苯噻草胺在液相中的光化学降解研究
摘要
本文以高压汞灯、氙灯和太阳光为光源，研究了苯噻草胺在有机溶剂和水中的光化学降解，分别考察了不同有机溶剂、不同水质、pH缓冲溶液、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐、卤素离子、溶解丙酮、表面活性剂、几种除草剂以及溶解氧对苯噻草胺光化学降解的影响，并利用HPLC-MS对苯噻草胺在甲醇中的光解产物进行检测，推测了苯噻草胺在甲醇中的两种可能反应途径。结果表明，苯噻草胺在水中的光化学降解以直接光降解为主，除光敏剂丙酮外，其它的添加物质大都对其光解产生抑制作用。主要研究结果如下：
1. 苯噻草胺在不同光源、不同水质中的光解结果表明，在太阳光下，五种水质中苯噻草胺很难降解，照光30h无变化。而在高压汞灯和氙灯下，五种水质中光化学降解速率顺序相同，都是稻田水＜长江水＜巢湖水＜董埔水库水＜重蒸水，同时在氙灯下的光解半衰期由高压汞灯下的12.31～18.53min延长到10.13～16.94h，表明不同光源、不同水质对苯噻草胺光解产生重要影响。
2. 选用甲醇、乙腈和异丙醇作为溶剂，研究了苯噻草胺在三种有机溶剂中的光化学降解。高压汞灯下，苯噻草胺在甲醇和乙腈中的光解半衰期由在重蒸水中的5.73min缩短为5.34和5.03min，而在异丙醇中的光解半衰期则延长为30.26min。在三种有机溶剂中的光解都较好地符合一级动力学方程，紫外-可见吸收光谱表明，苯噻草胺在三种有机溶剂中吸收光谱的变化导致了其光解结果的差异。
3. 苯噻草胺在酸性和中性范围内的缓冲溶液中较为稳定，室温下储存96h基本无变化，但在强碱性溶液中容易发生水解，室温条件下96h水解达52%。高压汞灯下，苯噻草胺在选用的六种不同pH缓冲溶液中光解结果表明，苯噻草胺在中性条件下较为稳定，而在强酸、强碱性溶液中光解较快。在pH=1.98和11.92时，光解半衰期分别为6.04和6.51min，均小于重蒸水中的半衰期6.75min，而在其余的缓冲溶液中光解速率都较重蒸水中的光解慢，并且随pH值的增大，光解速率减小。
4. NO3-离子在低浓度和中等浓度下对苯噻草胺的光解影响不大，而当相对浓度较大时（10:1），则对苯噻草胺产生明显的光猝灭效应，光解半衰期由重蒸水
中的5.56min延长到7.16min。NO2-离子在三种添加浓度下对苯噻草胺的光解总体上都显示出猝灭效应，但相互间区别不大，光解半衰期也比较接近。
5. 卤素离子对苯噻草胺在高压汞灯下水溶液中的光解产生重原子猝灭效应，但氯离子的作用不明显，溴离子在低浓度时作用不明显，而在中等浓度以上时的重原子效应与浓度无关。碘离子只有在高浓度时表现出强烈的猝灭效应，而在中等浓度以下则表现出与浓度无关。
6. 光敏剂丙酮对苯噻草胺在高压汞灯下水溶液中光解的敏化作用与其浓度有关。当丙酮的添加浓度为10μL～1mL / L 时，只表现出较为微弱的敏化作用，而当添加浓度达到10mL / L时，敏化作用强烈，照光25min，敏化效率达到119.0%。
7. 表面活性剂农乳404在低浓度和中等浓度时对苯噻草胺的光解产生一定程度的敏化作用，在高浓度下则表现为抑制作用，另三种表面活性剂在三种添加浓度下都表现为光猝灭效应。高浓度时的光解半衰期大小顺序为农乳603＞农乳500＞农乳601＞农乳404。
8. 四种除草剂对苯噻草胺的光解研究显示，只有苄嘧磺隆在低浓度时对苯噻草胺的光解产生敏化作用，其余条件下均为光猝灭，而且这种猝灭作用在高浓度时尤其明显。照光25min时，绿磺隆、杀草丹、苄嘧磺隆、甲草胺的光猝灭率分别为131.8%、90.9%、59.1%、50%。
9. 溶解氧对苯噻草胺的光解起猝灭作用，充氮气10min与不充氮气相比较光解半衰期由不充氮气的7.14min缩短为6.70min。充氮气驱赶溶解氧，光解速率加快，说明苯噻草胺在水溶液中的光解是一个非光氧化的过程。
10. 利用HPLC-MS检测到了苯噻草胺在甲醇中高压汞灯下的三种光解产物，并推测了其中两种的结构，从而推测了苯噻草胺在甲醇中的两种可能光解途径。
With high pressure mercury lamp(HPML) , xenon lamp and sunlight as light sources, the photodegradation of mefenacet in five different water samples, three different organic solvents were investigated. Under HPML, six different pH value buffers, NO3-, NO2-, X-, acetone, four surfactants and four herbicides were added to the solution of mefenacet respectively to observe the effect on the photodegradation. The results indicated that the photolysis of mefenacet in water is mainly direct photodegradation, and it was delayed by most of the substances added to the solution except acetone, which is a normally photo-sensitizer. The main results were summarized as following:
1. The results showed that mefenacet was very stable in water under sunlight, after 30h irradiated, there was almost no decrease of the mefenacet. But with the HPML and xenon light sources, the photolysis rates of mefenacet ranged samely as: redistilled water > river water(Dongpu reservoir) > lake water(Chaohu Lake) > river water(Changjiang river) > paddy water. The half-lives of mefenacet extended to 10.13～16.94h under irradiation of xenon lamp from 12.31～18.53min under HPML.
2. Under HPML, the photolysis half-lives of mefenacet were 5.34min , 5.03min and 5.73min in methanol , acetonitrile or redistilled water respectively. But in isopropyl alcohol, the half-life was 30.26min. The difference of UV-Vis spectra of mefenacet in these three solvents and water maybe resulted in the difference of photolysis results.
3. Mefenacet was stable in buffer solution ranged from acidic to alkalescence, and under these conditions, no obvious change had been observed within 96h at room temperature. But in strong basic solution, mefenacet hydrolyzed rapidly to 48% within 96h. Under HPML, mefenacet was stabler in near neutral buffer. In pH=1.98 and 11.92 buffers, it photodegraded faster than in pure water, and the half-lives in these three cases were 6.06min, 6.51min and 6.75min. The photolysis rates decreased slower and slower with the increase of pH value.
4. Nitrate(NO3-) had almost no effect on the photolysis of mefenacet in low and middle proportions, but when in high(10:1), there will be a great inhibition on photolysis of mefenacet, the half-live extended to 7.16min from 5.56min in redistilled water. The role of nitrite(NO2-) was different from nitrate. The photodegradation of mefenacet were delayed and the half-lives were just 6.25min, 6.13min and 6.98min from low concentration to high.
5. Under HPML , in redistilled water, halogen ions inhibited the photolysis of mefenacet by “weight atom effect.” The effect of Cl- was not significantly. Also when in low proportion, Br- only had a little effect on the photolysis, which half-life was 5.47min, a little more than 5.06min in pure water. In middle(1:1) and high(10:1) proportions of Br- to mefenacet, photolytic half-lives were 6.07min and 6.08min
which were almost equal. In the case of I-, when in low and middle proportions, the half-lives were similar, that is 5.41min and 5.40min respectively. However, in high proportion I- prevented the photolysis of mefenacet significantly, and the half-life reached to 7.14min.
6. The sensitive effect of acetone was relevant to the concentration added to the solution. When the added concentration of acetone ranged from 10μL / L to 1mL / L, there only was a very slight sensitive effect, and when the concentration increased to 10Ml / L, the sensitive effect was great changed. After irradiated 25min, the half-life was 5.55min, the sensitive efficiency was 119.0%.
7. Surfactants had different effects on the photodegradation of mefenacet. In low and middle proportions, Nongru 404 showed a little photosenitive effects. In high proportion, all four surfactants had photoquenching effect, and the turn of half-lives was Nongru 603 > Nongru 500 > Nongru 601 > Nongru 404.
8. The results of the effects of four herbicides on the photochemical degradation of mefenacet indicated that except bensulfuron in low proportion accelerated the photolysis, the higher the proportions were
1. 苯噻草胺在不同光源、不同水质中的光解结果表明，在太阳光下，五种水质中苯噻草胺很难降解，照光30h无变化。而在高压汞灯和氙灯下，五种水质中光化学降解速率顺序相同，都是稻田水＜长江水＜巢湖水＜董埔水库水＜重蒸水，同时在氙灯下的光解半衰期由高压汞灯下的12.31～18.53min延长到10.13～16.94h，表明不同光源、不同水质对苯噻草胺光解产生重要影响。
2. 选用甲醇、乙腈和异丙醇作为溶剂，研究了苯噻草胺在三种有机溶剂中的光化学降解。高压汞灯下，苯噻草胺在甲醇和乙腈中的光解半衰期由在重蒸水中的5.73min缩短为5.34和5.03min，而在异丙醇中的光解半衰期则延长为30.26min。在三种有机溶剂中的光解都较好地符合一级动力学方程，紫外-可见吸收光谱表明，苯噻草胺在三种有机溶剂中吸收光谱的变化导致了其光解结果的差异。
3. 苯噻草胺在酸性和中性范围内的缓冲溶液中较为稳定，室温下储存96h基本无变化，但在强碱性溶液中容易发生水解，室温条件下96h水解达52%。高压汞灯下，苯噻草胺在选用的六种不同pH缓冲溶液中光解结果表明，苯噻草胺在中性条件下较为稳定，而在强酸、强碱性溶液中光解较快。在pH=1.98和11.92时，光解半衰期分别为6.04和6.51min，均小于重蒸水中的半衰期6.75min，而在其余的缓冲溶液中光解速率都较重蒸水中的光解慢，并且随pH值的增大，光解速率减小。
4. NO3-离子在低浓度和中等浓度下对苯噻草胺的光解影响不大，而当相对浓度较大时（10:1），则对苯噻草胺产生明显的光猝灭效应，光解半衰期由重蒸水
中的5.56min延长到7.16min。NO2-离子在三种添加浓度下对苯噻草胺的光解总体上都显示出猝灭效应，但相互间区别不大，光解半衰期也比较接近。
5. 卤素离子对苯噻草胺在高压汞灯下水溶液中的光解产生重原子猝灭效应，但氯离子的作用不明显，溴离子在低浓度时作用不明显，而在中等浓度以上时的重原子效应与浓度无关。碘离子只有在高浓度时表现出强烈的猝灭效应，而在中等浓度以下则表现出与浓度无关。
6. 光敏剂丙酮对苯噻草胺在高压汞灯下水溶液中光解的敏化作用与其浓度有关。当丙酮的添加浓度为10μL～1mL / L 时，只表现出较为微弱的敏化作用，而当添加浓度达到10mL / L时，敏化作用强烈，照光25min，敏化效率达到119.0%。
7. 表面活性剂农乳404在低浓度和中等浓度时对苯噻草胺的光解产生一定程度的敏化作用，在高浓度下则表现为抑制作用，另三种表面活性剂在三种添加浓度下都表现为光猝灭效应。高浓度时的光解半衰期大小顺序为农乳603＞农乳500＞农乳601＞农乳404。
8. 四种除草剂对苯噻草胺的光解研究显示，只有苄嘧磺隆在低浓度时对苯噻草胺的光解产生敏化作用，其余条件下均为光猝灭，而且这种猝灭作用在高浓度时尤其明显。照光25min时，绿磺隆、杀草丹、苄嘧磺隆、甲草胺的光猝灭率分别为131.8%、90.9%、59.1%、50%。
9. 溶解氧对苯噻草胺的光解起猝灭作用，充氮气10min与不充氮气相比较光解半衰期由不充氮气的7.14min缩短为6.70min。充氮气驱赶溶解氧，光解速率加快，说明苯噻草胺在水溶液中的光解是一个非光氧化的过程。
10. 利用HPLC-MS检测到了苯噻草胺在甲醇中高压汞灯下的三种光解产物，并推测了其中两种的结构，从而推测了苯噻草胺在甲醇中的两种可能光解途径。
With high pressure mercury lamp(HPML) , xenon lamp and sunlight as light sources, the photodegradation of mefenacet in five different water samples, three different organic solvents were investigated. Under HPML, six different pH value buffers, NO3-, NO2-, X-, acetone, four surfactants and four herbicides were added to the solution of mefenacet respectively to observe the effect on the photodegradation. The results indicated that the photolysis of mefenacet in water is mainly direct photodegradation, and it was delayed by most of the substances added to the solution except acetone, which is a normally photo-sensitizer. The main results were summarized as following:
1. The results showed that mefenacet was very stable in water under sunlight, after 30h irradiated, there was almost no decrease of the mefenacet. But with the HPML and xenon light sources, the photolysis rates of mefenacet ranged samely as: redistilled water > river water(Dongpu reservoir) > lake water(Chaohu Lake) > river water(Changjiang river) > paddy water. The half-lives of mefenacet extended to 10.13～16.94h under irradiation of xenon lamp from 12.31～18.53min under HPML.
2. Under HPML, the photolysis half-lives of mefenacet were 5.34min , 5.03min and 5.73min in methanol , acetonitrile or redistilled water respectively. But in isopropyl alcohol, the half-life was 30.26min. The difference of UV-Vis spectra of mefenacet in these three solvents and water maybe resulted in the difference of photolysis results.
3. Mefenacet was stable in buffer solution ranged from acidic to alkalescence, and under these conditions, no obvious change had been observed within 96h at room temperature. But in strong basic solution, mefenacet hydrolyzed rapidly to 48% within 96h. Under HPML, mefenacet was stabler in near neutral buffer. In pH=1.98 and 11.92 buffers, it photodegraded faster than in pure water, and the half-lives in these three cases were 6.06min, 6.51min and 6.75min. The photolysis rates decreased slower and slower with the increase of pH value.
4. Nitrate(NO3-) had almost no effect on the photolysis of mefenacet in low and middle proportions, but when in high(10:1), there will be a great inhibition on photolysis of mefenacet, the half-live extended to 7.16min from 5.56min in redistilled water. The role of nitrite(NO2-) was different from nitrate. The photodegradation of mefenacet were delayed and the half-lives were just 6.25min, 6.13min and 6.98min from low concentration to high.
5. Under HPML , in redistilled water, halogen ions inhibited the photolysis of mefenacet by “weight atom effect.” The effect of Cl- was not significantly. Also when in low proportion, Br- only had a little effect on the photolysis, which half-life was 5.47min, a little more than 5.06min in pure water. In middle(1:1) and high(10:1) proportions of Br- to mefenacet, photolytic half-lives were 6.07min and 6.08min
which were almost equal. In the case of I-, when in low and middle proportions, the half-lives were similar, that is 5.41min and 5.40min respectively. However, in high proportion I- prevented the photolysis of mefenacet significantly, and the half-life reached to 7.14min.
6. The sensitive effect of acetone was relevant to the concentration added to the solution. When the added concentration of acetone ranged from 10μL / L to 1mL / L, there only was a very slight sensitive effect, and when the concentration increased to 10Ml / L, the sensitive effect was great changed. After irradiated 25min, the half-life was 5.55min, the sensitive efficiency was 119.0%.
7. Surfactants had different effects on the photodegradation of mefenacet. In low and middle proportions, Nongru 404 showed a little photosenitive effects. In high proportion, all four surfactants had photoquenching effect, and the turn of half-lives was Nongru 603 > Nongru 500 > Nongru 601 > Nongru 404.
8. The results of the effects of four herbicides on the photochemical degradation of mefenacet indicated that except bensulfuron in low proportion accelerated the photolysis, the higher the proportions were
引文
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