大兴安岭南部森林和草甸过渡地区的林火模拟研究
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摘要
同月份针叶林区域的蔓延速度在1.8~13.7m/min之间、火强度在900~12200KW/m之间、火焰长度在1.7~8.5m之间。
在五级森林火险等级的条件下，只有10月模拟燃烧时间内均为地表火，其余月份模拟当日就已经有树冠火发生。
在四级森林火险等级的条件下，阔叶林不同月份之间参数差异不显著。草甸区域的火行为参数排序为：9月＞10月＞4月＞5月＞6月，4、5、6三个月份的火行为参数较为接近。针叶林区域火行为参数排序为：4月＞5月＞6月＞10月＞9月。
在五级森林火险等级的条件下，阔叶区域不同月份之间火行为参数的差异较小。草甸区域的蔓延速度排序为4月＞9月＞5月＞10月，火强度和火焰长度排序均为4月＞5月＞9月＞10月。针叶林区域的蔓延速度排序为4月＞5月＞9月＞6月＞10月，火强度和火焰长度排序均为5月＞4月＞6月＞9月＞10月。
在模拟条件下，6月雷击火24h内的蔓延速度在0.4~3.4m/min之间、火强度在160~1500KW/m之间、火焰长度在0.7~2.3m之间。5月雷击火24h内的蔓延速度在0.3~0.6m/min之间、火强度在200~500KW/m之间、火焰长度在0.8~1.3m之间。不同月份火场每小时的最大蔓延速度、最大火强度和最大火焰长度排序均为：6月>5月>7月>8月。6、5月份雷击火的火行为参数偏高，火情不容易控制。
Fire is one of the primary agents in forest ecosystems. Historically, wildfire played asignificant role in creating and maintaining landscape structure, biodiversity, and forest health.It is very dangerous to deal with forest fire. In fire behavior research, it is necessary to acquirearea, perimeter, rate of spread, fire intensity, flame length and total fuel consumption. But theprocesses of research are slowly because of complexity in fire behavior research and difficultyin experiment. Forest fire simulation is one of the methods in fire behavior research. Also it ishelpful when fight forest fire and reduce forest fire losses. Prometheus is a national interagencyfire management decision support tool developed by the Canadian Wildland Fire GrowthModel (CWFGM) Project Team. It used to simulate fire spread across landscapes withheterogeneous fuels and topography based on daily or hourly weather data.
In this paper, we divided daily forest fire danger into different rating by FWI which baseon the hourly weather data of Da Hinggan Ling southern region from April10to October21in2013. We use Prometheus as a tool for forest fire simulation to simulate the forest firespreading in forest meadow areas in Da Hinggan Ling southern region. The vegetation inresearch area has been defined to5vegetation types such as the meadow, broad-leaf forest,broad-leaf forest meadow, coniferous forest and coniferous forest meadow. We also choosedthe date with low precipitation to simulate the spread of lightning fire in research area betweenMay and August. In which the vegetation in research area has been defined to4vegetationtypes such as the broad-leaf forest, broad-leaf forest meadow, coniferous forest and coniferousforest meadow. We compared the fire behavior indexes of simulation results. The researchencompassed several major topics as follows:
Under the condition of forest fire danger level4, the spread rate, fire intensity and flamelength of meadow area in different month is0.5~1.0m/min,200~600kw/m,0.5~1.5m. The firebehavior parameters of broad-leaved forest is0.5~1.0m/min,200~300kw/m,0.5~1.0m. The fire behavior parameters of coniferous forest is1.0~3.0m/min,500~2000kw/m,1.0~3.5m.
Under the condition of forest fire danger level5, the spread rate, fire intensity and flamelength of meadow area in different month is1.5~7.5m/min,350~5000kw/m,1.0~4.0m. Thefire behavior parameters of broad-leaved forest is0.5~3.0m/min,180~1000kw/m,0.7~1.8m.The fire behavior parameters of coniferous forest is1.8~13.7m/min,900~122000kw/m,1.7~8.5m.
Under the condition of forest fire danger level5, the crown fire would occur under level5daily forest fire danger rating condition during the fire season except the October.
Under the condition of forest fire danger level4The differencein of fire behavior indexesof broad-leaved forest between months was small. In meadow area, the month sorting of firebehavior indexes was: September, October. April, May and June. In coniferous forest, themonth sorting of fire behavior indexes was: April, May, June, October and September.
Under the condition of forest fire danger level5The differencein of fire behavior indexesof broad-leaved forest between months was small. In meadow area, the month sorting of spreadrate was: April, September, May, and October. And the month sorting of spread rate was: April,May, September and October. In coniferous forest, the month sorting of spread rate was: April,May, September, July and October. And the month sorting of spread rate was: May, April, July,September and October.
Under the condition of simulation, the lightning fire spread rate, fire intensity and flamelength of June is0.4~3.4m/min,160~1500kw/m,1.0~4.0m. And the lightning fire spreadrate, fire intensity and flame length of May is0.3~0.6m/min,200~500kw/m,0.8~1.3m. Themonth sorting all of the spread rate, fire intensity and flame length was: June, May, July,August. The fire behaviorparameters of June and May is high. The fire is hard to put out.
在五级森林火险等级的条件下，只有10月模拟燃烧时间内均为地表火，其余月份模拟当日就已经有树冠火发生。
在四级森林火险等级的条件下，阔叶林不同月份之间参数差异不显著。草甸区域的火行为参数排序为：9月＞10月＞4月＞5月＞6月，4、5、6三个月份的火行为参数较为接近。针叶林区域火行为参数排序为：4月＞5月＞6月＞10月＞9月。
在五级森林火险等级的条件下，阔叶区域不同月份之间火行为参数的差异较小。草甸区域的蔓延速度排序为4月＞9月＞5月＞10月，火强度和火焰长度排序均为4月＞5月＞9月＞10月。针叶林区域的蔓延速度排序为4月＞5月＞9月＞6月＞10月，火强度和火焰长度排序均为5月＞4月＞6月＞9月＞10月。
在模拟条件下，6月雷击火24h内的蔓延速度在0.4~3.4m/min之间、火强度在160~1500KW/m之间、火焰长度在0.7~2.3m之间。5月雷击火24h内的蔓延速度在0.3~0.6m/min之间、火强度在200~500KW/m之间、火焰长度在0.8~1.3m之间。不同月份火场每小时的最大蔓延速度、最大火强度和最大火焰长度排序均为：6月>5月>7月>8月。6、5月份雷击火的火行为参数偏高，火情不容易控制。
Fire is one of the primary agents in forest ecosystems. Historically, wildfire played asignificant role in creating and maintaining landscape structure, biodiversity, and forest health.It is very dangerous to deal with forest fire. In fire behavior research, it is necessary to acquirearea, perimeter, rate of spread, fire intensity, flame length and total fuel consumption. But theprocesses of research are slowly because of complexity in fire behavior research and difficultyin experiment. Forest fire simulation is one of the methods in fire behavior research. Also it ishelpful when fight forest fire and reduce forest fire losses. Prometheus is a national interagencyfire management decision support tool developed by the Canadian Wildland Fire GrowthModel (CWFGM) Project Team. It used to simulate fire spread across landscapes withheterogeneous fuels and topography based on daily or hourly weather data.
In this paper, we divided daily forest fire danger into different rating by FWI which baseon the hourly weather data of Da Hinggan Ling southern region from April10to October21in2013. We use Prometheus as a tool for forest fire simulation to simulate the forest firespreading in forest meadow areas in Da Hinggan Ling southern region. The vegetation inresearch area has been defined to5vegetation types such as the meadow, broad-leaf forest,broad-leaf forest meadow, coniferous forest and coniferous forest meadow. We also choosedthe date with low precipitation to simulate the spread of lightning fire in research area betweenMay and August. In which the vegetation in research area has been defined to4vegetationtypes such as the broad-leaf forest, broad-leaf forest meadow, coniferous forest and coniferousforest meadow. We compared the fire behavior indexes of simulation results. The researchencompassed several major topics as follows:
Under the condition of forest fire danger level4, the spread rate, fire intensity and flamelength of meadow area in different month is0.5~1.0m/min,200~600kw/m,0.5~1.5m. The firebehavior parameters of broad-leaved forest is0.5~1.0m/min,200~300kw/m,0.5~1.0m. The fire behavior parameters of coniferous forest is1.0~3.0m/min,500~2000kw/m,1.0~3.5m.
Under the condition of forest fire danger level5, the spread rate, fire intensity and flamelength of meadow area in different month is1.5~7.5m/min,350~5000kw/m,1.0~4.0m. Thefire behavior parameters of broad-leaved forest is0.5~3.0m/min,180~1000kw/m,0.7~1.8m.The fire behavior parameters of coniferous forest is1.8~13.7m/min,900~122000kw/m,1.7~8.5m.
Under the condition of forest fire danger level5, the crown fire would occur under level5daily forest fire danger rating condition during the fire season except the October.
Under the condition of forest fire danger level4The differencein of fire behavior indexesof broad-leaved forest between months was small. In meadow area, the month sorting of firebehavior indexes was: September, October. April, May and June. In coniferous forest, themonth sorting of fire behavior indexes was: April, May, June, October and September.
Under the condition of forest fire danger level5The differencein of fire behavior indexesof broad-leaved forest between months was small. In meadow area, the month sorting of spreadrate was: April, September, May, and October. And the month sorting of spread rate was: April,May, September and October. In coniferous forest, the month sorting of spread rate was: April,May, September, July and October. And the month sorting of spread rate was: May, April, July,September and October.
Under the condition of simulation, the lightning fire spread rate, fire intensity and flamelength of June is0.4~3.4m/min,160~1500kw/m,1.0~4.0m. And the lightning fire spreadrate, fire intensity and flame length of May is0.3~0.6m/min,200~500kw/m,0.8~1.3m. Themonth sorting all of the spread rate, fire intensity and flame length was: June, May, July,August. The fire behaviorparameters of June and May is high. The fire is hard to put out.
引文
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