MC-DS-CDMA移动通信系统中移动台定位技术的研究
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摘要
MC-DS-CDMA是采用DS-CDMA与OFDM相结合的Beyond 3G无线接入技术，而移动定位业务是未来蜂窝网都必将提供的增值业务，故MC-DS-CDMA蜂窝系统中的移动定位技术具有广阔的应用前景。
本文首先对蜂窝网移动定位技术进行了全面的介绍，其中对本文所采用的TDOA无线定位技术进行了重点阐述。接着对移动定位所包括的两个过程：TDOA测量值的估计和TDOA定位计算进行了详细的分析。采用广义相关法对TDOA进行估计，而定位算法则在介绍Chan氏定位算法和泰勒序列展开法的基础上，将扩展卡尔曼滤波和粒子滤波技术应用于TDOA定位计算中。然后对本文中采用的T1P1.5定位信道模型进行了介绍，并对TDOA定位误差产生的原因以及NLOS定位误差的鉴别和抑制进行了研究。最后，在介绍OFDM的基本原理的基础上，对CDMA-OFDM中的MC-DS-CDMA系统进行了重点研究，并将TDOA下行链路定位技术应用于MC-DS-CDMA系统中，采用Chan氏算法、NLOS抑制Chan氏算法，扩展卡尔曼滤波法和粒子滤波法进行了定位仿真，仿真结果表明：在实际信道环境下，粒子滤波法定位性能优于Chan氏算法和扩展卡尔曼滤波法，NLOS抑制Chan氏算法对NLOS信道环境下定位性能有明显改善。
MC-DS-CDMA is a Beyond 3G access technology, which is integrated by DS-CDMA and OFDM. Since mobile positioning operation must be afforded as an increment operation in future cellular network, mobile positioning technology in MC-DS-CDMA system has a wide application prospect.
After introducing the wireless cellular network positioning technology in general, this paper elaborates TDOA wireless positioning technology. Then the two processes of mobile positioning are analyzed in detail, which are the estimation of TDOA and the calculation of the position by TDOA value. As for the estimation of TDOA, GCC method is adopted. After introducing Chan algorithm and Taylor algorithm, this paper applies the EKF and the particle filter technique into the positioning by TDOA value. In addition, this paper introduces the TIP 1.5 positioning channel model, and researches the cause of TDOA error, the discriminating and restraining methods of NLOS error. Lastly, this paper introduces the basic theory of OFDM, researches the MC-DS-CDMA system of CDMA-OFDM emphatically, and applies the TDOA downlink positioning technique into the MC-DS-CDMA system. In simulating the positioning procedure, the positioning algorithms are Chan algorithm, NLOS Chan algorithm, EKF algorithm and particle filter algorithm.
The simulation results indicate that the particle filter technique is more excellent than EKF and Chan algorithm in the actual channel surroundings and that NLOS restrained Chan algorithm is beneficial to improving the positioning performance in NLOS channel surroundings.
本文首先对蜂窝网移动定位技术进行了全面的介绍，其中对本文所采用的TDOA无线定位技术进行了重点阐述。接着对移动定位所包括的两个过程：TDOA测量值的估计和TDOA定位计算进行了详细的分析。采用广义相关法对TDOA进行估计，而定位算法则在介绍Chan氏定位算法和泰勒序列展开法的基础上，将扩展卡尔曼滤波和粒子滤波技术应用于TDOA定位计算中。然后对本文中采用的T1P1.5定位信道模型进行了介绍，并对TDOA定位误差产生的原因以及NLOS定位误差的鉴别和抑制进行了研究。最后，在介绍OFDM的基本原理的基础上，对CDMA-OFDM中的MC-DS-CDMA系统进行了重点研究，并将TDOA下行链路定位技术应用于MC-DS-CDMA系统中，采用Chan氏算法、NLOS抑制Chan氏算法，扩展卡尔曼滤波法和粒子滤波法进行了定位仿真，仿真结果表明：在实际信道环境下，粒子滤波法定位性能优于Chan氏算法和扩展卡尔曼滤波法，NLOS抑制Chan氏算法对NLOS信道环境下定位性能有明显改善。
MC-DS-CDMA is a Beyond 3G access technology, which is integrated by DS-CDMA and OFDM. Since mobile positioning operation must be afforded as an increment operation in future cellular network, mobile positioning technology in MC-DS-CDMA system has a wide application prospect.
After introducing the wireless cellular network positioning technology in general, this paper elaborates TDOA wireless positioning technology. Then the two processes of mobile positioning are analyzed in detail, which are the estimation of TDOA and the calculation of the position by TDOA value. As for the estimation of TDOA, GCC method is adopted. After introducing Chan algorithm and Taylor algorithm, this paper applies the EKF and the particle filter technique into the positioning by TDOA value. In addition, this paper introduces the TIP 1.5 positioning channel model, and researches the cause of TDOA error, the discriminating and restraining methods of NLOS error. Lastly, this paper introduces the basic theory of OFDM, researches the MC-DS-CDMA system of CDMA-OFDM emphatically, and applies the TDOA downlink positioning technique into the MC-DS-CDMA system. In simulating the positioning procedure, the positioning algorithms are Chan algorithm, NLOS Chan algorithm, EKF algorithm and particle filter algorithm.
The simulation results indicate that the particle filter technique is more excellent than EKF and Chan algorithm in the actual channel surroundings and that NLOS restrained Chan algorithm is beneficial to improving the positioning performance in NLOS channel surroundings.
引文
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10．张贵明，黄顺吉，张元莉，“基于无线通信网络的移动电话定位新技术”，系统工程与电子技术．2003，Vol．23(4)，pp．87-90
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20. Nordlund, P.-J.; Gustafsson, F.; "Recursive estimation of three-dimensional aircraft position using terrain-aided positioning",Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2002. Proceedings. (ICASSP'02). IEEE International Conference on, Vol. 2 ,pp.1121-1124, 2002
21. Carpenter, J.; Clifford, P.; Feamhead, P.; "Improved particle filter for nonlinear problems",Radar, Sonar and Navigation, IEE Proceedings, Vo1.146, Issue: 1, pp.2- 7, Feb. 1999
22. Azimi-Sadjadi, B.; Krishnaprasad, P.S.; "Change detection for nonlinear systems; a particle filtering approach",American Control Conference, 2002. Proceedings of the 2002, vol.5,pp.4074 - 4079,8-10 May. 2002
23．Theodore S.Rappaport(美)著，无线通信原理与应用(英文版)，北京：电子工业出版社，1998
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29．倪巍，王宗欣，“两种非视线传播环境下的蜂窝系统定位算法”，2003．10，Vol．31(10)，pp．1469-1472
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31. Wuk Kim; Gyu-In Jee; JangGyu Lee, "Wireless location with NLOS error mitigation in Korean CDMA system", 3G Mobile Communication Technologies, 2001. Second International Conference on (Conf. Publ. No. 477), pp. 134-138, 26-28 March .2001
32．雷震洲，“后3G移动通信研究综述”，移动通信，2002，No．3，pp．29-37
33．张平，“第四代移动通信系统的关键技术及分析”，2002，pp．30-34
34．佟学俭，乐光新，“无线衰落信道中的正交频分复用”，无线通信技术，2000，No．4，pp．14-17
35．宫剑，贾怀义，“OFDM技术及其仿真性能分析”，铁道学报，2002．6，Vol．24(3)，pp．45-48
36．李向宁，谈振辉，“OFDM基本原理及其在移动通信中的应用”，重庆邮电学院学报，2003．6，Vol．15(2)，pp．25-30
37. Paul H.Moose. "A technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing frequency offset correction.", IEEE Trans.Commun. Vol.42,No. 10, pp.2908-2914, Oct. 1994
38. S.B.Weinstein and P.Ebert, "Data Transmission by Frequency Division Multiplexing using the Discrete Fourier Transform",IEEE Trans.On Communications, Vol. 19 ,pp.628-634,Oct. 1971
39. Ahamad R.S Bahai Burton Rurton R.Saltzberg. "Multi-Carder Digital Communicationns: Theory and Applications of OFDM". Kluwer Academic /Plenum-Publishers,pp.22-25
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42. Matsutani, H.; Nakagawa, M.; "Multi-carder DS-CDMA using frequency spread coding", Personal Wireless Communication, 1999 IEEE International Conference on ,pp. 244 -248, 17-19 Feb. 1999
43. Saban, D.; Braun, R.M.; "Multi-carrier direct sequence CDMA in fading situations", Communications and Signal Processing, 1998. COMSIG '98. Proceedings of the 1998 South African Symposium on,pp.33 -38, 7-8 Sept. 1998
44. Welch, T.B.; Ziemer, R.E.; "Simulation of coded MC-DS-CDMA systems",Radio and Wireless Conference, 1998. RAWCON 98. 1998 IEEE, pp.189- 192,9-12 Aug. 1998
45. Saban, D.; Braun, R.M.; "Multi-carder direct sequence CDMA in fading situations",Communications and Signal Processing, 1998. COMSIG'98. Proceedings of the 1998 South African Symposium on,PP.33-38, 7-8 Sept. 1998
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2. Wang, S.S.; Green, M.; Malkawa, M, "E-911 location standards and location commercial services", Emerging Technologies Symposium: Broadband, Wireless Interact Access, 2000 IEEE, 10-11 April. 2000
3. Wang, S.S.; Green, M.; Malkawi, M., "Mobile positioning technologies and location services", Radio and Wireless Conference, 2002. RAWCON 2002. IEEE ,pp.9-12, 2002
4．杨三海，杨放春，“GSM位置业务的研究”，现代电信科技，2002．6，No．6，pp．21-24
5．范平志，邓平，刘林，蜂窝网无线定位，北京：电子工业出版社，2002
6．熊瑾煜，王巍，朱中梁，“CDMA蜂窝系统定位技术的发展与展望”，电信科学，2003，No．1，pp．9-14
7. Thomas, N.J.; Cruickshank, D.G.M.; Laurenson, D.I., "Performance of a TDOA-AOA hybrid mobile location system", 3G Mobile Communication Technologies, 2001. Second International Conference on (Conf. Publ. No. 477), pp.216-220,2001
8．刘颖，王树勋，宋春莆，“移动终端定位算法及误差分析”，系统工程与电子技术，2001，Vol．23(7)：98—102
9．顾杰，龚耀寰，何芳，“W-CDMA中基于TDOA的无线定位技术研究”，系统工程与电子技术，2003，Vol．25(9)：1161—1164
10．张贵明，黄顺吉，张元莉，“基于无线通信网络的移动电话定位新技术”，系统工程与电子技术．2003，Vol．23(4)，pp．87-90
11．张毅，汪纪锋，“移动通信信号到达时间差定位的估计”，系统工程与电子技术，2001，Vol．23(4)：27—29
12. Vidal, J.; Najar, M.; Jativa, R., "High resolution time-of-arrival detection for wireless positioning systems", Vehicular Technology Conference, 2002. Proceedings. VTC 2002-Fall. 2002 IEEE 56th, Vol.4, pp.2283-2287,24-28 Sept. 2002
13．黄清，“相关域双谱时延估计方法”，声学学报，2003．1，Vol．28(1)，pp．57-60
14．师延山，李道本，“无线定位扩展卡尔曼滤波算法的优化”，北京航空航天大学学报，2003．4，Vol．29(4)，pp．308-311
15. Gustafsson, F.; Gunnarsson, F.; Bergman, N.; Forssell, U.; Jansson, J.; Karlsson, R.; Nordlund, P.-J.; "Particle filters for positioning, navigation, and tracking", Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on [see also Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on], Vol. 50, Issue: 2 ,pp.425 - 437, Feb. 2002
16．王昕，王宗欣，刘石，“一种考虑非视线传播影响的TOA定位算法”，通信学报，2001．3，Vol．22(3)，PP．1-8
17. Kotecha, J.H.; Djuric, P.M.; "Gaussian sum particle filtering",Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on [see also Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on], Vol.51, Issue: 10 ,pp.2602 -2612, Oct. 2003
18. Kotecha, J.H.; Djuric, P.M.; "Gaussian particle filtering",Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on [see also Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on], Vol.51, Issue: 10, pp.2592 -2601, Oct. 2003
19. Maskell, S.;Gordon, N.; "A tutorial on particle filters for on-line nonlinear/non-Gaussian Bayesian tracking",Target Tracking: Algorithms and Applications (Ref. No. 2001/174), IEE, Volume: Workshop, vol.2,pp.1 - 15, 16 - 17 Oct. 2001
20. Nordlund, P.-J.; Gustafsson, F.; "Recursive estimation of three-dimensional aircraft position using terrain-aided positioning",Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2002. Proceedings. (ICASSP'02). IEEE International Conference on, Vol. 2 ,pp.1121-1124, 2002
21. Carpenter, J.; Clifford, P.; Feamhead, P.; "Improved particle filter for nonlinear problems",Radar, Sonar and Navigation, IEE Proceedings, Vo1.146, Issue: 1, pp.2- 7, Feb. 1999
22. Azimi-Sadjadi, B.; Krishnaprasad, P.S.; "Change detection for nonlinear systems; a particle filtering approach",American Control Conference, 2002. Proceedings of the 2002, vol.5,pp.4074 - 4079,8-10 May. 2002
23．Theodore S.Rappaport(美)著，无线通信原理与应用(英文版)，北京：电子工业出版社，1998
24. Gans,M.J., "A Power Spectral Theory of Propagation in the Mobile Radio Environment,"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology ,Vol.VT-21,pp.27-38, February. 1972
25．John G Proakis著，张力军等译，数字通信(第三版)，北京：电子工业出版社，2001
26. Thomas, N.J.; Cruickshank, D.G.M.; Laurenson, D.I., "Channel model implementation for evaluation of location services", 3G Mobile Communication Technologies, 2000.
First International Conference on (Conf. Publ. No. 471), pp.446-450,2000
27. Patzold, M., "Perfect channel modeling and simulation of measured wide-band mobile radio channels", 3G Mobile Communication Technologies, 2000. First International Conference on (Conf. Publ. No. 471),pp.288-293, 2000
28. Yong, S.K.; Thompson, J.S.; McLaughlin, S., "Implementation of COST259 channel models using tapped delay line for multiple antenna receivers", 3G Mobile Communication Technologies, 2002. Third International Conference on (Conf. Publ. No. 489) ,pp. 165-169, 2002
29．倪巍，王宗欣，“两种非视线传播环境下的蜂窝系统定位算法”，2003．10，Vol．31(10)，pp．1469-1472
30. Cong, L.; Weihua Zhuang, "Non-line-of-sight error mitigation in TDOA mobile location", Global Telecommunications Conference, 2001. GLOBECOM'01. IEEE, Vol.1, pp. 680-684, 25-29 Nov. 2001
31. Wuk Kim; Gyu-In Jee; JangGyu Lee, "Wireless location with NLOS error mitigation in Korean CDMA system", 3G Mobile Communication Technologies, 2001. Second International Conference on (Conf. Publ. No. 477), pp. 134-138, 26-28 March .2001
32．雷震洲，“后3G移动通信研究综述”，移动通信，2002，No．3，pp．29-37
33．张平，“第四代移动通信系统的关键技术及分析”，2002，pp．30-34
34．佟学俭，乐光新，“无线衰落信道中的正交频分复用”，无线通信技术，2000，No．4，pp．14-17
35．宫剑，贾怀义，“OFDM技术及其仿真性能分析”，铁道学报，2002．6，Vol．24(3)，pp．45-48
36．李向宁，谈振辉，“OFDM基本原理及其在移动通信中的应用”，重庆邮电学院学报，2003．6，Vol．15(2)，pp．25-30
37. Paul H.Moose. "A technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing frequency offset correction.", IEEE Trans.Commun. Vol.42,No. 10, pp.2908-2914, Oct. 1994
38. S.B.Weinstein and P.Ebert, "Data Transmission by Frequency Division Multiplexing using the Discrete Fourier Transform",IEEE Trans.On Communications, Vol. 19 ,pp.628-634,Oct. 1971
39. Ahamad R.S Bahai Burton Rurton R.Saltzberg. "Multi-Carder Digital Communicationns: Theory and Applications of OFDM". Kluwer Academic /Plenum-Publishers,pp.22-25
40. Welch, T.B.; Ziemer, R.E.; "Simulation of coded MC-DS-CDMA systems", Radio and Wireless Conference, 1998. RAWCON 98. 1998 IEEE, pp.189 -192,9-12 Aug.1998
41. Steendam, H.; Moeneclaey, M.E.; "The sensitivity of downlink MC-DS-CDMA to carder frequency offsets",Communications Letters, IEEE, Vol. 5 Issue: 5,pp. 215 -217, May .2001
42. Matsutani, H.; Nakagawa, M.; "Multi-carder DS-CDMA using frequency spread coding", Personal Wireless Communication, 1999 IEEE International Conference on ,pp. 244 -248, 17-19 Feb. 1999
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