三维几何模型数字水印技术及算法研究
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摘要
多媒体数据的数字化为多媒体信息的存取、处理和传播提供了极大的便利，
也极大的提高了信息表达的效率和准确性。但是一个明显的副作用是：多媒体
数据的非法传播和拷贝非常容易，而且质量不受损害。在当今这个信息时代，
对于多媒体作品的创作者、发行人和版权持有人来说，知识产权保护已成为一
项最为紧迫的任务。起源于信息隐藏技术的数字水印技术，为实现有效的知识
产权保护提供了一条崭新的思路，近年来已成为多媒体信息安全研究领域的一
个热点问题。
当前的数字水印技术大都是针对静止图象，视频流和音频流这些媒体数据
类型的，而对三维几何模型数据的水印技术的研究工作相对较少。但是，随着
越来越多的基于CAD的三维数据在互联网上的传播，对于那些在虚拟网络中提
交或出售三维数据产品的公司或版权所有人来说也将同样面临一些与版权相关
的问题。他们迫切需要一种能够防止未经授权而非法使用他们的数据材料的方
法。数字水印技术，这种新型的信息版权保护手段在这个领域具有广泛的应用
前景。
本文第一章介绍了信息隐藏和数字水印技术的基础概念，简单介绍了图象
数字水印的一些基本概念，重点阐述了三维几何模型数字水印的定义、产生背
景、主要分类和基本要求，并给出了一个三维几何模型数字水印系统的基本工
作流程。对现有的一些典型的三维几何模型数字水印算法做了分析，分别指出
了各算法的优势和不足之处。对三维几何模型数字水印的攻击方法做了分类和
讨论。给出了对三维几何模型数字水印技术将来研究方向的讨论。最后给出全
文的大纲。
第二章阐述了三维几何模型数字信号处理的思想，介绍了三维几何模型数
字信号处理的背景和一些相关工作。通过为任意网格构造一个全局平面参数化，
数字图像水印的所有算法都可以应用到三维模型，这种方法基本解决了三维几
何模型数字水印的难点和问题。本文后续章节介绍的各种水印算法都是基于这
种平面参数化方法。
第三章介绍了DCT数字水印技术的背景和相关工作，采用本文第二章提出的
平面参数化方法，分别给出了NEC实验室的COX等人［Cox971］、Piva［Piva98］等
人和Fotopoulos等人［FotopoulosOO］提出的图象DCT水印算法在三维几何模型上的
应用模型。实验表明这些算法具有较好的透明性和强壮性。
第四章介绍了DWT数字水印技术的背景和相关工作，采用本文第二章提
出的平面参数化方法，分别给出了Wang［Wang98］和Xia［Xia98］提出的图象DWT
水印算法在三维几何模型上的应用模型。
第五章总结全文，并给出了将来的一些研究方向。
Digitized multimedia data facilitate the processing, distribution and storage of
multimedia information, enhance the efficiency and accuracy of information
presentation. But the undesirable side effects are obvious: the unauthorized
redistribution of the copyrighted multimedia data without loss of fidelity. Intellectual
property protection is one of the most pressing concerns for content creators and
owners who distribute and deliver their content in the Information Era. Digital
watermarking, which originates from steganography, provides a novel way for the
protection of intellectual property rights, and becomes a hot spot in the research field
of multimedia data security in recent years.
Current watermarking technology focuses on media types like still images, and
video and audio streams. In contrast, the problem of watermarking 3D models has
received less attention from researchers. But, more and more CAD-based 3D data is
entering the World Wide Web. Accordingly, companies or copyright owners who
present or sell their products in virtual space will face copyright-related problems.
The straightforward demand is to prevent their 3D-based material from unauthorized
use. As a new way for the protection of information copyright, digital watermarking
will possess extensive application perspective in this area.
In Chapter 1, we first describe the basic concepts of Steganography and digital
watermarking, and introduce some basic concepts of digital image watennarking.
Then we expound the definition, background, classification and requirements about
digital watermarking of 3D models. We propose a general framework of digital
watermarking system of 3D models. Then, we analyze the state of art of digital
watermarking algorithms of 3D models. Following this, we give a discussion about
the robustness of watermarks, i.e., attack analysis. We still discuss some possible
research directions. We also briefly introduce some programming environments and
software toolkits involved in our thesis. Finally, we outline the thesis.
In Chapter 2, we present the idea of mesh watermarking based on digital
geometry processing (DGP). We first introduce the background of DGP and some
related work. By constructing planar parameterization for arbitrary meshes, all kinds
of image frequency-domain watermarking algorithms can be applied to 3D models.
The algorithms described in the following chapters are all based on this
parameterization algorithm.
In Chapter 3, we first introduce the background and related work of DCr-based
digital watermarking algorithms. Then we apply the image D(T-based watermarking
algorithms, which had been presented by Cox, Piva and Fotopoulos, to 3D models.
Experimental results and attack analysis show that these algorithms are transparent,
robust, accurate and cost-efficient.
In Chapter 4, we first introduce the background and related work about
DWT-based digital watermarking technology. Then we apply the image DWT-based
watermarking algorithms, which had been presented by Wang and Xia, to 3D models.
Experimental results and attack analysis are given.
In Chapter 5, we conclude the thesis, together with some possible research
directions in the future.
也极大的提高了信息表达的效率和准确性。但是一个明显的副作用是：多媒体
数据的非法传播和拷贝非常容易，而且质量不受损害。在当今这个信息时代，
对于多媒体作品的创作者、发行人和版权持有人来说，知识产权保护已成为一
项最为紧迫的任务。起源于信息隐藏技术的数字水印技术，为实现有效的知识
产权保护提供了一条崭新的思路，近年来已成为多媒体信息安全研究领域的一
个热点问题。
当前的数字水印技术大都是针对静止图象，视频流和音频流这些媒体数据
类型的，而对三维几何模型数据的水印技术的研究工作相对较少。但是，随着
越来越多的基于CAD的三维数据在互联网上的传播，对于那些在虚拟网络中提
交或出售三维数据产品的公司或版权所有人来说也将同样面临一些与版权相关
的问题。他们迫切需要一种能够防止未经授权而非法使用他们的数据材料的方
法。数字水印技术，这种新型的信息版权保护手段在这个领域具有广泛的应用
前景。
本文第一章介绍了信息隐藏和数字水印技术的基础概念，简单介绍了图象
数字水印的一些基本概念，重点阐述了三维几何模型数字水印的定义、产生背
景、主要分类和基本要求，并给出了一个三维几何模型数字水印系统的基本工
作流程。对现有的一些典型的三维几何模型数字水印算法做了分析，分别指出
了各算法的优势和不足之处。对三维几何模型数字水印的攻击方法做了分类和
讨论。给出了对三维几何模型数字水印技术将来研究方向的讨论。最后给出全
文的大纲。
第二章阐述了三维几何模型数字信号处理的思想，介绍了三维几何模型数
字信号处理的背景和一些相关工作。通过为任意网格构造一个全局平面参数化，
数字图像水印的所有算法都可以应用到三维模型，这种方法基本解决了三维几
何模型数字水印的难点和问题。本文后续章节介绍的各种水印算法都是基于这
种平面参数化方法。
第三章介绍了DCT数字水印技术的背景和相关工作，采用本文第二章提出的
平面参数化方法，分别给出了NEC实验室的COX等人［Cox971］、Piva［Piva98］等
人和Fotopoulos等人［FotopoulosOO］提出的图象DCT水印算法在三维几何模型上的
应用模型。实验表明这些算法具有较好的透明性和强壮性。
第四章介绍了DWT数字水印技术的背景和相关工作，采用本文第二章提
出的平面参数化方法，分别给出了Wang［Wang98］和Xia［Xia98］提出的图象DWT
水印算法在三维几何模型上的应用模型。
第五章总结全文，并给出了将来的一些研究方向。
Digitized multimedia data facilitate the processing, distribution and storage of
multimedia information, enhance the efficiency and accuracy of information
presentation. But the undesirable side effects are obvious: the unauthorized
redistribution of the copyrighted multimedia data without loss of fidelity. Intellectual
property protection is one of the most pressing concerns for content creators and
owners who distribute and deliver their content in the Information Era. Digital
watermarking, which originates from steganography, provides a novel way for the
protection of intellectual property rights, and becomes a hot spot in the research field
of multimedia data security in recent years.
Current watermarking technology focuses on media types like still images, and
video and audio streams. In contrast, the problem of watermarking 3D models has
received less attention from researchers. But, more and more CAD-based 3D data is
entering the World Wide Web. Accordingly, companies or copyright owners who
present or sell their products in virtual space will face copyright-related problems.
The straightforward demand is to prevent their 3D-based material from unauthorized
use. As a new way for the protection of information copyright, digital watermarking
will possess extensive application perspective in this area.
In Chapter 1, we first describe the basic concepts of Steganography and digital
watermarking, and introduce some basic concepts of digital image watennarking.
Then we expound the definition, background, classification and requirements about
digital watermarking of 3D models. We propose a general framework of digital
watermarking system of 3D models. Then, we analyze the state of art of digital
watermarking algorithms of 3D models. Following this, we give a discussion about
the robustness of watermarks, i.e., attack analysis. We still discuss some possible
research directions. We also briefly introduce some programming environments and
software toolkits involved in our thesis. Finally, we outline the thesis.
In Chapter 2, we present the idea of mesh watermarking based on digital
geometry processing (DGP). We first introduce the background of DGP and some
related work. By constructing planar parameterization for arbitrary meshes, all kinds
of image frequency-domain watermarking algorithms can be applied to 3D models.
The algorithms described in the following chapters are all based on this
parameterization algorithm.
In Chapter 3, we first introduce the background and related work of DCr-based
digital watermarking algorithms. Then we apply the image D(T-based watermarking
algorithms, which had been presented by Cox, Piva and Fotopoulos, to 3D models.
Experimental results and attack analysis show that these algorithms are transparent,
robust, accurate and cost-efficient.
In Chapter 4, we first introduce the background and related work about
DWT-based digital watermarking technology. Then we apply the image DWT-based
watermarking algorithms, which had been presented by Wang and Xia, to 3D models.
Experimental results and attack analysis are given.
In Chapter 5, we conclude the thesis, together with some possible research
directions in the future.
引文
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[Benedens991] O. Benedens, Geometry-Based Watermarking of 3D Models, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Vol. 19, Nr. 1,1999, pp. 46-55
[Benedens992] O. Benedens, Two High Capacity Methods for Embedding Public Watermarks into 3D Polygonal Models. Proceedings of the Multimedia and Security-Workshop at ACM Multimedia 99, Orlando, Florida, 1999, pp. 95-99
[Benedens993] O. Benedens, Watermarking of 3D Polygon Based Models with Robustness against Mesh Simplification. Proceedings of SPIE: Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, 1999, Vol. 3657, pp. 329-340
[Bender96] WBender, D.Gmhl, KMorimoto, A.Lu, Techniques for Data Hiding, IBM System Journal, Vol.35, No3&4,1996
[Bes192] P.J.Besl, ND.Mckay, A method for registration of 3-d shapes. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Feb 1992, pp.239-256
[Boney96] L Boney, A.H.Tewfik, K.N.Hamdy, Digital Watermarks for Audio Signals, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, Hiroshima, Japan, 17-23 June 1996, pp.473-480
[Chen92] Y. Chen, Q Medioni, Object modelling by registration of multiple range image. Image and Vision Computing, Apr. 1992, pp. 145-155
[Cox96] I.J.Cox, J.Kilian, T-Leighton, and T.Shamoon, Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Images, Audio and Video, Proc. 1996 International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP'96, Vol. III,pp.243-246, Jan.1996
[Cox971] IJ.Cox, J. Kilian, T. Leighton and T. Shamoon, Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia, IEEE Trans, on Image Processing, 6,12,1673-1687, (1997)
[Cox972] Ingemar J. Cox, Jean-Paul M.G Linnartz, Public watermarks and resistance to tampering, IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing, 1997
[Cox973] IJ.Cox and Matt L. Miller, A review of watermarking and the importance of perceptual modeling, Human Vision and Electronic Imaging II, SPIE3016, San Jose,CA, USA, February 1997
[Cox98] IJ.Cox and Jean-Paul M.G.Linnartz, Some general methods for tampering with watermarks, to be published in the IEEE J. on Selected Areas of Communications, 1998
[Desbrun99] Deshbrun M., Meyer, M., Schroder P., Barr A.H., Implicit Fairing of Irregular Meshes using Diffusion and Curvature Flow, SIGGRAPH 99 Conference Proceedings, pages 317-324,1999
[Eck95] Eck, M., DeRose, T., Duchamp, T., Hoppe, H., Lounsbery, M., Stuetzle, W, Multiresolution Analysis of Arbitrary Meshes, SIGGRAPH 95 Proceedings, pages 173-182,1995
[Faugeras86] O.D.Faugeras, The representation, recognition, and locating of 3-d objects. International Journal on Robotic Research, 5 1986, pp27-52
[Fotopoulos00] V.Fotopoulos and A-N.Skodras, A Subband DCT Approach To Image Watermarking, X European Signal Processing Conference, Tampere, Finland, Sep.4-8,2000
[Fridrich98] Jiri Fridrich, 2 Lt Arnold C. Baldoza, and Richard J. Simard. Robust Digital Watermarking Based on Key-Dependent Basis Functions. In Information Hiding, Second
International Workshop, volume Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science v 152S, April 1998, pages 143-157
[Garland97] Michael Garland, Paul S. Heckbert, Surface Simplification Using Quadric Error Metrics, Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH'97) , pp.119-128, 1997
[Guskov99] Guskov, L, Sweldens, W., Schroder P., Multiresolution Signal Processing for Meshes, SIGGRAPH 99 Conference Proceedings, pages 325-334,1999
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[Zorin97] Zorin, D., Schroder, P., Sweldens, W., Interactive Multiresolution Mesh Editing, SIGGRAPH 97 Conference Proceedings, pages 259-268,1997
[Benedens991] O. Benedens, Geometry-Based Watermarking of 3D Models, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Vol. 19, Nr. 1,1999, pp. 46-55
[Benedens992] O. Benedens, Two High Capacity Methods for Embedding Public Watermarks into 3D Polygonal Models. Proceedings of the Multimedia and Security-Workshop at ACM Multimedia 99, Orlando, Florida, 1999, pp. 95-99
[Benedens993] O. Benedens, Watermarking of 3D Polygon Based Models with Robustness against Mesh Simplification. Proceedings of SPIE: Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, 1999, Vol. 3657, pp. 329-340
[Bender96] WBender, D.Gmhl, KMorimoto, A.Lu, Techniques for Data Hiding, IBM System Journal, Vol.35, No3&4,1996
[Bes192] P.J.Besl, ND.Mckay, A method for registration of 3-d shapes. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Feb 1992, pp.239-256
[Boney96] L Boney, A.H.Tewfik, K.N.Hamdy, Digital Watermarks for Audio Signals, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, Hiroshima, Japan, 17-23 June 1996, pp.473-480
[Chen92] Y. Chen, Q Medioni, Object modelling by registration of multiple range image. Image and Vision Computing, Apr. 1992, pp. 145-155
[Cox96] I.J.Cox, J.Kilian, T-Leighton, and T.Shamoon, Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Images, Audio and Video, Proc. 1996 International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP'96, Vol. III,pp.243-246, Jan.1996
[Cox971] IJ.Cox, J. Kilian, T. Leighton and T. Shamoon, Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia, IEEE Trans, on Image Processing, 6,12,1673-1687, (1997)
[Cox972] Ingemar J. Cox, Jean-Paul M.G Linnartz, Public watermarks and resistance to tampering, IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing, 1997
[Cox973] IJ.Cox and Matt L. Miller, A review of watermarking and the importance of perceptual modeling, Human Vision and Electronic Imaging II, SPIE3016, San Jose,CA, USA, February 1997
[Cox98] IJ.Cox and Jean-Paul M.G.Linnartz, Some general methods for tampering with watermarks, to be published in the IEEE J. on Selected Areas of Communications, 1998
[Desbrun99] Deshbrun M., Meyer, M., Schroder P., Barr A.H., Implicit Fairing of Irregular Meshes using Diffusion and Curvature Flow, SIGGRAPH 99 Conference Proceedings, pages 317-324,1999
[Eck95] Eck, M., DeRose, T., Duchamp, T., Hoppe, H., Lounsbery, M., Stuetzle, W, Multiresolution Analysis of Arbitrary Meshes, SIGGRAPH 95 Proceedings, pages 173-182,1995
[Faugeras86] O.D.Faugeras, The representation, recognition, and locating of 3-d objects. International Journal on Robotic Research, 5 1986, pp27-52
[Fotopoulos00] V.Fotopoulos and A-N.Skodras, A Subband DCT Approach To Image Watermarking, X European Signal Processing Conference, Tampere, Finland, Sep.4-8,2000
[Fridrich98] Jiri Fridrich, 2 Lt Arnold C. Baldoza, and Richard J. Simard. Robust Digital Watermarking Based on Key-Dependent Basis Functions. In Information Hiding, Second
International Workshop, volume Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science v 152S, April 1998, pages 143-157
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