无线传感器网络拓扑控制及层次型路由方法研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络(WSNs)是物联网的重要组成部分,近年来一直备受国内外关注。组成WSNs的传感节点由于受能量、计算处理、通信能力等资源限制,严重阻碍了WSNs的进一步发展和实际应用。拓扑控制和路由作为WSNs网络层的核心议题,用于构建精简网络拓扑和数据传送路径。研究有效的拓扑构建机制和可信的拓扑维护策略,以及高效的分布式动态层次型路由协议,在保障网络连通性和覆盖度的同时有助于减少节点和流通信息的冗余度,降低通信频繁度和通信干扰,促进全网的负载均衡,以减缓能耗速率,从而提高网络的生命周期。
本文围绕WSNs中拓扑控制和层次型路由两个方面进行研究,先从单纯的拓扑构建方法入手,进而结合拓扑维护策略以完整的拓扑控制过程阐述如何构建并保持精简网络拓扑。同时针对同构和异构WSNs环境,研究动态分布式层次路由构建高效数据传输路径。进一步,在理论研究的基础上,考虑将拓扑控制与层次路由方法应用于智能交通系统,以缓解当前严峻的城市交通状况。本文的主要工作和成果详述如下：
1.将全连通网络环境下寻找最优虚拟主干网问题抽象转化成最小连通支配集求解问题(MCDS)。针对MCDS这个NP hard(?)司题,建立了基于混合整数规划的数学模型(NMIP-MCDS)。在分析MCDS解的基础上,确定以令牌分发数与节点能耗的乘积作为目标优化函数,通过令牌分发同时辅以全网能量负载均衡的方式,构建最优MCDS。
2.针对网络拓扑复杂,能耗巨大问题,提出一种基于生成树的拓扑构建算法(RTCST)和可信拓扑维护策略,共同构成完整的拓扑控制机制。RTCST算法以Sink节点为起始点,通过循环执行邻居侦测、子节点选择和自我救赎三个子过程逐渐向四周发散,最终形成以Sink为核心的生成树拓扑结构。而可信拓扑维护策略则结合动静态技术,同时辅以时间和能耗为共同触发机制,在当前网络已非最优拓扑或满足节点失败的条件下,静态切换已有拓扑或动态调用拓扑构建算法。
3.针对同构WSNs环境的路由,提出一种自适应分布式聚簇路由协议(ADCR)。ADCR办议基于N阶近邻理论,在传感节点部署及网络拓扑动态变化时,通过对节点分布离散度及曲率变化的分析自动确定当前最优的聚簇数量,进而根据最优簇数计算最佳簇头占有比率并结合节点剩余能量选取簇头集；同时引入Hausdorff距离调整初始快速形成的簇结构。
4.针对多级异构WSNs路由问题,提出一种高效动态分布式聚簇策略(EDDCS)。 EDDCS在给定多级异构网络环境下,结合考虑理想状态的平均能量预测和历史能耗参考值估计下轮平均网络剩余能量,以此决定节点当选为簇头的概率,指导整个簇头选举过程。同时在簇形成过程中引入类万有引力思想,依据引力大小确定非簇头节点加盟哪个簇。
仿真实验结果均证明上述研究结果的有效性,与同类协议或者算法相比,更能节省节点能量消耗,有效提高网络的负载均衡,从而延长网络的生存时间。
以理论研究为依据,提出将拓扑控制和层次型路由策略应用于智能交通的设想,并设计了基于三网融合的城市交通监控和智能诱导应用框架。在讨论软硬件实现平台的基础上,还融入无线多媒体传感网络、超带宽通信、网内协作数据处理等较新技术。结合特殊的拓扑控制和混合路由机制,最后实现了该框架的部分原型系统。
In recent years, wireless sensor networks(WSNs) which have taken much attention at home and abroad play important part of the Internet of things. Due to resource con-straints to sensor nodes, such as energy, ability of computing and communication etc., the further development and practical applications of WSNs are seriously hindered. As the critical issues of network layer in WSNs, topology control and routing is utilized to build reduced network topology and data transmission path. With effective topology construc-tion mechanism, reliable topology maintenance strategies and efficient distributed dynamic hierarchical routing protocols, network connectivity and coverage can be guaranteed, while it helps to decrease redundancy of the nodes and flow of information. simultaneously, it reduces frequency degree and interference of communication, and promotes the network load balancing so that the energy consumption rate can be cut down and network lifetime will be prolonged.
In this dissertation, it focuses on topology control and hierarchical routing in WSNs. As starting with a single method of topology construction, a topology maintenance strategy is integrated into complete topology control process to show how to construct and maintain the reduced network topology. simultaneously, dynamic distributed hierarchical routing is researched to build efficient data transfer path for both homogeneous and heterogeneous WSNs. Furthermore, topology control and hierarchical routing is applied in intelligent transportation systems in order to alleviate the current serious urban traffic conditions based theory research. The main work and results of this thesis are introduced in detail as follows:
1. A question of finding optimal virtual backbone through fully connected network is abstracted and converted into minimum connected dominating set problem(MCDS). A new mathematical model based mixed integer programming(NMIP-MCDS) is proposed in order to solve MCDS which is called NP hard problem. Furthermore, with the help of an- alyzing MCDS solution, the product of token distribution number and energy consumption from nodes is built as the goal of optimization function. Simultaneously, optimal MCDS is constructed via manner of token distribution and network energy load balancing.
2. A topology construction algorithm based spanning tree (RTCST) and reliable topol-ogy maintenance policy, which make up of complete topology control mechanism, are pro-posed for complicated network topology and reducing network energy consumption. As starting with the Sink node, RTCST algorithm lets network topology transpire surrounding and ultimately forms a spanning tree with the core of Sink through circularly executing three sub-procedures, which are composed of neighbor detection, children selection and self-redemption. Combined with static and dynamic techniques, factors of time and energy consumption are considered as the triggering criteria simultaneously. Furthermore, topol-ogy will be switched to others in static or dynamically called topology construction when current network topology is no longer optimal or some nodes have failed.
3. An adaptive distributed clustering routing protocol (ADCR) is proposed for homo-geneous WSNs. ADCR determines the current optimal cluster number adaptively through dispersion of node distribution and curvature change based on Nth-order nearest-neighbor theory when position of sensor node or network topology is changed. Furthermore, with the residual energy of sensor nodes, the optimal proportion of cluster head in network is cal-culated to elect the cluster head set according to optimal cluster number. Simultaneously, Hausdorff distance is introduced to adjust the initial rapid formation clusters.
4. An efficient and dynamic distributed clustering scheme(EDDCS) is proposed for routing problem in heterogeneous WSNs. In order to guide the process of cluster head election for a given multi-level heterogeneous network, EDDCS determines the probability of node to be a cluster head through average network residual energy estimation in next round by average energy consumption forecast in ideal state and reference value of his-torical energy consumption simultaneously. Furthermore, analogous universal gravitation is introduced to make non-cluster head node joining cluster in terms of gravitation during cluster formation process.
Simulation results have proved the efficiency on research all of above. Compared with congeneric protocols or algorithm, they save more energy and efficiently improve load balancing so that network lifetime can be prolonged.
According to theoretical research, topology control and hierarchical routing is tried to apply in intelligent transportation. Therefore, a feasible architecture for urban traffic mon-itoring and intelligent guidance based on environment in which three completely different types of network protocols work together is designed. Following as the discussion of soft-ware and hardware platform, it still has incorporated other new techniques, such as wireless multimedia sensor networks, ultra wide band communication, collaborative in-network data processing, etc.. With a special hybrid of topology control and routing mechanism, some part of prototype systems have been implemented in this thesis finally.
本文围绕WSNs中拓扑控制和层次型路由两个方面进行研究,先从单纯的拓扑构建方法入手,进而结合拓扑维护策略以完整的拓扑控制过程阐述如何构建并保持精简网络拓扑。同时针对同构和异构WSNs环境,研究动态分布式层次路由构建高效数据传输路径。进一步,在理论研究的基础上,考虑将拓扑控制与层次路由方法应用于智能交通系统,以缓解当前严峻的城市交通状况。本文的主要工作和成果详述如下：
1.将全连通网络环境下寻找最优虚拟主干网问题抽象转化成最小连通支配集求解问题(MCDS)。针对MCDS这个NP hard(?)司题,建立了基于混合整数规划的数学模型(NMIP-MCDS)。在分析MCDS解的基础上,确定以令牌分发数与节点能耗的乘积作为目标优化函数,通过令牌分发同时辅以全网能量负载均衡的方式,构建最优MCDS。
2.针对网络拓扑复杂,能耗巨大问题,提出一种基于生成树的拓扑构建算法(RTCST)和可信拓扑维护策略,共同构成完整的拓扑控制机制。RTCST算法以Sink节点为起始点,通过循环执行邻居侦测、子节点选择和自我救赎三个子过程逐渐向四周发散,最终形成以Sink为核心的生成树拓扑结构。而可信拓扑维护策略则结合动静态技术,同时辅以时间和能耗为共同触发机制,在当前网络已非最优拓扑或满足节点失败的条件下,静态切换已有拓扑或动态调用拓扑构建算法。
3.针对同构WSNs环境的路由,提出一种自适应分布式聚簇路由协议(ADCR)。ADCR办议基于N阶近邻理论,在传感节点部署及网络拓扑动态变化时,通过对节点分布离散度及曲率变化的分析自动确定当前最优的聚簇数量,进而根据最优簇数计算最佳簇头占有比率并结合节点剩余能量选取簇头集；同时引入Hausdorff距离调整初始快速形成的簇结构。
4.针对多级异构WSNs路由问题,提出一种高效动态分布式聚簇策略(EDDCS)。 EDDCS在给定多级异构网络环境下,结合考虑理想状态的平均能量预测和历史能耗参考值估计下轮平均网络剩余能量,以此决定节点当选为簇头的概率,指导整个簇头选举过程。同时在簇形成过程中引入类万有引力思想,依据引力大小确定非簇头节点加盟哪个簇。
仿真实验结果均证明上述研究结果的有效性,与同类协议或者算法相比,更能节省节点能量消耗,有效提高网络的负载均衡,从而延长网络的生存时间。
以理论研究为依据,提出将拓扑控制和层次型路由策略应用于智能交通的设想,并设计了基于三网融合的城市交通监控和智能诱导应用框架。在讨论软硬件实现平台的基础上,还融入无线多媒体传感网络、超带宽通信、网内协作数据处理等较新技术。结合特殊的拓扑控制和混合路由机制,最后实现了该框架的部分原型系统。
In recent years, wireless sensor networks(WSNs) which have taken much attention at home and abroad play important part of the Internet of things. Due to resource con-straints to sensor nodes, such as energy, ability of computing and communication etc., the further development and practical applications of WSNs are seriously hindered. As the critical issues of network layer in WSNs, topology control and routing is utilized to build reduced network topology and data transmission path. With effective topology construc-tion mechanism, reliable topology maintenance strategies and efficient distributed dynamic hierarchical routing protocols, network connectivity and coverage can be guaranteed, while it helps to decrease redundancy of the nodes and flow of information. simultaneously, it reduces frequency degree and interference of communication, and promotes the network load balancing so that the energy consumption rate can be cut down and network lifetime will be prolonged.
In this dissertation, it focuses on topology control and hierarchical routing in WSNs. As starting with a single method of topology construction, a topology maintenance strategy is integrated into complete topology control process to show how to construct and maintain the reduced network topology. simultaneously, dynamic distributed hierarchical routing is researched to build efficient data transfer path for both homogeneous and heterogeneous WSNs. Furthermore, topology control and hierarchical routing is applied in intelligent transportation systems in order to alleviate the current serious urban traffic conditions based theory research. The main work and results of this thesis are introduced in detail as follows:
1. A question of finding optimal virtual backbone through fully connected network is abstracted and converted into minimum connected dominating set problem(MCDS). A new mathematical model based mixed integer programming(NMIP-MCDS) is proposed in order to solve MCDS which is called NP hard problem. Furthermore, with the help of an- alyzing MCDS solution, the product of token distribution number and energy consumption from nodes is built as the goal of optimization function. Simultaneously, optimal MCDS is constructed via manner of token distribution and network energy load balancing.
2. A topology construction algorithm based spanning tree (RTCST) and reliable topol-ogy maintenance policy, which make up of complete topology control mechanism, are pro-posed for complicated network topology and reducing network energy consumption. As starting with the Sink node, RTCST algorithm lets network topology transpire surrounding and ultimately forms a spanning tree with the core of Sink through circularly executing three sub-procedures, which are composed of neighbor detection, children selection and self-redemption. Combined with static and dynamic techniques, factors of time and energy consumption are considered as the triggering criteria simultaneously. Furthermore, topol-ogy will be switched to others in static or dynamically called topology construction when current network topology is no longer optimal or some nodes have failed.
3. An adaptive distributed clustering routing protocol (ADCR) is proposed for homo-geneous WSNs. ADCR determines the current optimal cluster number adaptively through dispersion of node distribution and curvature change based on Nth-order nearest-neighbor theory when position of sensor node or network topology is changed. Furthermore, with the residual energy of sensor nodes, the optimal proportion of cluster head in network is cal-culated to elect the cluster head set according to optimal cluster number. Simultaneously, Hausdorff distance is introduced to adjust the initial rapid formation clusters.
4. An efficient and dynamic distributed clustering scheme(EDDCS) is proposed for routing problem in heterogeneous WSNs. In order to guide the process of cluster head election for a given multi-level heterogeneous network, EDDCS determines the probability of node to be a cluster head through average network residual energy estimation in next round by average energy consumption forecast in ideal state and reference value of his-torical energy consumption simultaneously. Furthermore, analogous universal gravitation is introduced to make non-cluster head node joining cluster in terms of gravitation during cluster formation process.
Simulation results have proved the efficiency on research all of above. Compared with congeneric protocols or algorithm, they save more energy and efficiently improve load balancing so that network lifetime can be prolonged.
According to theoretical research, topology control and hierarchical routing is tried to apply in intelligent transportation. Therefore, a feasible architecture for urban traffic mon-itoring and intelligent guidance based on environment in which three completely different types of network protocols work together is designed. Following as the discussion of soft-ware and hardware platform, it still has incorporated other new techniques, such as wireless multimedia sensor networks, ultra wide band communication, collaborative in-network data processing, etc.. With a special hybrid of topology control and routing mechanism, some part of prototype systems have been implemented in this thesis finally.
引文
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