966-1976, in the Culture Revolution, Red Guards damaged and replaced the official student organizations in colleges. With the reform and opening-up, official student organizations have been resumed and lots of spontaneous student organizations have been formed in Chinese college campus since 1978. It is clear that three ruptures in the history of Chinese college student organizations were led by the political forces outside campus. After three ruptures, Chinese student organizations haven’t their own traditions; both college and college student organizations’culture have a high degree of homogeneity with social culture.
Second, the author describes and analyzes the current development of Chinese college student organizations. Since the mid-1990s, Chinese college student organizations have had a new change and this change is still continuing. Affected by the current management system in Chinese colleges, the ongoing changes of student organizations experience two relatively independent paths: one path is realized by the bottom-up changes of the traditional official student organizations, which is mainly inspired by students calling for new political orders in campus; the other path is realized by the innovative changes of spontaneous student organizations, which is mainly inspired by students’demand of exploring new knowledge independently in contemporary era of the knowledge-based economy. At present these two ways still lack an effective conformity mechanism, which causes it is difficult to mutually promote the political and the epistemology bases of the current Chinese college student organizations.
The third section of the dissertation is about the trend of the current Chinese college student organizations. Through case analysis, the dissertation proposes that the fundamental driving force of the changes of college student organizations is students’need for self-development in the information society with the expansion essence of“knowledge”. When contemporary college students learn and create new knowledge by taking part in various student organizations,“studying”has become a basic way of life. Today, undergraduates are promoting the formation of a“public domain”and a consultation mechanism of their own through dialogues between students in kinds of student organizations. As a result, a college student civil society is coming into being which is characterized with rationality, democracy, equality, openness and pluralistic. The core value of this college student society is post-collectivism which emphasizes both personal and collective development. Now, the current college student society lacks an effective integrated mechanism. The author believes that it is necessary to reform Student Union. Student Union should be reformed to be the integrating mechanism of the college student socity and to be the main way on behalf of students through which undergraduates participate the college affairs. With the formation of college student society, the unique culture of college students will be formed. The unique student culture will promote the college culture to be more open and plural.
In the end, the author gives some advice about how to promote the development of Chinese college student organizations. Reviewing the means of college student organizations changing, there are three models in the development of Chinese college student organizations: the plan model, the adaptive model and the innovative model. To successfully complete any model, there is a necessary precondition to be achieve, that is, full and effective participation of the student members. Therefore, college student organizations should be ways for undergraduates to develop independently and college management systems about student affairs should mainly take“adaptive”strategy.
引文
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