内河AIS通讯链路可靠性分析与技术研究
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摘要
船舶自动识别系统(automatic identification system, AIS)是工作于海事频道的数字通信系统,是当前重要的海事管理工具。由于内河复杂的地形、拥挤的带状航道,AIS系统的性能较之海面有较大下降,主要体现在以下方面：
1)有效距离缩短。AIS是典型的VH无线电系统,以视距方式传播,在内河中,沿岸山地、城区高楼等,都会对AIS信号造成很大的衰减,从而缩短其有效距离,造成数据包遗失。
2)AIS信道容量不足。AIS设计容量较少,不能满足内河拥挤的通信需求,无法达到管理者的预期。
3)AIS设备故障造成错误信息。AIS设备受限于不同厂商的工艺、技术水平,在内河应用中存在定位设备性能不佳的问题,报告大量错误位置。
以上问题制约了AIS设备充分发挥其在海事管理上的应用,不仅降低了其实用效果,而且迫使在海事监管中,需要耗费人力去判别AIS信息的准确性。
为解决上述问题,主要研究工作如下。
1)对于AIS此类复杂调制解调无线系统,其性能定量研究一直缺乏可靠的软件工具与理论模型。利用半实物仿真方法,将AIS调制解调过程作为仿真参量引入环境中,建立起与现实环境高度拟合的研究平台；
2)在半实物仿真环境之外,同时在长江武汉航道建立起了内河AIS传输实验平台,设计了配套的实验终端；
3)利用半实物仿真平台开展AIS调制解调过程的微观特征研究,提出了场强-误包率对应模型、干扰信号评估方法、复杂航道下的短消息生存能力模型以及AIS基带信号的快速调制方法,为进一步研究AIS的通信特性奠定了基础；
4)系统地研究了AIS信号在内河的信号分布与衰减规律,分别利用中值场强模型与射线追踪模型对特定航道的信号分布作出了分析与评估,提出了改进型的射线追踪模型,用以支持在复杂地形与天气下的AIS场强预估,并在实地环境中予以了验证；
5)运用改进型证据相似系数方法,融合船舶运动证据与航道分布证据,提出了剔除异常AIS设备数据的整套算法；同时根据AIS信道的容量与基站的位置信息,提出了动态调整AIS船台发射功率的方法。
上述研究实现了内河AIS应用中的研究方法设计、场强计算、误包率预估、异常数据剔除、船台功率自适应算法、AIS基带信号快速调制算法等关键内容,对内河AIS的可靠性进行了分析,为AIS系统应用提供理论与技术支持。
The Automatic Identification System, or in short AIS, is a digital wireless communication system, which is an essential part of modern maritime administration system. However, the complex dimensions of inland river channels make the propagations of AIS in inland rivers is quite different with that in the open sea.
1) The effective range would decrease a lot. The AIS is typical VHF (Very High Frequency) sight propagation wireless equipment, the mountains and build-up areas would attenuate the signal distinctly.
2) The capacity of AIS data link is not enough. The AIS system was for the application in the open sea for the first time, which would face limitation in the inland rivers. There would be full of vessels in the inland rivers and ports, which mean the channels, are not capable to maintain all the terminals.
3) The design of the AIS equipments is not reliable. There is no highly intergrated IC manufacture for the AIS. Therefore, the reliability of the AIS equipments is totally related to the local manufactures. In the inland rivers, it is very common that, a large sum of B type AIS terminals reporting fault position information, which reduce the reliability of the whole AIS system. To fix the problem, the administrators have to pay lots of attention to distinguish the errors manually.
To solve the problems above, the dissertation is going to do the researches below.
1) Due to the complexity, there is no integrated software or hardware platform to study the reliability of AIS. The research proposes the hardware-in-loop simulation to solve the problem, which introduce the AIS equipment into the simulation environment, making the simulation process in good accordance with the filed running.
2) Besides the simulations, the research builds up a field-testing platform in the Wuhan Channel, Changjiang Rivers to test the models mentioned in the research.
3) With the help of the hardware-in-loop simulations, the research finds out several important micro characteristics of AIS data link, the correlation between AIS PER and the field strength, the interference description, the short messages capacity, and the AIS base band fast modulation.
4) The research studies the AIS signal spreading and attenuation in certain channel in in-land Rivers, with the field strength median estimation model and ray-tracking model, and proposes the revising ray tracking method to fulfill the requirement in the different weather and dimensions, and test it in the field-testing.
5) With the help of DS theory and Improved Evidence Theory Similar method, it is possible to combine the channels and motion evidences to distinguish the error AIS information. Meanwhile, by adopting the wise transmitting power, the AIS terminals would make the communication with basestations more reliable, and reduce the occupation of AIS data link.
In summary, all the researches above are going to develop the micro characteristics of AIS data link, propose a new way to estimate the AIS signal field strength which is suitable in inland rivers, a new method to distinguish the fault AIS messages, an improvement for the AIS terminals to protect the AIS data link resources. By all the researches, it is able to study the AIS reliability in inland rivers, and support the other optimizations.
1)有效距离缩短。AIS是典型的VH无线电系统,以视距方式传播,在内河中,沿岸山地、城区高楼等,都会对AIS信号造成很大的衰减,从而缩短其有效距离,造成数据包遗失。
2)AIS信道容量不足。AIS设计容量较少,不能满足内河拥挤的通信需求,无法达到管理者的预期。
3)AIS设备故障造成错误信息。AIS设备受限于不同厂商的工艺、技术水平,在内河应用中存在定位设备性能不佳的问题,报告大量错误位置。
以上问题制约了AIS设备充分发挥其在海事管理上的应用,不仅降低了其实用效果,而且迫使在海事监管中,需要耗费人力去判别AIS信息的准确性。
为解决上述问题,主要研究工作如下。
1)对于AIS此类复杂调制解调无线系统,其性能定量研究一直缺乏可靠的软件工具与理论模型。利用半实物仿真方法,将AIS调制解调过程作为仿真参量引入环境中,建立起与现实环境高度拟合的研究平台；
2)在半实物仿真环境之外,同时在长江武汉航道建立起了内河AIS传输实验平台,设计了配套的实验终端；
3)利用半实物仿真平台开展AIS调制解调过程的微观特征研究,提出了场强-误包率对应模型、干扰信号评估方法、复杂航道下的短消息生存能力模型以及AIS基带信号的快速调制方法,为进一步研究AIS的通信特性奠定了基础；
4)系统地研究了AIS信号在内河的信号分布与衰减规律,分别利用中值场强模型与射线追踪模型对特定航道的信号分布作出了分析与评估,提出了改进型的射线追踪模型,用以支持在复杂地形与天气下的AIS场强预估,并在实地环境中予以了验证；
5)运用改进型证据相似系数方法,融合船舶运动证据与航道分布证据,提出了剔除异常AIS设备数据的整套算法；同时根据AIS信道的容量与基站的位置信息,提出了动态调整AIS船台发射功率的方法。
上述研究实现了内河AIS应用中的研究方法设计、场强计算、误包率预估、异常数据剔除、船台功率自适应算法、AIS基带信号快速调制算法等关键内容,对内河AIS的可靠性进行了分析,为AIS系统应用提供理论与技术支持。
The Automatic Identification System, or in short AIS, is a digital wireless communication system, which is an essential part of modern maritime administration system. However, the complex dimensions of inland river channels make the propagations of AIS in inland rivers is quite different with that in the open sea.
1) The effective range would decrease a lot. The AIS is typical VHF (Very High Frequency) sight propagation wireless equipment, the mountains and build-up areas would attenuate the signal distinctly.
2) The capacity of AIS data link is not enough. The AIS system was for the application in the open sea for the first time, which would face limitation in the inland rivers. There would be full of vessels in the inland rivers and ports, which mean the channels, are not capable to maintain all the terminals.
3) The design of the AIS equipments is not reliable. There is no highly intergrated IC manufacture for the AIS. Therefore, the reliability of the AIS equipments is totally related to the local manufactures. In the inland rivers, it is very common that, a large sum of B type AIS terminals reporting fault position information, which reduce the reliability of the whole AIS system. To fix the problem, the administrators have to pay lots of attention to distinguish the errors manually.
To solve the problems above, the dissertation is going to do the researches below.
1) Due to the complexity, there is no integrated software or hardware platform to study the reliability of AIS. The research proposes the hardware-in-loop simulation to solve the problem, which introduce the AIS equipment into the simulation environment, making the simulation process in good accordance with the filed running.
2) Besides the simulations, the research builds up a field-testing platform in the Wuhan Channel, Changjiang Rivers to test the models mentioned in the research.
3) With the help of the hardware-in-loop simulations, the research finds out several important micro characteristics of AIS data link, the correlation between AIS PER and the field strength, the interference description, the short messages capacity, and the AIS base band fast modulation.
4) The research studies the AIS signal spreading and attenuation in certain channel in in-land Rivers, with the field strength median estimation model and ray-tracking model, and proposes the revising ray tracking method to fulfill the requirement in the different weather and dimensions, and test it in the field-testing.
5) With the help of DS theory and Improved Evidence Theory Similar method, it is possible to combine the channels and motion evidences to distinguish the error AIS information. Meanwhile, by adopting the wise transmitting power, the AIS terminals would make the communication with basestations more reliable, and reduce the occupation of AIS data link.
In summary, all the researches above are going to develop the micro characteristics of AIS data link, propose a new way to estimate the AIS signal field strength which is suitable in inland rivers, a new method to distinguish the fault AIS messages, an improvement for the AIS terminals to protect the AIS data link resources. By all the researches, it is able to study the AIS reliability in inland rivers, and support the other optimizations.
引文
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