芳纶纤维布约束混凝土短柱的尺寸效应研究与多尺度分析
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摘要
纤维增强复合材料(fiber reinforced polymer,简称“FRP”)具有较高的强度质量比、优良的抗拉力学性能以及便捷的施工性能等优点,已被广泛应用于混凝土结构的加固工程中。已有研究表明：外包FRP布的约束作用能够增强混凝土柱的强度、延性及耗能性能等。然而,在现有的相关研究中,绝大多数都是基于小尺寸试件展开,得到的预测模型和规范设计公式(包括强度、变形及应力—应变关系曲线等)均未考虑尺寸效应的影响,这可能造成研究中的偏差和设计实践中的不安全,兹待解决。
混凝土材料的尺寸效应一般指：混凝土强度随试件尺寸增加而减小的现象。这一现象产生的主要原因是混凝土破坏过程中的断裂能量释放区域化及断裂面分形。因而,用于分析混凝土尺寸效应的合理方法应能够较好地表征破坏过程中的断裂行为。与此同时,混凝土作为一种多相混和材料,其破坏源于内部微观结构的失效,所以有必要采用宏、微观结合的多尺度方法来分析这一破坏过程。目前,混凝土的多尺度分析还很不充分,处于起步阶段,对于FRP约束混凝土柱的多尺度分析仍是空白。
针对上述情况,本文围绕芳纶纤维布(aramid FRP,简称"AFRP")约束混凝土短柱的尺寸效应,开展了试验研究和理论研究。主要工作和取得的成果如下：
1)开展了单调轴压荷载下AFRP约束混凝土短柱尺寸效应的试验研究,试件包括99根AFRP约束混凝土短柱和36根未约束混凝土短柱,分为圆形截面柱和方形截面柱两种,主要考虑了试件尺寸和AFRP布的约束比等试验因素。试验结果表明：试件尺寸对AFRP约束混凝土短柱的强度有显著影响,对应力—应变关系曲线有部分影响,对延性和耗能性能无明显影响,而对破坏模式无影响。
2)采用多因素效应的析因分析方法,对试验数据进行了统计分析,获得了AFRP约束混凝土短柱尺寸效应的特点。根据试验数据和统计分析结果,给出了AFRP约束混凝土短柱的强度、变形及应力—应变关系曲线的预测模型。其中,强度的预测模型中考虑了试件尺寸及其与AFRP布约束比的耦合作用,而变形的预测模型与试件尺寸无关。上述模型的预测结果与试验数据吻合较好。
3)基于材料破坏的微结构稳定理论,构建了混凝土短柱轴压破坏的失效模式,推演得到了未约束混凝土短柱和AFRP约束混凝土短柱极限强度的多尺度解析模型,并讨论了模型中AFRP约束作用对极限强度的影响机理以及该模型的适用范围。该解析模型能够考虑柱尺寸对其极限强度的影响,模型的计算结果与试验数据符合较好。
4)提出了混凝土的分形—微平面模型,能够在有限元法中考虑单元尺寸对混凝土性能的影响。通过结合非局部理论,建立了AFRP约束混凝土短柱的多尺度数值模型。该数值模型能较好地预测的AFRP约束混凝土短柱的应力—应变关系曲线,并能合理地模拟其破坏过程。
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been applied widely in civil engineering for strengthening and repairing existing concrete structures, because of their higher strength-to-mass ratio, better tensile mechanical performance, excellent easily constructing function, and other merits. Previous studies have shown that externally wrapped FRP sheets can increase the strength, ductility, and energy dissipation of confined concrete columns. However, most of current studies were based on testing of small scale specimens, and suggested prediction models and design formulas (for strength, deformation, and stress-strain relationship curve) were lack of consideration on the possible size effect of FRP-confined concrete columns. This may cause deviations in research and un-safeties in design.
Size effect of concrete is generally defined as the phenomena that the strength of concrete decreases as the specimen's size increases. The main cause for the size effect is fracture performances during the failure of concrete. Thus, a rational method for the size effect should be able to describe the fracture behaviors during the failure. As a heterogeneous material, macroscopic failure of concrete is resulted from microscopic damage, so the failure process is necessary to be studied by multi-scale methods. At present, multi-scale methods for concrete are insufficiency and on beginning phase, the multi-scale analysis for FRP-confined concrete columns is still blank.
In response to these circumstances, in this dissertation, experimental and theoretical studies are carried out on concrete short columns confined with aramid FRP (AFRP) sheets. The main works are as follows:
1) An experimental investigation, including 99 AFRP-confined concrete short columns and 36 unconfined columns, was implemented. All the specimens could be divided into two types:ones with circular cross-section, and the others with square cross-section. The main experimental parameters were AFRP's confinement ratio and specimens'size. The experimental results show that the specimens'size has significant effect on the strength of columns, partial effect on the stress-strain relationship curves, slight effect on the ductility and energy dissipation, and scarce effect on the failure mode, respectively.
2) A factor analysis is adopted on the test data, to probe into the characteristics of the size effect of AFRP-confined concrete short columns. Depending on the test data and statistical results, prediction models for the strengths, deformations, and stress-strain relationship curve of columns are presented. The specimens'size is taken into account in the model for strength, as well as the interaction between the specimens'size and AFRP's confinement ratio. However, the specimens'size is not a parameter for the models for deformation. All the prediction models herein can agree well with the test data.
3) Base on the theory of microstructure failure, failure modes are established and formulated for concrete short columns under monotonic axial compression. Multi-scale analytical models of the ultimate strength for unconfined concrete columns and AFRP-confined concrete columns are deduced. In addition, the influence due to the AFRP confinement is discussed on the ultimate strength of AFRP-confined columns, as well as the applicability of the analytical models. The analytical models can consider the size effect on the ultimate strength of columns, and their results agree well with the test data.
4) A fractal-microplane model is proposed, it can consider the effect of element's size on properties of concrete material. A multi-scale finite element model is developed for the AFRP-confined concrete short columns, combining the fractal-microplane model and the nonlocal theory. This model can provide good predictions on the stress-strain relationship curves of the columns and rational simulations on the failure propagation.
混凝土材料的尺寸效应一般指：混凝土强度随试件尺寸增加而减小的现象。这一现象产生的主要原因是混凝土破坏过程中的断裂能量释放区域化及断裂面分形。因而,用于分析混凝土尺寸效应的合理方法应能够较好地表征破坏过程中的断裂行为。与此同时,混凝土作为一种多相混和材料,其破坏源于内部微观结构的失效,所以有必要采用宏、微观结合的多尺度方法来分析这一破坏过程。目前,混凝土的多尺度分析还很不充分,处于起步阶段,对于FRP约束混凝土柱的多尺度分析仍是空白。
针对上述情况,本文围绕芳纶纤维布(aramid FRP,简称"AFRP")约束混凝土短柱的尺寸效应,开展了试验研究和理论研究。主要工作和取得的成果如下：
1)开展了单调轴压荷载下AFRP约束混凝土短柱尺寸效应的试验研究,试件包括99根AFRP约束混凝土短柱和36根未约束混凝土短柱,分为圆形截面柱和方形截面柱两种,主要考虑了试件尺寸和AFRP布的约束比等试验因素。试验结果表明：试件尺寸对AFRP约束混凝土短柱的强度有显著影响,对应力—应变关系曲线有部分影响,对延性和耗能性能无明显影响,而对破坏模式无影响。
2)采用多因素效应的析因分析方法,对试验数据进行了统计分析,获得了AFRP约束混凝土短柱尺寸效应的特点。根据试验数据和统计分析结果,给出了AFRP约束混凝土短柱的强度、变形及应力—应变关系曲线的预测模型。其中,强度的预测模型中考虑了试件尺寸及其与AFRP布约束比的耦合作用,而变形的预测模型与试件尺寸无关。上述模型的预测结果与试验数据吻合较好。
3)基于材料破坏的微结构稳定理论,构建了混凝土短柱轴压破坏的失效模式,推演得到了未约束混凝土短柱和AFRP约束混凝土短柱极限强度的多尺度解析模型,并讨论了模型中AFRP约束作用对极限强度的影响机理以及该模型的适用范围。该解析模型能够考虑柱尺寸对其极限强度的影响,模型的计算结果与试验数据符合较好。
4)提出了混凝土的分形—微平面模型,能够在有限元法中考虑单元尺寸对混凝土性能的影响。通过结合非局部理论,建立了AFRP约束混凝土短柱的多尺度数值模型。该数值模型能较好地预测的AFRP约束混凝土短柱的应力—应变关系曲线,并能合理地模拟其破坏过程。
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been applied widely in civil engineering for strengthening and repairing existing concrete structures, because of their higher strength-to-mass ratio, better tensile mechanical performance, excellent easily constructing function, and other merits. Previous studies have shown that externally wrapped FRP sheets can increase the strength, ductility, and energy dissipation of confined concrete columns. However, most of current studies were based on testing of small scale specimens, and suggested prediction models and design formulas (for strength, deformation, and stress-strain relationship curve) were lack of consideration on the possible size effect of FRP-confined concrete columns. This may cause deviations in research and un-safeties in design.
Size effect of concrete is generally defined as the phenomena that the strength of concrete decreases as the specimen's size increases. The main cause for the size effect is fracture performances during the failure of concrete. Thus, a rational method for the size effect should be able to describe the fracture behaviors during the failure. As a heterogeneous material, macroscopic failure of concrete is resulted from microscopic damage, so the failure process is necessary to be studied by multi-scale methods. At present, multi-scale methods for concrete are insufficiency and on beginning phase, the multi-scale analysis for FRP-confined concrete columns is still blank.
In response to these circumstances, in this dissertation, experimental and theoretical studies are carried out on concrete short columns confined with aramid FRP (AFRP) sheets. The main works are as follows:
1) An experimental investigation, including 99 AFRP-confined concrete short columns and 36 unconfined columns, was implemented. All the specimens could be divided into two types:ones with circular cross-section, and the others with square cross-section. The main experimental parameters were AFRP's confinement ratio and specimens'size. The experimental results show that the specimens'size has significant effect on the strength of columns, partial effect on the stress-strain relationship curves, slight effect on the ductility and energy dissipation, and scarce effect on the failure mode, respectively.
2) A factor analysis is adopted on the test data, to probe into the characteristics of the size effect of AFRP-confined concrete short columns. Depending on the test data and statistical results, prediction models for the strengths, deformations, and stress-strain relationship curve of columns are presented. The specimens'size is taken into account in the model for strength, as well as the interaction between the specimens'size and AFRP's confinement ratio. However, the specimens'size is not a parameter for the models for deformation. All the prediction models herein can agree well with the test data.
3) Base on the theory of microstructure failure, failure modes are established and formulated for concrete short columns under monotonic axial compression. Multi-scale analytical models of the ultimate strength for unconfined concrete columns and AFRP-confined concrete columns are deduced. In addition, the influence due to the AFRP confinement is discussed on the ultimate strength of AFRP-confined columns, as well as the applicability of the analytical models. The analytical models can consider the size effect on the ultimate strength of columns, and their results agree well with the test data.
4) A fractal-microplane model is proposed, it can consider the effect of element's size on properties of concrete material. A multi-scale finite element model is developed for the AFRP-confined concrete short columns, combining the fractal-microplane model and the nonlocal theory. This model can provide good predictions on the stress-strain relationship curves of the columns and rational simulations on the failure propagation.
引文
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