有毒气体泄漏绕障碍物扩散的研究
摘要
随着化学工业的发展,生产、贮存或使用的化学危险性气体的种类日益增加,并逐渐趋向容量大型化。其中有毒化学品的泄漏事故是发生频率较高的一种突发性污染事故。研究有毒气体意外泄漏时绕障碍物扩散的浓度分布状况,并研究根据有毒气体浓度不同划分的四种伤害区的分布。将该理论成果对于实际中以指导盛装危险气体的压力容器的安放位置,当意外事故发生时正确引导工作人员紧急疏散具有重要意义。
本文采用了FLUENT软件数值模拟有毒气体泄漏绕障碍物扩散的方法,并根据伤害区域的划分对障碍物附近的安全性进行分析。本文基于FLUENT模拟三维瞬态流动的原理,选用标准双方程湍流模型,对有毒气体扩散的不同时段障碍物附近质量分数及安全性分别进行考察,并假设了两种障碍物的形状及一个双障碍物的特例进行研究,从而归纳出有毒气体绕障碍物扩散及伤害区域分布的一般规律。最后运用高斯公式对比FLUENT模拟结果的准确度。
Along with the development of chemical industry, the chemical gas species in production, storage and use of are growing, and gradually tends to large capacity. Of which the leakage accident of toxic chemicals is a sudden high frequency pollution incident. Study of the concentration of toxic gases distribution when the toxic gases accidentally leaked around obstacles and diffused, and dividing the diffusion area into four damage parts according to the different concentrations of toxic gases.
In this paper,a way of simulating the toxic gas leakage around obstacles using FLUENT software is used,and a simple analysis in accordance with the regional division of harm is provided. Basing on the FLUENT simulation principle of three-dimensional transient flow and using the standardκ-εturbulence model,the paper study the proliferation and security of toxic gases concerning obstacles in different time slots respectively, And the hypotheses of two diffenrent shapes and a pair of obstacles are studied, which summed up the general rules of the proliferation of gas and reginal distribution of injury around the obstacles.
Finally using the Gaussian formula verify of the accuracy of FLUENT simulation results.Using the theoretical results in practical guidance for the hazardous gases by dressing the placement of pressure vessels, The correct guidance personnel evacuation has important significance when the accident happened.
本文采用了FLUENT软件数值模拟有毒气体泄漏绕障碍物扩散的方法,并根据伤害区域的划分对障碍物附近的安全性进行分析。本文基于FLUENT模拟三维瞬态流动的原理,选用标准双方程湍流模型,对有毒气体扩散的不同时段障碍物附近质量分数及安全性分别进行考察,并假设了两种障碍物的形状及一个双障碍物的特例进行研究,从而归纳出有毒气体绕障碍物扩散及伤害区域分布的一般规律。最后运用高斯公式对比FLUENT模拟结果的准确度。
Along with the development of chemical industry, the chemical gas species in production, storage and use of are growing, and gradually tends to large capacity. Of which the leakage accident of toxic chemicals is a sudden high frequency pollution incident. Study of the concentration of toxic gases distribution when the toxic gases accidentally leaked around obstacles and diffused, and dividing the diffusion area into four damage parts according to the different concentrations of toxic gases.
In this paper,a way of simulating the toxic gas leakage around obstacles using FLUENT software is used,and a simple analysis in accordance with the regional division of harm is provided. Basing on the FLUENT simulation principle of three-dimensional transient flow and using the standardκ-εturbulence model,the paper study the proliferation and security of toxic gases concerning obstacles in different time slots respectively, And the hypotheses of two diffenrent shapes and a pair of obstacles are studied, which summed up the general rules of the proliferation of gas and reginal distribution of injury around the obstacles.
Finally using the Gaussian formula verify of the accuracy of FLUENT simulation results.Using the theoretical results in practical guidance for the hazardous gases by dressing the placement of pressure vessels, The correct guidance personnel evacuation has important significance when the accident happened.
引文
[1]岑可法,樊建人.工程气固多相流动的理论计算[M].浙江大学出版社,1990.
[2]李勇,刘志友,安亦然.介绍计算流体力学通用软件[J].水动力学研究与进展,2001,2(16)：256-259.
[3]邱奎,范忠.高含硫天然气泄漏的危害范围估计与防范对策[J].天然气勘探与开发,2007,3(30),55-58.
[4]丁信伟,王淑兰,徐国庆.可燃及毒性气体扩散研究[J].化学工程,2000,1(28),33-36.
[5]孟志鹏,王淑兰,丁信伟.可燃性及毒性气体在障碍物附近泄漏扩散的数值模拟[J].化工装备技术,2004(25)1,47-51.
[6]孟志鹏,王淑兰,丁信伟.障碍物间危险气体泄漏扩散的二维数值模拟[J].化工装备技术,2007(28)1,75-79.
[7]周波,张国枢.有害物质泄漏扩散的数值模拟[J].工业安全与环保,2005,31(10),42.
[8]丁信伟,杨过刚,毕明树,李生娟.环栅条形障碍物对可燃气云爆炸影响的数值模拟与实验研究[J].天然气工业,2004(24)4,81-84.
[9]刘长威,陈义胜,胡银枝.大气风场及污染物扩散的数学模型研究[J].包头钢铁学院学报,2002,4(21),377-341.
[10]A.C.Daniel,F.Louvar Joseph.Chemical Process Safety Fundamentals with pplication.New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1990.
[11]徐肇忠,肖映辉,詹庆明,赵涛.点源烟气扩散空间分布研究在大气环境污染评价中的应用[J].测绘信息与工程,1997(4),37-43.
[12]孟志鹏,王淑兰,丁信伟.可爆性气体泄漏扩散时均湍流场的数值模拟[J].安全与环境学报,2003(3)3,25-29.
[13]潘鹏.DNVPHAST软件在气体扩散模拟分析中的应用[J].石油化工设计,2006,23(2),61-62.
[14]邓金华,沈贤明,张保平,王建兵.Matlab在化学危险性气体扩散模拟分析中的应用[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2005,5(1),94-97.
[15]吴笑,龙长江.安全评价中的气体扩散模型及应用[J].工业安全与环保,2005,8(31),50-52.
[16]宋伟伟,肖凯涛,王献,黄明犬.RPPM模式在军用烟幕扩散数值模拟中的应用[J].防化研究,2006,1,19-23.
[17]余琦,刘原中.分段烟羽模型和烟团模型在核事故应急中的应用比较[J].核科学与工程,2001,3(21),288-293.
[18]R.W.Macdonald, R.F.Griffiths, D.J.Hall. A comparison of results from scaled field and wind tunnel modelling of dispersion in arrays of obstacles [J]. Atmospheric Environment Vol.32,No.22,1998,3845-3862.
[19]S.Bosniakow. Experiment in integrating CFD to the technology of testing models in wind tunnels [J].Progress in Aerospace Sciences 34,1998,34,391-422.
[20]B.Blocken,T.Stathopoulos,P.Saathoff, X.Wang.Numerical evaluation of pollutant dispersion in the built environment:Comparisons between models and experiments [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,96(2008) 1817-1831.
[21]PanXuhai,Jiang, Tuncheng, Wang, Zhirong,etal.Numerical analysis of diffusion process of flammable and toxic gases discharging accident[J].Progress in Safety Science and Technology,2000:297-301.
[22]KAISER G D.A review of models for predicting the dispeision of ammonia in the atmosphere [J]Plants/Operations Progress,1989(1):58-64.
[23]曾光明,钟政林,曾北危.环境风险评价中的不确定性问题[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(3)：252-255.
[24]Quin S.Widera G E O.Uncertainty analysis in quantitative risk assessment [J].Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology,1996,118(2):121-124.
[25]J.K.W.Davies, D.J. Hall. An analysis of some replicated wind tunnel experiments on instantaneously released heavy gas clouds dispersing over solid and crenellated fences [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials 49 (1996) 311-328.
[26]I.G. Lines, D.M.Deaves, W.S.Atkins. Practical modelling of gas dispersion in low wind speed conditions, for application in risk assessment [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials 54 (1997) 201-226.
[27]M.J.Davidson, K.R.Mylne, C.D.Jones, J.C.Phillips, R.J.Perkins, J.C.H.Fung, J.C.R.Hunt. Plume dispersion through large groups of obstacles-A field investigation [J]. Atmospheric Environment Vol.29, No.22, pp.324-256,1995.
[28]潘旭海,蒋军成.重气云瞬时泄漏扩散的数值模拟研究[J].化学工程,2003,31(1).
[29]丁晓哗,工业事故性泄漏及应急堵漏的模拟研究与软件研制[D].南京工业大学,2005.
[30]孟志鹏,王淑兰,丁信伟.复杂地形上大气污染物扩散研究[J].化工装备技术,2002,5(23),56-61.
[31]Henrique De Melo Lisboa, Jean-Michel Guillot, Jean-Louis Fanlo, Pierre Le Cloirec. Dispersion of odorous gases in the atmosphere-PartⅠ:Modeling approaches to the phenomenon [J]. Science of the Total Environment 361(2006)220-228.
[32]Spyros Sklavounos, Fotis Rigas. Validation of turbulence models in heavy gas dispersion over obstacles [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials A108 (2004) 9-20.
[33]I. Mavroidis, R.F. Griffiths, D.J. Hall. Field and wind tunnel investigations ofplume dispersion around single surface obstacles [J]. Atmospheric Environment 37 (2003) 2903-2918.
[34]Michel Ayrault, Serge Simoens, Patrick Mejean. Negative buoyancy effects on the dispersion of continuous gas plumes downwind solid obstacles [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials 57 (1998) 79-103.
[35]孟志鹏,王淑兰,丁信伟.障碍物附近可燃性气体泄漏扩散的三维数值模拟[J].化工装备技术,2007,2(28),74-79.
[36]Pesquill F. Atmospheric diffusion.New York:Wilev.1974:429.
[37]张一先,张降.管道煤气泄漏事故评估的不确定性[J]煤气与热力,2000；20(1)：9-13.
[38]D.H.斯莱德著.气象学与原子能.张永兴译.北京：原子能出版社,1979：204215.
[39]Ermak D L,Chan S T,Morgan D Letal.Journal of Hazardous Materials,1982;76 (6):126-160.
[40]Hanna S R,Strimaitis D G,Chang J C.Report prepared by Sigma Research Corporation for AFESC Washington D C,1990:1-32.
[41]Britter R E,McQuaid J.HSE Contract Research Report No.17.1988:129-134.
[42]Chan S T,Ermak D L.Journal of Hazardous Material,1988:129-134.
[43]Dyer A J.Boundary-Layer Meteor,1974;68(7):363-372.
[44]Koopman R P,Kamppiner L M.Journal of Hazardous Materials,1986; 15(3);65-71.
[45]G.A.Perdikaris,F.Mayinger.Numerical Simulation of Heavy Gas Cloud Dispersion within Topographically Complex Terrain.Journal of Loss Prevention in Process Industrial, 1994,7(5):391-396.
[46]K.J.Eidsvik.A Model for Heavy Gas Dispersion in the Atmospheric Environment, 1980,14:769-777.
[47]王福军.计算流体动力学分析—CFD软件原理与应用[M]北京：清华大学出版,2004：11。
[48]潘旭海,蒋军成.化学危险性气体泄漏扩散模拟及其影响因素[J].南京化工大学学报,2001,23(1)：19.
[49]Tuner,D.B.Workbook of Atmospheric Dispertion Estimates,"U.S.Environmental Protection Agency Rrport AP-26,U.S.Government Printing Office,Washington, DC,1970.
[50]David Hamlyna, Trevor Hilderman, Rex Britter. A simple network approach to modelling dispersion among large groups of obstacles [J]. Atmospheric Environment 41 (2007) 5848-5862.
[51]韩占忠,王敬,兰小平.FLUENT流体工程仿真计算实例与应用[M].北京理工大学出版社,2004.
[2]李勇,刘志友,安亦然.介绍计算流体力学通用软件[J].水动力学研究与进展,2001,2(16)：256-259.
[3]邱奎,范忠.高含硫天然气泄漏的危害范围估计与防范对策[J].天然气勘探与开发,2007,3(30),55-58.
[4]丁信伟,王淑兰,徐国庆.可燃及毒性气体扩散研究[J].化学工程,2000,1(28),33-36.
[5]孟志鹏,王淑兰,丁信伟.可燃性及毒性气体在障碍物附近泄漏扩散的数值模拟[J].化工装备技术,2004(25)1,47-51.
[6]孟志鹏,王淑兰,丁信伟.障碍物间危险气体泄漏扩散的二维数值模拟[J].化工装备技术,2007(28)1,75-79.
[7]周波,张国枢.有害物质泄漏扩散的数值模拟[J].工业安全与环保,2005,31(10),42.
[8]丁信伟,杨过刚,毕明树,李生娟.环栅条形障碍物对可燃气云爆炸影响的数值模拟与实验研究[J].天然气工业,2004(24)4,81-84.
[9]刘长威,陈义胜,胡银枝.大气风场及污染物扩散的数学模型研究[J].包头钢铁学院学报,2002,4(21),377-341.
[10]A.C.Daniel,F.Louvar Joseph.Chemical Process Safety Fundamentals with pplication.New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1990.
[11]徐肇忠,肖映辉,詹庆明,赵涛.点源烟气扩散空间分布研究在大气环境污染评价中的应用[J].测绘信息与工程,1997(4),37-43.
[12]孟志鹏,王淑兰,丁信伟.可爆性气体泄漏扩散时均湍流场的数值模拟[J].安全与环境学报,2003(3)3,25-29.
[13]潘鹏.DNVPHAST软件在气体扩散模拟分析中的应用[J].石油化工设计,2006,23(2),61-62.
[14]邓金华,沈贤明,张保平,王建兵.Matlab在化学危险性气体扩散模拟分析中的应用[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2005,5(1),94-97.
[15]吴笑,龙长江.安全评价中的气体扩散模型及应用[J].工业安全与环保,2005,8(31),50-52.
[16]宋伟伟,肖凯涛,王献,黄明犬.RPPM模式在军用烟幕扩散数值模拟中的应用[J].防化研究,2006,1,19-23.
[17]余琦,刘原中.分段烟羽模型和烟团模型在核事故应急中的应用比较[J].核科学与工程,2001,3(21),288-293.
[18]R.W.Macdonald, R.F.Griffiths, D.J.Hall. A comparison of results from scaled field and wind tunnel modelling of dispersion in arrays of obstacles [J]. Atmospheric Environment Vol.32,No.22,1998,3845-3862.
[19]S.Bosniakow. Experiment in integrating CFD to the technology of testing models in wind tunnels [J].Progress in Aerospace Sciences 34,1998,34,391-422.
[20]B.Blocken,T.Stathopoulos,P.Saathoff, X.Wang.Numerical evaluation of pollutant dispersion in the built environment:Comparisons between models and experiments [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,96(2008) 1817-1831.
[21]PanXuhai,Jiang, Tuncheng, Wang, Zhirong,etal.Numerical analysis of diffusion process of flammable and toxic gases discharging accident[J].Progress in Safety Science and Technology,2000:297-301.
[22]KAISER G D.A review of models for predicting the dispeision of ammonia in the atmosphere [J]Plants/Operations Progress,1989(1):58-64.
[23]曾光明,钟政林,曾北危.环境风险评价中的不确定性问题[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(3)：252-255.
[24]Quin S.Widera G E O.Uncertainty analysis in quantitative risk assessment [J].Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology,1996,118(2):121-124.
[25]J.K.W.Davies, D.J. Hall. An analysis of some replicated wind tunnel experiments on instantaneously released heavy gas clouds dispersing over solid and crenellated fences [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials 49 (1996) 311-328.
[26]I.G. Lines, D.M.Deaves, W.S.Atkins. Practical modelling of gas dispersion in low wind speed conditions, for application in risk assessment [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials 54 (1997) 201-226.
[27]M.J.Davidson, K.R.Mylne, C.D.Jones, J.C.Phillips, R.J.Perkins, J.C.H.Fung, J.C.R.Hunt. Plume dispersion through large groups of obstacles-A field investigation [J]. Atmospheric Environment Vol.29, No.22, pp.324-256,1995.
[28]潘旭海,蒋军成.重气云瞬时泄漏扩散的数值模拟研究[J].化学工程,2003,31(1).
[29]丁晓哗,工业事故性泄漏及应急堵漏的模拟研究与软件研制[D].南京工业大学,2005.
[30]孟志鹏,王淑兰,丁信伟.复杂地形上大气污染物扩散研究[J].化工装备技术,2002,5(23),56-61.
[31]Henrique De Melo Lisboa, Jean-Michel Guillot, Jean-Louis Fanlo, Pierre Le Cloirec. Dispersion of odorous gases in the atmosphere-PartⅠ:Modeling approaches to the phenomenon [J]. Science of the Total Environment 361(2006)220-228.
[32]Spyros Sklavounos, Fotis Rigas. Validation of turbulence models in heavy gas dispersion over obstacles [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials A108 (2004) 9-20.
[33]I. Mavroidis, R.F. Griffiths, D.J. Hall. Field and wind tunnel investigations ofplume dispersion around single surface obstacles [J]. Atmospheric Environment 37 (2003) 2903-2918.
[34]Michel Ayrault, Serge Simoens, Patrick Mejean. Negative buoyancy effects on the dispersion of continuous gas plumes downwind solid obstacles [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials 57 (1998) 79-103.
[35]孟志鹏,王淑兰,丁信伟.障碍物附近可燃性气体泄漏扩散的三维数值模拟[J].化工装备技术,2007,2(28),74-79.
[36]Pesquill F. Atmospheric diffusion.New York:Wilev.1974:429.
[37]张一先,张降.管道煤气泄漏事故评估的不确定性[J]煤气与热力,2000；20(1)：9-13.
[38]D.H.斯莱德著.气象学与原子能.张永兴译.北京：原子能出版社,1979：204215.
[39]Ermak D L,Chan S T,Morgan D Letal.Journal of Hazardous Materials,1982;76 (6):126-160.
[40]Hanna S R,Strimaitis D G,Chang J C.Report prepared by Sigma Research Corporation for AFESC Washington D C,1990:1-32.
[41]Britter R E,McQuaid J.HSE Contract Research Report No.17.1988:129-134.
[42]Chan S T,Ermak D L.Journal of Hazardous Material,1988:129-134.
[43]Dyer A J.Boundary-Layer Meteor,1974;68(7):363-372.
[44]Koopman R P,Kamppiner L M.Journal of Hazardous Materials,1986; 15(3);65-71.
[45]G.A.Perdikaris,F.Mayinger.Numerical Simulation of Heavy Gas Cloud Dispersion within Topographically Complex Terrain.Journal of Loss Prevention in Process Industrial, 1994,7(5):391-396.
[46]K.J.Eidsvik.A Model for Heavy Gas Dispersion in the Atmospheric Environment, 1980,14:769-777.
[47]王福军.计算流体动力学分析—CFD软件原理与应用[M]北京：清华大学出版,2004：11。
[48]潘旭海,蒋军成.化学危险性气体泄漏扩散模拟及其影响因素[J].南京化工大学学报,2001,23(1)：19.
[49]Tuner,D.B.Workbook of Atmospheric Dispertion Estimates,"U.S.Environmental Protection Agency Rrport AP-26,U.S.Government Printing Office,Washington, DC,1970.
[50]David Hamlyna, Trevor Hilderman, Rex Britter. A simple network approach to modelling dispersion among large groups of obstacles [J]. Atmospheric Environment 41 (2007) 5848-5862.
[51]韩占忠,王敬,兰小平.FLUENT流体工程仿真计算实例与应用[M].北京理工大学出版社,2004.