基于PAA和PNIPAM的嵌段聚合物及微凝胶的合成及聚集研究
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摘要
在本论文中,我们利用活性自由基聚合制备了一系列聚合物,借助凝胶渗透色谱和光散射等表征手段探索了合成条件并研究了它们在溶液中的行为。研究内容包括：(1)利用可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)合成了PAA-b-PNIPAM (Poly(acrylic acid)-b-Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide))两嵌段聚合物,并研究了其在水溶液中的自组装行为,特别是在Ca2+离子诱导下的聚集行为；(2)利用RAFT方法合成聚丙烯酸钾大分子RAFT链转移剂,并使用这种RAFT链转移剂作为稳定剂,在水相中通过分散聚合制备了PAA-PNIPAM微凝胶；(3)利用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)合成了ABC三嵌段聚合物,再通过Click反应制备了(ABC)。多嵌段聚合物。主要研究内容和结果总结如下：
PAA-b-PNIPAM的合成及聚集行为研究：我们发现在RAFT聚合过程中引入的较大的RAFT端基对PAA-b-PNIPAM共聚物链在水中的胶束化有显著的影响。在移除RAFT端基后,通过水解将PtBA-b-PNIPAM转变成PAA-b-PNIPAM两嵌段共聚物,其中一段带电,另一段具有温敏性,可以在温度诱导下自组装形成窄分布的核壳结构的聚合物胶束。当温度高于37℃时,PNIPAM塌缩成核,PAA向外伸展形成壳层。我们的研究揭示,加入Ca2+之后,在Ca2+/COO络合作用诱导下,独立的聚合物胶束发生聚集形成松散的胶束团簇。在温度骤升之前或之后加入Ca2+会影响链间或胶束间的聚集。在温度骤升到设定温度之后加入Ca2+, Ca2+/COO络合作用主要导致聚合物胶束之间的聚集；先升温后加Ca2+时,共聚物链在形成胶束前会先聚集形成一些较小的松散聚集体,最终形成的聚集体分形尺寸更小,平均链密度更低。虽然不同的聚集温度、Ca2+浓度以及添加Ca2+的温度会导致聚集速度、聚集体尺寸和聚集体结构的差异,但是Ca2+/COO络合作用诱导的胶束间聚集都遵从扩散控制机理。我们的研究结果对进一步研究金属离子对蛋白质稳定性的影响提供了一个模型体系。
PAA-PNIPAM核壳结构的微凝胶：在这部分工作中,我们成功地利用聚丙烯酸钾大分子链转移剂作为反应性的稳定剂,通过非常简便的水相分散聚合方法合成了结构规整的并具有多重响应的微凝胶。这种微凝胶的尺寸可以通过调节稳定剂的分子量和用量调控。在加热-降温循环中,微凝胶的收缩和溶胀过程是可逆的。粒子的平均流体力学半径随着温度的升高而逐渐减小。当温度从25℃升高到45℃时,微凝胶的尺寸可收缩约2.3倍,即,表面积可降低约5倍。此外,微凝胶的zeta电势强烈依赖于溶液的pH和温度,表明制备的微凝胶具有pH和温度双重响应性。
(ABC)n多嵌段聚合物：在丙烯酸酯类单体的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)中,当使用带炔基的引发剂时,需要将炔基用三甲基硅基保护。我们利用顺序的原子转移自由基聚合成功地制备了PtBA-b-PS-b-PMA和PtBA-b-PS-b-PEA两种三嵌段聚合物,经过Click反应进一步得到(PtBA-b-PS-b-PMA)n和(PtBA-b-PS-b-PEA)n多嵌段聚合物。
In this thesis, we synthesized a series of copolymers and-microgels based on polyelectrolytes, and studied their properties in solution dispersion. Specifically, we synthesised poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) diblock copolymer and studied their association behaviors, especially in the presence of Ca2+cations; prepared poly(acrylic-acid-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) core-shell microgels and investigated their temperature and pH sensitivities; and synthesized (PtBA-b-PS-b-PMA)n and (PtBA-b-PS-b-PEA)n multi-block copolymers by using a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and Click reaction. Main results are as follows:
(1) Poly(t-butyl acrylate)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PtBA-b-PNIPAM) was first synthesized by sequential reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of tert-butyl acrylate and N-isopropylacrylamide. Its hydrolysis led to amphiphilic poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PAA-b-PNIPAM) that can form micelles in aqueous solutions when the solution temperature is higher than～37℃. In the presence of Ca2+, the complexation between one Ca2+and two COO-groups on different PAA blocks can induce the chain association. Using a combination of static and dynamic laser light scattering, we studied the effect of Ca2+and temperature as well as the sequence of adding Ca2+ions and heating the solution on such association. We found that1) the association is controllable and reversible;2) a distinct hysteresis is observed between the heating and cooling processes;3) the time evolution of the average aggregation number (Nagg) and the average hydrodynamic radius () of the aggregates can be expressed by a single exponential equation;4) the aggregates have a fractal dimension of1.5-1.9, suggesting a diffusion-limited cluster-cluster aggregation;5) adding Ca2+before heating results in the aggregates with a more open and looser structure; and6) adding Cu2+before heating leads to less chain association and smaller aggregates, which has some implication in the stabilization of proteins.
(2) A series of poly(potassium acrylate) macromolecular chain transfer agents with different lengths were synthesized by RAFT polymerization and characterized by1H NMR and Gel Permeation Chromatography. These poly (potassium acrylate) macromolecular chain transfer agents were used to prepare multi-responsive core-shell microgels by using dispersion polymerization of N-Isopropylacrylamide in water with poly(potassium acrylate) macro-RAFT agents as electrosteric stabilizer. We found that the average size of the microgels decreases with the amount of the poly(potassium acrylate) macro-RAFT agents, indicating that the average surface area occupied per polyelectrolyte group is a key parameter in stabilizing the microgels. The size change and the zeta potentials of the nanogels in aqueous solutions were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zetasizer analyzer, respectively.
(3) a-trimethylsilyl-alkyne-ωo-bromine-terminated triblock copolymers of PtBA-b-PS-b-PMA and PtBA-b-PS-b-PEA were made by sequential Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP). TMS-protecting groups were removed by tetra-butyl ammonium fluoride. Azidation of the terminal bromine was followed in DMF with sodium azide so that a-alkyne-ω-azido-terminated PtBA-b-PS-b-PMA or PtBA-b-PS-b-PEA precursors were obtained for preparing (PtBA-b-PS-b-PMA)n and (PtBA-b-PS-b-PEA)n multi-block copolymers via the Cu-catalyzed Click coupling.
PAA-b-PNIPAM的合成及聚集行为研究：我们发现在RAFT聚合过程中引入的较大的RAFT端基对PAA-b-PNIPAM共聚物链在水中的胶束化有显著的影响。在移除RAFT端基后,通过水解将PtBA-b-PNIPAM转变成PAA-b-PNIPAM两嵌段共聚物,其中一段带电,另一段具有温敏性,可以在温度诱导下自组装形成窄分布的核壳结构的聚合物胶束。当温度高于37℃时,PNIPAM塌缩成核,PAA向外伸展形成壳层。我们的研究揭示,加入Ca2+之后,在Ca2+/COO络合作用诱导下,独立的聚合物胶束发生聚集形成松散的胶束团簇。在温度骤升之前或之后加入Ca2+会影响链间或胶束间的聚集。在温度骤升到设定温度之后加入Ca2+, Ca2+/COO络合作用主要导致聚合物胶束之间的聚集；先升温后加Ca2+时,共聚物链在形成胶束前会先聚集形成一些较小的松散聚集体,最终形成的聚集体分形尺寸更小,平均链密度更低。虽然不同的聚集温度、Ca2+浓度以及添加Ca2+的温度会导致聚集速度、聚集体尺寸和聚集体结构的差异,但是Ca2+/COO络合作用诱导的胶束间聚集都遵从扩散控制机理。我们的研究结果对进一步研究金属离子对蛋白质稳定性的影响提供了一个模型体系。
PAA-PNIPAM核壳结构的微凝胶：在这部分工作中,我们成功地利用聚丙烯酸钾大分子链转移剂作为反应性的稳定剂,通过非常简便的水相分散聚合方法合成了结构规整的并具有多重响应的微凝胶。这种微凝胶的尺寸可以通过调节稳定剂的分子量和用量调控。在加热-降温循环中,微凝胶的收缩和溶胀过程是可逆的。粒子的平均流体力学半径随着温度的升高而逐渐减小。当温度从25℃升高到45℃时,微凝胶的尺寸可收缩约2.3倍,即,表面积可降低约5倍。此外,微凝胶的zeta电势强烈依赖于溶液的pH和温度,表明制备的微凝胶具有pH和温度双重响应性。
(ABC)n多嵌段聚合物：在丙烯酸酯类单体的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)中,当使用带炔基的引发剂时,需要将炔基用三甲基硅基保护。我们利用顺序的原子转移自由基聚合成功地制备了PtBA-b-PS-b-PMA和PtBA-b-PS-b-PEA两种三嵌段聚合物,经过Click反应进一步得到(PtBA-b-PS-b-PMA)n和(PtBA-b-PS-b-PEA)n多嵌段聚合物。
In this thesis, we synthesized a series of copolymers and-microgels based on polyelectrolytes, and studied their properties in solution dispersion. Specifically, we synthesised poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) diblock copolymer and studied their association behaviors, especially in the presence of Ca2+cations; prepared poly(acrylic-acid-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) core-shell microgels and investigated their temperature and pH sensitivities; and synthesized (PtBA-b-PS-b-PMA)n and (PtBA-b-PS-b-PEA)n multi-block copolymers by using a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and Click reaction. Main results are as follows:
(1) Poly(t-butyl acrylate)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PtBA-b-PNIPAM) was first synthesized by sequential reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of tert-butyl acrylate and N-isopropylacrylamide. Its hydrolysis led to amphiphilic poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PAA-b-PNIPAM) that can form micelles in aqueous solutions when the solution temperature is higher than～37℃. In the presence of Ca2+, the complexation between one Ca2+and two COO-groups on different PAA blocks can induce the chain association. Using a combination of static and dynamic laser light scattering, we studied the effect of Ca2+and temperature as well as the sequence of adding Ca2+ions and heating the solution on such association. We found that1) the association is controllable and reversible;2) a distinct hysteresis is observed between the heating and cooling processes;3) the time evolution of the average aggregation number (Nagg) and the average hydrodynamic radius (
(2) A series of poly(potassium acrylate) macromolecular chain transfer agents with different lengths were synthesized by RAFT polymerization and characterized by1H NMR and Gel Permeation Chromatography. These poly (potassium acrylate) macromolecular chain transfer agents were used to prepare multi-responsive core-shell microgels by using dispersion polymerization of N-Isopropylacrylamide in water with poly(potassium acrylate) macro-RAFT agents as electrosteric stabilizer. We found that the average size of the microgels decreases with the amount of the poly(potassium acrylate) macro-RAFT agents, indicating that the average surface area occupied per polyelectrolyte group is a key parameter in stabilizing the microgels. The size change and the zeta potentials of the nanogels in aqueous solutions were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zetasizer analyzer, respectively.
(3) a-trimethylsilyl-alkyne-ωo-bromine-terminated triblock copolymers of PtBA-b-PS-b-PMA and PtBA-b-PS-b-PEA were made by sequential Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP). TMS-protecting groups were removed by tetra-butyl ammonium fluoride. Azidation of the terminal bromine was followed in DMF with sodium azide so that a-alkyne-ω-azido-terminated PtBA-b-PS-b-PMA or PtBA-b-PS-b-PEA precursors were obtained for preparing (PtBA-b-PS-b-PMA)n and (PtBA-b-PS-b-PEA)n multi-block copolymers via the Cu-catalyzed Click coupling.
引文
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