大型浅水富营养湖泊—巢湖的渔业生态学研究
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摘要
本文对长江下游大型浅水湖泊(巢湖)的水质现状、鱼类群落结构及渔业资源动态开展调查研究,首次对我国富营养湖泊中浮游动物食性鱼类的响应机制进行了探讨,为我国富营养湖泊的治理、渔业与湖泊环境之间的协调发展提供科学依据。主要结果如下:
巢湖水质处于富营养化-超富营养化阶段,西部湖区比中部湖区和东部湖区更为严重。与20 世纪80 年代相比,巢湖水体的富营养化现状没有得到改变,氮磷含量保持相对稳定。2002-2004 年期间,巢湖共发现鱼类54 种,隶属8 目、16 科,主要为鲤科鱼类,占64.8%,比已有调查资料报道的94 种减少了40 种。巢湖渔业资源主要是以小型鱼类为优势种类,在渔业捕捞产量中占有主导地位(80%以上)。随着捕捞强度的不断增加,鱼产量不断上升,单位捕捞努力量(CPUE)却不断下降。因此,巢湖渔业资源现状表明,巢湖鱼类的捕捞群体呈现低龄化和个体小型化。主要是20 世纪60 年代闸坝的建设、沉水植被缺乏、水体富营养化以及捕捞强度加大等原因导致的。
周年的初级生产力结果表明,巢湖具有较高的初级生产力,不同湖区的差别较大(0.18-9.86 g O2 / m~2.d),西湖区明显高于其它湖区,夏秋季较高,冬季最低,但是单位叶绿素a的生产量东湖区高于其它湖区。影响巢湖水体初级生产力的因素主要有水温、光照强度、营养盐含量以及叶绿素a含量。相关分析结果表明,水体毛生产量与Chl a、水温、电导率(Cond.)、pH以及水深(Depth)呈明显的正相关,而与硝酸盐氮(NO~(2-)-N)、正磷酸盐(PO4~(3-)-P)、溶解性总磷(TDP)显著负相关。根据不同饵料生物估算巢湖的鱼产潜力表明,巢湖目前的鱼产潜力为374.8 kg/hm~2,约2.6×10~4吨。而目前的渔业利用现状,主要依存于浮游动物的饵料资源,而对初浮游植物的饵料利用很低。
对667 尾湖鲚(Coilia ectenes)的摄食生态学研究结果表明,巢湖在幼鱼阶段主要摄食浮游动物,体长13cm 以上的个体出现食性转变,食物中开始出现大量的虾类幼体和鱼类幼鱼。食性的季节变化明显,周年均有摄食行为。不同季节的摄食节律行为不相同,春季摄食高峰出现在晚上,而夏季出现在白天,具有连续摄食行为的特征。湖鲚幼鱼对浮游动物种类的摄食主要选择大型浮游动物,如
Water quality, fish community structure and fisheries resources were investigated during 2002 to 2004 in the shallow eutrophic Lake Chaohu in the low reaches of the Yangtze River. It was the first study to discuss the response of zooplanktivorous fishes to eutrophication in lakes in China, which will provide basic theory for lake restoration, development between fisheries and lake environment. The main results are as follows:
Since the 1980s, Lake Chaohu was a hypereutrophic status with high total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations. Spatially, TN and TP concentrations were higher in the western than in the middle and eastern areas. During the survey from 2002 to 2004, 54 species of fishes belonging to 16 families were collected and identified, significantly lower than historic records of fish species in this lake. Cyprinidae comprised 64.8% of the total number of fish species. Small-sized fish species dominated the fisheries resources, comprising over 80% of the total fish yield. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) decreased in recent years due to over-exploitation with the increasing fishing boats. Diminution of the catched fish was obvious both in age-specific body length and in age structure, due to various reasons, e. g. the construction of dikes in the 1960s, and disappearance of submerged macrophytes, increased eutrophication and over-fishing.
The annual gross primary production (PP) ranged from 0.18 to 9.86 g O_2 / m~2.d, were higher in the western than in other regions. However, PP per unit Chl a was
higher in the eastern than in other regions of the lake. The correlation was positive between PP and water temperature, conductivity, pH and water depth, but significantly negative between PP and the NO2--N, PO43--P and TDP. The potential fish yield was estimated to be 2.6×104 tons in total or 374.8 kg/hm2. The fisheries resources were mostly dependent on zooplankton, whereas the high phytoplankton biomass was not exploited adequately. The feeding ecology of lake anchovy, Coilia ectenes, was studied by examining stomachs of 667 individuals and it was found this fish fed mainly on zooplankton during the young of year fish (YOY) with a total body length of less than 13 cm but shifted to shrimp larval and other larval fish. The seasonal and diel variations in the diet composition were great, and the lake anchovy was feeding throughout the year with different feeding rhythms between spring and summer. The prey item of lake anchovy were mainly large cladocerans, such as Daphnia, Diaphanosoma, Leptodora kindtii and Moina, and calanoids. The dominant zooplankton in the lake water were Bosmina and Ceriodaphnia, and Bosmina also comprised the main food items of the lake anchovy in summer. For larger lake anchovy which had a total body-length of more than 13 cm, with increased total body-length, consumption on shrimp and / or fish but selection on zooplankton decreased. Production of icefish (Neosalanx taihuensis), an important commercial fish, showed a decrease trend since the 1980s probably due to eutrophication and overfishing. The diet of N. taihuensis was also composed of large cladocerans and copepods, as well as the YOY of lake anchovy. They fed on zooplankton in the whole life, which was affected by both size and sex. N. taihuensis had obvious feeding rhythm in both spring and summer and only fed in the daytime but stopped feeding in the night, acting as a visual feeder and a particulate feeder. Like N. taihuensis, Hemirhamphus intermedius lived in the upper layer of the water column and fed on zooplankton and aquatic insects. Diel and seasonal feeding studies showed that H. intermedius had a feeding peak in the daytime with a higher food intake in summer than in other seasons. Using the Eggers, Eillott-Persson and MAXIMS models to estimate the daily
ration of the above three small fishes, it was found that there was no significant difference between Egger and Eillott-Persson models to estimate on daily ration of the lake anchovy, while the MAXIMS model were suitable for estimating daily rations of N. taihuensis and H. intermedius. The daily rations of YOY of the lake anchovy were estimated to be 37.88 and 137.68 g wet weight /100 g wet body weight in spring and summer, respectively, and those of N. taihuensis 3.49 and 3.25 g w w /100 g b w in spring and summer, respectively, and those of H. intermedius 3.35 g w w /100 g b w for zooplankton and 9.78 g w w /100 g b w for aquatic insects, respectively. It is suggested that predation by these fishes had profound impacts on the structure of the zooplankton communities in Lake Chaohu.
巢湖水质处于富营养化-超富营养化阶段,西部湖区比中部湖区和东部湖区更为严重。与20 世纪80 年代相比,巢湖水体的富营养化现状没有得到改变,氮磷含量保持相对稳定。2002-2004 年期间,巢湖共发现鱼类54 种,隶属8 目、16 科,主要为鲤科鱼类,占64.8%,比已有调查资料报道的94 种减少了40 种。巢湖渔业资源主要是以小型鱼类为优势种类,在渔业捕捞产量中占有主导地位(80%以上)。随着捕捞强度的不断增加,鱼产量不断上升,单位捕捞努力量(CPUE)却不断下降。因此,巢湖渔业资源现状表明,巢湖鱼类的捕捞群体呈现低龄化和个体小型化。主要是20 世纪60 年代闸坝的建设、沉水植被缺乏、水体富营养化以及捕捞强度加大等原因导致的。
周年的初级生产力结果表明,巢湖具有较高的初级生产力,不同湖区的差别较大(0.18-9.86 g O2 / m~2.d),西湖区明显高于其它湖区,夏秋季较高,冬季最低,但是单位叶绿素a的生产量东湖区高于其它湖区。影响巢湖水体初级生产力的因素主要有水温、光照强度、营养盐含量以及叶绿素a含量。相关分析结果表明,水体毛生产量与Chl a、水温、电导率(Cond.)、pH以及水深(Depth)呈明显的正相关,而与硝酸盐氮(NO~(2-)-N)、正磷酸盐(PO4~(3-)-P)、溶解性总磷(TDP)显著负相关。根据不同饵料生物估算巢湖的鱼产潜力表明,巢湖目前的鱼产潜力为374.8 kg/hm~2,约2.6×10~4吨。而目前的渔业利用现状,主要依存于浮游动物的饵料资源,而对初浮游植物的饵料利用很低。
对667 尾湖鲚(Coilia ectenes)的摄食生态学研究结果表明,巢湖在幼鱼阶段主要摄食浮游动物,体长13cm 以上的个体出现食性转变,食物中开始出现大量的虾类幼体和鱼类幼鱼。食性的季节变化明显,周年均有摄食行为。不同季节的摄食节律行为不相同,春季摄食高峰出现在晚上,而夏季出现在白天,具有连续摄食行为的特征。湖鲚幼鱼对浮游动物种类的摄食主要选择大型浮游动物,如
Water quality, fish community structure and fisheries resources were investigated during 2002 to 2004 in the shallow eutrophic Lake Chaohu in the low reaches of the Yangtze River. It was the first study to discuss the response of zooplanktivorous fishes to eutrophication in lakes in China, which will provide basic theory for lake restoration, development between fisheries and lake environment. The main results are as follows:
Since the 1980s, Lake Chaohu was a hypereutrophic status with high total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations. Spatially, TN and TP concentrations were higher in the western than in the middle and eastern areas. During the survey from 2002 to 2004, 54 species of fishes belonging to 16 families were collected and identified, significantly lower than historic records of fish species in this lake. Cyprinidae comprised 64.8% of the total number of fish species. Small-sized fish species dominated the fisheries resources, comprising over 80% of the total fish yield. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) decreased in recent years due to over-exploitation with the increasing fishing boats. Diminution of the catched fish was obvious both in age-specific body length and in age structure, due to various reasons, e. g. the construction of dikes in the 1960s, and disappearance of submerged macrophytes, increased eutrophication and over-fishing.
The annual gross primary production (PP) ranged from 0.18 to 9.86 g O_2 / m~2.d, were higher in the western than in other regions. However, PP per unit Chl a was
higher in the eastern than in other regions of the lake. The correlation was positive between PP and water temperature, conductivity, pH and water depth, but significantly negative between PP and the NO2--N, PO43--P and TDP. The potential fish yield was estimated to be 2.6×104 tons in total or 374.8 kg/hm2. The fisheries resources were mostly dependent on zooplankton, whereas the high phytoplankton biomass was not exploited adequately. The feeding ecology of lake anchovy, Coilia ectenes, was studied by examining stomachs of 667 individuals and it was found this fish fed mainly on zooplankton during the young of year fish (YOY) with a total body length of less than 13 cm but shifted to shrimp larval and other larval fish. The seasonal and diel variations in the diet composition were great, and the lake anchovy was feeding throughout the year with different feeding rhythms between spring and summer. The prey item of lake anchovy were mainly large cladocerans, such as Daphnia, Diaphanosoma, Leptodora kindtii and Moina, and calanoids. The dominant zooplankton in the lake water were Bosmina and Ceriodaphnia, and Bosmina also comprised the main food items of the lake anchovy in summer. For larger lake anchovy which had a total body-length of more than 13 cm, with increased total body-length, consumption on shrimp and / or fish but selection on zooplankton decreased. Production of icefish (Neosalanx taihuensis), an important commercial fish, showed a decrease trend since the 1980s probably due to eutrophication and overfishing. The diet of N. taihuensis was also composed of large cladocerans and copepods, as well as the YOY of lake anchovy. They fed on zooplankton in the whole life, which was affected by both size and sex. N. taihuensis had obvious feeding rhythm in both spring and summer and only fed in the daytime but stopped feeding in the night, acting as a visual feeder and a particulate feeder. Like N. taihuensis, Hemirhamphus intermedius lived in the upper layer of the water column and fed on zooplankton and aquatic insects. Diel and seasonal feeding studies showed that H. intermedius had a feeding peak in the daytime with a higher food intake in summer than in other seasons. Using the Eggers, Eillott-Persson and MAXIMS models to estimate the daily
ration of the above three small fishes, it was found that there was no significant difference between Egger and Eillott-Persson models to estimate on daily ration of the lake anchovy, while the MAXIMS model were suitable for estimating daily rations of N. taihuensis and H. intermedius. The daily rations of YOY of the lake anchovy were estimated to be 37.88 and 137.68 g wet weight /100 g wet body weight in spring and summer, respectively, and those of N. taihuensis 3.49 and 3.25 g w w /100 g b w in spring and summer, respectively, and those of H. intermedius 3.35 g w w /100 g b w for zooplankton and 9.78 g w w /100 g b w for aquatic insects, respectively. It is suggested that predation by these fishes had profound impacts on the structure of the zooplankton communities in Lake Chaohu.
引文
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