被动毫米波成像技术研究
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摘要
被动毫米波成像是利用目标、背景的电磁热辐射来实现的，与可见光及红外成像相比，毫米波成像在雾、云、烟尘、沙暴等恶劣气候条件下具有潜在的优势。目前被动毫米波成像系统普遍采用单天线波束进行机械扫描成像方式，但是却存在着空间分辨率不高和灵敏度较低的不足。近年来，随着毫米波固态器件以及高速信号处理技术的迅速发展，高灵敏度、高分辨率的多波束阵列成像技术正引起军事和民用领域的浓厚兴趣。
本论文首先总结了被动毫米波成像技术的国内外发展动态及被动毫米波成像的一般理论和原理；重点研究了基于二维单波束圆锥机械扫描的被动毫米波成像系统，从理论上分析了系统的结构、原理以及性能，设计了图像采集／控制接口电路，并重点提出一种超分辨率算法一模糊凸集投影方法来解决其空间分辨率不高的缺陷，在一定程度上提高了系统的空间分辨率；系统论述了毫米波焦平面阵列成像技术的成像原理，深入分析了焦平面阵列成像系统设计与实现要点，研究了馈源阵列的主要制约因素，分析了超外差接收机的特性，并进一步讨论了系统的信噪比，以全面评价毫米波焦平面阵列成像系统性能。
Passive millimeter wave imaging makes use of the electromagnetic thermal emission of the subject and reflected thermal signals from the background. Passive millimeter wave imaging, in comparision to visible or infrared imaging ,has great potential advantage of imaging through fog, clouds, smoke, sandstorms and other poor weathter conditions . Current imaging systems relied on mechanical scanning of a single beam across the scene have problems of low spatial resolution and poor sensitivity. During the past several years, due to significant advances in the development of solid state components and high-speed signal processing technology, multi-beam array imaging systems, which promise an increase in sensitivity and resolution, have received considerable interest in both the military and civilian applications.
At first, we present the state-of-the-art of passive millimeter wave imaging technology, and discuss the common theory and principles of it; Secondly, this thesis focuses upon passive millimeter wave imaging based on two-dimension conical mechanical scanning of a single beam. We analyze the the stucture, principles and performance of the system in theory and design the image sample/control interface circuit. In order to improve the low spatial resolution, a super-resolution algorithm-Fuzzy POCS is put forward; At last, we discuss the imaging principles of focal plane arrays, and consider critical aspects of imaging system design. Then we discuss the major constraint factors on array feed elements as well as the character of superheterodyne receiver. And the signal-to-noise ration of focal plane imaging system is analyzed for the performance evaluation.
本论文首先总结了被动毫米波成像技术的国内外发展动态及被动毫米波成像的一般理论和原理；重点研究了基于二维单波束圆锥机械扫描的被动毫米波成像系统，从理论上分析了系统的结构、原理以及性能，设计了图像采集／控制接口电路，并重点提出一种超分辨率算法一模糊凸集投影方法来解决其空间分辨率不高的缺陷，在一定程度上提高了系统的空间分辨率；系统论述了毫米波焦平面阵列成像技术的成像原理，深入分析了焦平面阵列成像系统设计与实现要点，研究了馈源阵列的主要制约因素，分析了超外差接收机的特性，并进一步讨论了系统的信噪比，以全面评价毫米波焦平面阵列成像系统性能。
Passive millimeter wave imaging makes use of the electromagnetic thermal emission of the subject and reflected thermal signals from the background. Passive millimeter wave imaging, in comparision to visible or infrared imaging ,has great potential advantage of imaging through fog, clouds, smoke, sandstorms and other poor weathter conditions . Current imaging systems relied on mechanical scanning of a single beam across the scene have problems of low spatial resolution and poor sensitivity. During the past several years, due to significant advances in the development of solid state components and high-speed signal processing technology, multi-beam array imaging systems, which promise an increase in sensitivity and resolution, have received considerable interest in both the military and civilian applications.
At first, we present the state-of-the-art of passive millimeter wave imaging technology, and discuss the common theory and principles of it; Secondly, this thesis focuses upon passive millimeter wave imaging based on two-dimension conical mechanical scanning of a single beam. We analyze the the stucture, principles and performance of the system in theory and design the image sample/control interface circuit. In order to improve the low spatial resolution, a super-resolution algorithm-Fuzzy POCS is put forward; At last, we discuss the imaging principles of focal plane arrays, and consider critical aspects of imaging system design. Then we discuss the major constraint factors on array feed elements as well as the character of superheterodyne receiver. And the signal-to-noise ration of focal plane imaging system is analyzed for the performance evaluation.
引文
1 张直中．微波成像术．北京：科学出版社．1990
2 刘政凯，瞿建雄．数字图像恢复与重建．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社．1989
3 吴世法．近代成像技术与图像处理．北京：国防工业出版社．1997
4 有本卓[日]．信号图像数字处理．北京：电子工业出版社．1988
5 K.J. 巴顿[美]．毫米波系统．北京：国防工业出版社．1989
6 谢寿生，徐永进．微波遥感技术与应用．北京：电子工业出版社．1987
7 郭燕昌．相控阵和频率扫描天线原理．北京：国防工业出版社．1978
8 王朴中，石长生．天线原理．北京：清华大学出版社．1993
9 康行健．天线原理与设计．北京：国防工业出版社．1995
10 董树义．近代微波测量技术．北京：电子工业出版社。1995
11 贾文斌．毫米波准光理论与技术．北京：电子工业出版社．2000
12 张祖荫，林士杰．微波辐射测量技术与应用．北京： 电子工业出版社．1995
13 唐传尧．图像电子学．北京：电子工业出版社．1995
14 张学义．电子显示技术．北京：北京理工大学出版社．1995
15 章毓晋．数字图像处理．北京：清华大学出版社．1999
16 李兴国．毫米波近感技术．北京：国防工业出版社．1991
17 许建中．微弱信号检测．北京：科学出版社．1996
18 张贤达．现代信号处理．北京：清华大学出版社．2002
19 王学宇．射频电路设计与应用．北京：电子工业出版社．2002
20 张兆礼．现代图像处理技术与Matlab实现．北京：人民邮电出版社．2001
21 S.M．凯依．现代谱估计．北京：科学出版社．1994
22 R.万兹蒂[美]．红外技术的实际应用．北京：科学出版社．1981
23 R.H金斯敦[美]．光学和红外辐射探测．北京：科学出版社．1984
24 章勇，李兴国．毫米波焦平面阵列图像的一种超分辨率算法．红外与毫米波学报．Vol．17，No．4，1998
25 郭伟．八毫米波二维圆锥扫描辐射成像的研究．微波学会第一届全国毫米波亚毫米波学术会议论文集．南京理工大学．1994
26 王华力．被动毫米波成像技术研究—焦平面阵列与干涉阵列(博士论文)．南京理工大学．1996
27 陈雷霆．微机采样成像系统的设计与实现．计算机应用．Vol．18，No．5，1998
28 王华力．被动毫米波成像技术．红外与毫米波学报．Vol．16，No．4，1997
29 李青侠．面目标毫米波辐射特性研究．红外与激光工程．Vol．27，No．4，1998
30 邓军．8毫米辐射计成像系统的改进(硕士论文)．华中理工大学．1992
31 David G..Gleed, Alan H. Lettington. Application of superresolution technique to passsive millimeter-wave images. SPIE. VOL. 1567:65-72
32 Yu. A. Pirogov, A.V.Antoshechkin. Scanning antenna array computer-contlolled millimeter wave radiometer. SPIE. VOL.2736:75-82
33 Ho-Yuen Pang, MalurK. Sundareshan, Sengvieng Amphay. Optimized maximum likelihood algorithms for superresolution of passive millimeter wave imagery. SPIE. VOL.3378:148-157,April. 1998
34 Joseph D. Silverstein. Resolution and resolution improvement of passive millimeter-wave images. SPIE. VOL.3703:140-145, April. 1999
35 Joseph D.Silverstein. Passive millimeter-wave image resolution improvement by linear and non-linear algrithms. SPIE. VOL.4373(2001): 132-140
36 Alan H Letting, Marc R Yallop, Dennis Dunn. Review of super-resolution techniques for passive millimeter-wave imaging. SPIE. VOL.4719(2002):230—239
37 Lisimachos P.Kondi, Dean A.Scribner. Comparison of digital image resolution enhancement techniques. SPIE. VOL.4719(2002):220-223
38 William R.Reynolds, Denise M.Talcott, John W.Higers. Near real-time expectation-maximization algorithm: Computational performance and passive millimeter wave imaging field test results. SPIE. VOL.4719(2002):267-279
39 David.D.Fessis. Overview of current technology in MMW radiometric sensors for law enforcement application. Proceedings of SPIE. Vol.4032(2000):61-71
40 Alan Letting, Qi He Hong, Andrew Dean. An overview of recent advances in passive millimeter wave imaging in the U.K. SPIE. VOL.2744:146-153
41 Alan H Lettington, Isaiah M Blankson. Review of imaging architecture. Proceedings of SPIE. VOL.4719(2002):328-340
42 Stuart. Clark, John A. Lovberg. Passive millimeter-wave imaging for concealed object detection. Proceedings of SPIE. vol.4708(2002): 128-133
43 Allan Jones. Quantifying the benefits of image restoration. Proceedings of SPIE. vol.4032(2000): 140-146
44 Gordon N.Sinclair, Roger Appleby. Passive millimeter wave imaging in security scanning. Proceedings of SPIE. vol.4032(2000):40-45
45 Neil A.Salmon, Roger Appleby. Sky radiation temperature changes and fluctuations in the millimeter wave band. Proceedings of SPIE. vol.4032(2000):98-102
46 A.R Harvey, R.Appleby. Beam-steering technology for real time passive millimeter
wave imaging. SPIE. vol.3378(April. 1998):63-71
47 Yuan-Liang Tang, Sadashiva. Model-based approach for detection of objects in low resolution passive millimeter wave images. SPIE. vol.2182(1994):320-330
48 Roger Appleby, Sean Price, David G.Gleed. Pasive millimeter wave imaging:seeing in very poor visibility. SPIE. vol.2463:10-14
49 Richard Sethrnann, Barbara A.Burns, Georg C.Heygster. Spatial resolution improvement of SSM/I data with image restoration techniques. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.. VOL.32,NO.6, November. 1994
50 Gene A. Poe. Optimum interpolation of imaging microwave radiometer data. IEEE. Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. VOL.28, NO.5, September. 1990
51 Martti Kemppinen. Airborne imaging radiometer scan simulation. IEEE. Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. VOL.33,NO.3, May. 1995
52 Matti U.KEmppinen, Martti T.Hallikainen. The theory and mechanical realization of an ideal scanning method for a single-channel imaging. IEEE. Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. VOL.30, NO.4, July 1992
53 Yuri A.Pirogov, Valeri V.Gladun. 3-mm wave range passive radio imaging system of high resolution. Proceedings of SPIE. vol.4032(2000): 147-151
54 CHEN BING QIAN, YUNSHENG CHANG, BENKING..Measurement method of the modulation transfer function of focal plane arrays. Proceedings of SPIE. vol.4548(2001):363-368
55 Tekalp, A.M. Ozkan, M.K. Sezan, M.I. High-resolution reconstruction from lower-resolution image sequences and space-varying image restoration. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Vol.3:23-26, March. 1992
56 Patti, A.J. Ozkan, M.K. Tekalp, A.M. Sezan, M.I. New aprroaches for space-variant image restoration. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.Vol.5: 261-264, April. 1993
57 Marks, R.J, Ⅱ Laybourn, L. Lee, S. Oh,S. Fuzzy and extra crisp altemating Projection onto Convex Sets(POCS). Fuzzy Systems. Vol.2 : 427-435, March. 1995
58 Dharanipragada.S. New algrithms for convex set signal reconstruction. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Vol.3 : 1791-1794, May.1996
59 Oh, S. Marks, R.J. Alternating Projection onto Fuzzy Convex Sets. Fuzzy Systems. vol.1, 1993.4:1148-1155
60 Mailloux, G.E. Noumeir, R. Lemieux. POCS:a uniform framework for interative image reconstruction algrithms. Electrical and Computer Engineering. Vol.2: 5-8, Sept. 1995
61 G. Backus, F.Gilbert. Uniqueness in the inversion of inaccurate gross earth. Phil.Trans.Roy.Soy.Soc.London.vol.AP-26,pp 123-192,1970
2 刘政凯，瞿建雄．数字图像恢复与重建．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社．1989
3 吴世法．近代成像技术与图像处理．北京：国防工业出版社．1997
4 有本卓[日]．信号图像数字处理．北京：电子工业出版社．1988
5 K.J. 巴顿[美]．毫米波系统．北京：国防工业出版社．1989
6 谢寿生，徐永进．微波遥感技术与应用．北京：电子工业出版社．1987
7 郭燕昌．相控阵和频率扫描天线原理．北京：国防工业出版社．1978
8 王朴中，石长生．天线原理．北京：清华大学出版社．1993
9 康行健．天线原理与设计．北京：国防工业出版社．1995
10 董树义．近代微波测量技术．北京：电子工业出版社。1995
11 贾文斌．毫米波准光理论与技术．北京：电子工业出版社．2000
12 张祖荫，林士杰．微波辐射测量技术与应用．北京： 电子工业出版社．1995
13 唐传尧．图像电子学．北京：电子工业出版社．1995
14 张学义．电子显示技术．北京：北京理工大学出版社．1995
15 章毓晋．数字图像处理．北京：清华大学出版社．1999
16 李兴国．毫米波近感技术．北京：国防工业出版社．1991
17 许建中．微弱信号检测．北京：科学出版社．1996
18 张贤达．现代信号处理．北京：清华大学出版社．2002
19 王学宇．射频电路设计与应用．北京：电子工业出版社．2002
20 张兆礼．现代图像处理技术与Matlab实现．北京：人民邮电出版社．2001
21 S.M．凯依．现代谱估计．北京：科学出版社．1994
22 R.万兹蒂[美]．红外技术的实际应用．北京：科学出版社．1981
23 R.H金斯敦[美]．光学和红外辐射探测．北京：科学出版社．1984
24 章勇，李兴国．毫米波焦平面阵列图像的一种超分辨率算法．红外与毫米波学报．Vol．17，No．4，1998
25 郭伟．八毫米波二维圆锥扫描辐射成像的研究．微波学会第一届全国毫米波亚毫米波学术会议论文集．南京理工大学．1994
26 王华力．被动毫米波成像技术研究—焦平面阵列与干涉阵列(博士论文)．南京理工大学．1996
27 陈雷霆．微机采样成像系统的设计与实现．计算机应用．Vol．18，No．5，1998
28 王华力．被动毫米波成像技术．红外与毫米波学报．Vol．16，No．4，1997
29 李青侠．面目标毫米波辐射特性研究．红外与激光工程．Vol．27，No．4，1998
30 邓军．8毫米辐射计成像系统的改进(硕士论文)．华中理工大学．1992
31 David G..Gleed, Alan H. Lettington. Application of superresolution technique to passsive millimeter-wave images. SPIE. VOL. 1567:65-72
32 Yu. A. Pirogov, A.V.Antoshechkin. Scanning antenna array computer-contlolled millimeter wave radiometer. SPIE. VOL.2736:75-82
33 Ho-Yuen Pang, MalurK. Sundareshan, Sengvieng Amphay. Optimized maximum likelihood algorithms for superresolution of passive millimeter wave imagery. SPIE. VOL.3378:148-157,April. 1998
34 Joseph D. Silverstein. Resolution and resolution improvement of passive millimeter-wave images. SPIE. VOL.3703:140-145, April. 1999
35 Joseph D.Silverstein. Passive millimeter-wave image resolution improvement by linear and non-linear algrithms. SPIE. VOL.4373(2001): 132-140
36 Alan H Letting, Marc R Yallop, Dennis Dunn. Review of super-resolution techniques for passive millimeter-wave imaging. SPIE. VOL.4719(2002):230—239
37 Lisimachos P.Kondi, Dean A.Scribner. Comparison of digital image resolution enhancement techniques. SPIE. VOL.4719(2002):220-223
38 William R.Reynolds, Denise M.Talcott, John W.Higers. Near real-time expectation-maximization algorithm: Computational performance and passive millimeter wave imaging field test results. SPIE. VOL.4719(2002):267-279
39 David.D.Fessis. Overview of current technology in MMW radiometric sensors for law enforcement application. Proceedings of SPIE. Vol.4032(2000):61-71
40 Alan Letting, Qi He Hong, Andrew Dean. An overview of recent advances in passive millimeter wave imaging in the U.K. SPIE. VOL.2744:146-153
41 Alan H Lettington, Isaiah M Blankson. Review of imaging architecture. Proceedings of SPIE. VOL.4719(2002):328-340
42 Stuart. Clark, John A. Lovberg. Passive millimeter-wave imaging for concealed object detection. Proceedings of SPIE. vol.4708(2002): 128-133
43 Allan Jones. Quantifying the benefits of image restoration. Proceedings of SPIE. vol.4032(2000): 140-146
44 Gordon N.Sinclair, Roger Appleby. Passive millimeter wave imaging in security scanning. Proceedings of SPIE. vol.4032(2000):40-45
45 Neil A.Salmon, Roger Appleby. Sky radiation temperature changes and fluctuations in the millimeter wave band. Proceedings of SPIE. vol.4032(2000):98-102
46 A.R Harvey, R.Appleby. Beam-steering technology for real time passive millimeter
wave imaging. SPIE. vol.3378(April. 1998):63-71
47 Yuan-Liang Tang, Sadashiva. Model-based approach for detection of objects in low resolution passive millimeter wave images. SPIE. vol.2182(1994):320-330
48 Roger Appleby, Sean Price, David G.Gleed. Pasive millimeter wave imaging:seeing in very poor visibility. SPIE. vol.2463:10-14
49 Richard Sethrnann, Barbara A.Burns, Georg C.Heygster. Spatial resolution improvement of SSM/I data with image restoration techniques. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.. VOL.32,NO.6, November. 1994
50 Gene A. Poe. Optimum interpolation of imaging microwave radiometer data. IEEE. Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. VOL.28, NO.5, September. 1990
51 Martti Kemppinen. Airborne imaging radiometer scan simulation. IEEE. Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. VOL.33,NO.3, May. 1995
52 Matti U.KEmppinen, Martti T.Hallikainen. The theory and mechanical realization of an ideal scanning method for a single-channel imaging. IEEE. Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. VOL.30, NO.4, July 1992
53 Yuri A.Pirogov, Valeri V.Gladun. 3-mm wave range passive radio imaging system of high resolution. Proceedings of SPIE. vol.4032(2000): 147-151
54 CHEN BING QIAN, YUNSHENG CHANG, BENKING..Measurement method of the modulation transfer function of focal plane arrays. Proceedings of SPIE. vol.4548(2001):363-368
55 Tekalp, A.M. Ozkan, M.K. Sezan, M.I. High-resolution reconstruction from lower-resolution image sequences and space-varying image restoration. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Vol.3:23-26, March. 1992
56 Patti, A.J. Ozkan, M.K. Tekalp, A.M. Sezan, M.I. New aprroaches for space-variant image restoration. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.Vol.5: 261-264, April. 1993
57 Marks, R.J, Ⅱ Laybourn, L. Lee, S. Oh,S. Fuzzy and extra crisp altemating Projection onto Convex Sets(POCS). Fuzzy Systems. Vol.2 : 427-435, March. 1995
58 Dharanipragada.S. New algrithms for convex set signal reconstruction. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Vol.3 : 1791-1794, May.1996
59 Oh, S. Marks, R.J. Alternating Projection onto Fuzzy Convex Sets. Fuzzy Systems. vol.1, 1993.4:1148-1155
60 Mailloux, G.E. Noumeir, R. Lemieux. POCS:a uniform framework for interative image reconstruction algrithms. Electrical and Computer Engineering. Vol.2: 5-8, Sept. 1995
61 G. Backus, F.Gilbert. Uniqueness in the inversion of inaccurate gross earth. Phil.Trans.Roy.Soy.Soc.London.vol.AP-26,pp 123-192,1970