H.264算法优化及其在基于DSP的嵌入式系统平台上的实现
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摘要
随着信息技术的发展，对静止图像和视频序列图像的压缩编码技术的应用越来越广泛，图像压缩技术己经成为视频监控、多媒体娱乐等中最重要的一部分。由ITU-TVCEG和ISO／IEC MPEG联合组成的JVT开发的H.264／MPEG 14496-10 AVC(文中后面将统一称其为H.264)是最新一代的视频压缩标准，也是目前图像通信领域研究的热点。
本文首先介绍了H.264标准的发展历史和现状，并结合当前各个平台上的H.264编码算法实现情况，提出了采用DSP平台实现H.264实时编码算法的优势所在。将两者结合，对于多媒体通信的研究具有一定的意义和价值。
基于以上事实，课题设计方法采用基于DSP和uC／OS-II的嵌入式平台开发模式，提供最小的嵌入式系统内核功能。系统核心处理芯片采用TI公司的TMS320VC5509，并分析了DSP嵌入式软硬件系统的设计方法，选择RTOS-uC／OS-II实现嵌入式开发平台的建立。
在系统平台的开发过程中，作者深入研究了uC／OS-II在DSP微处理器上的移植的关键技术，针对所选用的核心处理芯片TMS320VC5509 DSP，重设了INCLUDES.H中与处理器和编译器相关的代码；用C语言编写了6个OS相关的函数(OS_CPU_C.C)；用汇编语言编写4个与处理器相关的函数(OS_CPU_A.ASM)，并讨论了移植后的系统测试结论。
作者通过研究H.264标准中的关键技术，对各种核心编码算法细节进行深入剖析，讨论了H.264视频编码的硬件系统和软件流程及H.264视频编码系统的软硬件实现和部分程序优化，并结合H.264编码特点，提出一种改进的快速菱形运动估计算法，在一定程度上提高了搜索速度，实现了在不明显降低图像质量的情况下有效降低运算复杂度的目的。
在上述理论的基础上，作者讨论了H.264的软件开发流程及在基于DSP和uC／OS-II的嵌入式平台上的移植和优化。主要采用了消减冗余代码、合理有效地分配内存空间、重新定义数据类型、重新编写原程序的头文件等方法对改进的H.264算法进行了移植，以达到尽可能提高程序运行速度并有效减小代码量的目的。
在课题研究所得到的结论的基础上，提出了一种基于H.264算法的嵌入式视频系统平台DSP的软件实现方案。最后对课题作了客观的总结和展望。
With the development of information technology, compression and encodingtechnology for static image and video serial image has been more and more widelyadopted. And image compression technology has become one of important parts invideo monitoring and multimedia entertainment programs. H. 264/MPEG 14496-10 AVC,consisted of ITU-T VCEG&ISO/IEC MPEG and developed by JVT(referred to as H. 264in the following context) is the most cutting edge video compression standard,thus becoming the focus of research in the field of telecommunication.
First of all, the paper gives the history and current development of H. 264as well as the analysis on the features of H. 264. Afterwards, the solutions ofH. 264 encoder on all kinds of platforms are presented, and the advantage of DSPplatform is given. Therefore, putting the H. 264 computation in DSP is of greatsignificance and value for the research of multi-media telecommunication.
With all above fact, the research work adopts DSP and uC/OS-Ⅱ-based embeddedplatform pattern, provides the minimal embedded system core function. The kernelchip of this system is adopted TMSS20VC5509 of TI. The paper analyses the designmethod of DSP embedded hardware and software system, and chooses RTOS-uC/OS-Ⅱto realize embedded platform.
In developing the system platform, the author deeply probed the keytransplant technology of uC/OS-Ⅱin DSP micro-processor. Regarding the selectedcore processor (TMS320VC5509 DSP), we redesign the codes which are related toprocessor and compile tools in INCLUDES. H, and program 6 functions related withOS with C in OS_CPU_C.C, and 4 functions related with processor with assemblelanguage in OS_CPU_A. ASM, including discussing the test results of transformedsystem.
Via studying Key technologies in H. 264 standards and deeply analysis in itskernel encoding arithmetic and H. 264 encoding peculiarity, the author analyzesthe detail of the standard H. 264 and essential technology, and discusses H. 264coded video hardware's system and software technological process, including realization and the part procedure optimization, and put forward one kind of thefleetness improving diamond estimating algorithm. To some extent, it improvessearch speed greatly, and has realized the purpose which reduce arithmeticcomplication under the situation of not reducing image mass obviously.
On above-mentioned theory basis, the author has discussed H. 264's softwaredeveloping process, including transplant and optimization in DSP anduC/OS-Ⅱ-based embedded system platform. The paper has been adopt several methodsto transplant improved H. 264 algorithms, such as reducing the redundancy code,assigning memory space, redefining the data type, recompiling original headfiles, so that it achieve to improve procedure speed as far as possible and havean effect to diminish code amounts' purpose.
On the base of problem research, the paper develops H. 264 standard-basedtwo-level video system platform. The paper is given impersonal summery andprospect.
本文首先介绍了H.264标准的发展历史和现状，并结合当前各个平台上的H.264编码算法实现情况，提出了采用DSP平台实现H.264实时编码算法的优势所在。将两者结合，对于多媒体通信的研究具有一定的意义和价值。
基于以上事实，课题设计方法采用基于DSP和uC／OS-II的嵌入式平台开发模式，提供最小的嵌入式系统内核功能。系统核心处理芯片采用TI公司的TMS320VC5509，并分析了DSP嵌入式软硬件系统的设计方法，选择RTOS-uC／OS-II实现嵌入式开发平台的建立。
在系统平台的开发过程中，作者深入研究了uC／OS-II在DSP微处理器上的移植的关键技术，针对所选用的核心处理芯片TMS320VC5509 DSP，重设了INCLUDES.H中与处理器和编译器相关的代码；用C语言编写了6个OS相关的函数(OS_CPU_C.C)；用汇编语言编写4个与处理器相关的函数(OS_CPU_A.ASM)，并讨论了移植后的系统测试结论。
作者通过研究H.264标准中的关键技术，对各种核心编码算法细节进行深入剖析，讨论了H.264视频编码的硬件系统和软件流程及H.264视频编码系统的软硬件实现和部分程序优化，并结合H.264编码特点，提出一种改进的快速菱形运动估计算法，在一定程度上提高了搜索速度，实现了在不明显降低图像质量的情况下有效降低运算复杂度的目的。
在上述理论的基础上，作者讨论了H.264的软件开发流程及在基于DSP和uC／OS-II的嵌入式平台上的移植和优化。主要采用了消减冗余代码、合理有效地分配内存空间、重新定义数据类型、重新编写原程序的头文件等方法对改进的H.264算法进行了移植，以达到尽可能提高程序运行速度并有效减小代码量的目的。
在课题研究所得到的结论的基础上，提出了一种基于H.264算法的嵌入式视频系统平台DSP的软件实现方案。最后对课题作了客观的总结和展望。
With the development of information technology, compression and encodingtechnology for static image and video serial image has been more and more widelyadopted. And image compression technology has become one of important parts invideo monitoring and multimedia entertainment programs. H. 264/MPEG 14496-10 AVC,consisted of ITU-T VCEG&ISO/IEC MPEG and developed by JVT(referred to as H. 264in the following context) is the most cutting edge video compression standard,thus becoming the focus of research in the field of telecommunication.
First of all, the paper gives the history and current development of H. 264as well as the analysis on the features of H. 264. Afterwards, the solutions ofH. 264 encoder on all kinds of platforms are presented, and the advantage of DSPplatform is given. Therefore, putting the H. 264 computation in DSP is of greatsignificance and value for the research of multi-media telecommunication.
With all above fact, the research work adopts DSP and uC/OS-Ⅱ-based embeddedplatform pattern, provides the minimal embedded system core function. The kernelchip of this system is adopted TMSS20VC5509 of TI. The paper analyses the designmethod of DSP embedded hardware and software system, and chooses RTOS-uC/OS-Ⅱto realize embedded platform.
In developing the system platform, the author deeply probed the keytransplant technology of uC/OS-Ⅱin DSP micro-processor. Regarding the selectedcore processor (TMS320VC5509 DSP), we redesign the codes which are related toprocessor and compile tools in INCLUDES. H, and program 6 functions related withOS with C in OS_CPU_C.C, and 4 functions related with processor with assemblelanguage in OS_CPU_A. ASM, including discussing the test results of transformedsystem.
Via studying Key technologies in H. 264 standards and deeply analysis in itskernel encoding arithmetic and H. 264 encoding peculiarity, the author analyzesthe detail of the standard H. 264 and essential technology, and discusses H. 264coded video hardware's system and software technological process, including realization and the part procedure optimization, and put forward one kind of thefleetness improving diamond estimating algorithm. To some extent, it improvessearch speed greatly, and has realized the purpose which reduce arithmeticcomplication under the situation of not reducing image mass obviously.
On above-mentioned theory basis, the author has discussed H. 264's softwaredeveloping process, including transplant and optimization in DSP anduC/OS-Ⅱ-based embedded system platform. The paper has been adopt several methodsto transplant improved H. 264 algorithms, such as reducing the redundancy code,assigning memory space, redefining the data type, recompiling original headfiles, so that it achieve to improve procedure speed as far as possible and havean effect to diminish code amounts' purpose.
On the base of problem research, the paper develops H. 264 standard-basedtwo-level video system platform. The paper is given impersonal summery andprospect.
引文
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3. Gulati Amit, Campbell George. Efficient mapping of the H.264 encoding algorithm onto Multiprocessor DSPs [M]. Proceedings of SPIE-IS and T Electronic Imaging-Embedded Processors for Multimedia and Communications Ⅱ, 2005, 304-320
4. Li Wei, Li Bo, Zhang Jinyin. Design and implementation of embedded video encoder based on DSP [J]. Proceedings of the International Computer Congress 2004 on Wavelet Analysis and its Applications and Active Media Technology, 2004, 27: 223-420
5．刘宝兰，刘贵忠，苏睿．H．264中整数DCT变换及量化的DSP实现[J]．微电子学与计算机．2005，22(6)：200-205
6．康玉东．基于DSP的嵌入式实时操作系统研究[D]．中国优秀博／硕士论文全文数据库，2004
7. TMS320 DSP Designer's Notebook: Volume 1. Texas Instruments Incorporated, 2001,143-160
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9. Wiegand T, Sullivan G J, etc. Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard [J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits And Systems for Video Technology, July 2003, 13(7): 560-576
10. lain E, G.Richardson. H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression[M], John Wiley& Sons Inc., 2003, 159-162
11. T. Wiegand, H. Schwarz. The emerging H.264/AVC standard EBU TECHNICAL REVIEW[M], January 2003, 430-436
12. Sima Miao, Zhou Yuanhua, Zhang Wei. An efficient architecture for adaptive deblocking filter of H.264/AVC video coding [J]. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, February, 2004, 50(1): 292-296
13. Jianning Zhang, Yuwen He, et al. Performance and complexity joint optimization for H.264 video coding [M]. Proceeding of international symposium on circuit and system[C]. Bangkok: PISCS, 2003, 100-105
14. Thomas Wiegand, Gray J.Sullivan, Ajay Luthra. Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard [M]. IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems for video technology. 2003, 13:560-576
15. Malvar H, Hallapuro A, Karczewicz M, et al. Low-complexity Transform and Quantization with 16-bit Arithmetic Coding for H.26L[J]. Proc. ICIP 2002. Rochestor, New York. Sept, 2002, 2:501-504
16. T. N. Kim, T. S. Choi. Real-Time Video Coding [J]. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Eletronics, 1999, 45: 417-426
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21．Jean J．Labmsse著．绍贝贝译．uC／OS-Ⅱ-源码公开的实时嵌入式操作系统[M]．北京：中国电力出版社，2001，394-435
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24．Wavne Wolf著，孙玉芳等译．嵌入式计算系统设计原理[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2002，46-80
25. Hsieh Harry, Chia Chang. Formal methods for embedded system design [M]. Ph. D. Dissertation Abstracts International. 2002, 530-547
26．司利云，王铁勇．嵌入式实时操作系统“uC／OS-Ⅱ其应用[J]．电子产品世界，2002，8：35-39
27．靳玉杰，许昌如，胡昌桂．基于uC／OS-Ⅱ的视频压缩系统的设计[J]．电子工程师．Jan．2004，30：210-235
28．彭良清．uC／OS-Ⅱ任务栈处理的一种改进方法[J]．单片机及嵌入式系统应用，2003，7：27-31
29. Coffey Stephen, Connell Joseph. A customizable system for real-time image processing using the Blackfin DSP processor and the MicroμC/OS-Ⅱ real-time kernel [J]. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, Opto-Ireland 2005: Imaging and Vision, 2005, 5823:348-350
30．刘韶华．基于DSP的嵌入式系统平台设计及RTOS应用研究[D]．江苏南京：东南大学，2004
31. H.264/AVC Software Coordination. JM [DB/OL]. Available online at: http://iphome.hhi.de/suehring/tml/
32. Bojun Meng, Oscar C Au, etc. Efficient Intra-Prediction Algorithm in H.264 [J]. IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo, Maryland, 2003, 3:303-310
33. T. Wiegand, H. Schwarz. The emerging H.264/AVC standard EBU TECHNICAL REVIEW[D], January 2003,
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48. Thomas Wiegand, Gray J. Sullivan, Ajay Luthra. Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard [J]. IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems for video technology. 2003, 13:560-576
49．薛全．H.264／AVC中运动估计、变换与解码器优化[D]．浙江杭州：浙江大学，2004．
50．王熹微，栗强，崔慧娟，唐昆．最佳零块判决准则下的运动搜索算法[J]．清华大学学报(自然科学版)．2003，43(7)：146-149
51．林锐等．高质量程序设计指南—C++／C语言[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2002，373-385
2. M.Aggarwal, A.Narayan. Efficient Huffman Decoding [J]. IEEE 2000 International Conference on Image Processing, Proceedings. 2000, 1: 936-939
3. Gulati Amit, Campbell George. Efficient mapping of the H.264 encoding algorithm onto Multiprocessor DSPs [M]. Proceedings of SPIE-IS and T Electronic Imaging-Embedded Processors for Multimedia and Communications Ⅱ, 2005, 304-320
4. Li Wei, Li Bo, Zhang Jinyin. Design and implementation of embedded video encoder based on DSP [J]. Proceedings of the International Computer Congress 2004 on Wavelet Analysis and its Applications and Active Media Technology, 2004, 27: 223-420
5．刘宝兰，刘贵忠，苏睿．H．264中整数DCT变换及量化的DSP实现[J]．微电子学与计算机．2005，22(6)：200-205
6．康玉东．基于DSP的嵌入式实时操作系统研究[D]．中国优秀博／硕士论文全文数据库，2004
7. TMS320 DSP Designer's Notebook: Volume 1. Texas Instruments Incorporated, 2001,143-160
8. ITU-T. ITU-T Recommendation H.264, Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services [M]. May 2003, 104-123
9. Wiegand T, Sullivan G J, etc. Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard [J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits And Systems for Video Technology, July 2003, 13(7): 560-576
10. lain E, G.Richardson. H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression[M], John Wiley& Sons Inc., 2003, 159-162
11. T. Wiegand, H. Schwarz. The emerging H.264/AVC standard EBU TECHNICAL REVIEW[M], January 2003, 430-436
12. Sima Miao, Zhou Yuanhua, Zhang Wei. An efficient architecture for adaptive deblocking filter of H.264/AVC video coding [J]. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, February, 2004, 50(1): 292-296
13. Jianning Zhang, Yuwen He, et al. Performance and complexity joint optimization for H.264 video coding [M]. Proceeding of international symposium on circuit and system[C]. Bangkok: PISCS, 2003, 100-105
14. Thomas Wiegand, Gray J.Sullivan, Ajay Luthra. Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard [M]. IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems for video technology. 2003, 13:560-576
15. Malvar H, Hallapuro A, Karczewicz M, et al. Low-complexity Transform and Quantization with 16-bit Arithmetic Coding for H.26L[J]. Proc. ICIP 2002. Rochestor, New York. Sept, 2002, 2:501-504
16. T. N. Kim, T. S. Choi. Real-Time Video Coding [J]. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Eletronics, 1999, 45: 417-426
17．倪伟，郭宝龙，陈龙潭等．H.264变换编码和量化算法的研究[J]．计算机工程与应用，2004，3：33-36
18．楼剑，陆亮，虞露等．H.264标准的特点及其改进研究[J]．数字技术．2003，6：154-160
19．王嵩，张颖，陆建乐．H.264视频编码新标准及性能分析[J]．数字电视与数字视频．2003，6：178-190
20. H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 White Paper[M], lain E G Richardson, 2003:1-28
21．Jean J．Labmsse著．绍贝贝译．uC／OS-Ⅱ-源码公开的实时嵌入式操作系统[M]．北京：中国电力出版社，2001，394-435
22．尹勇，欧光军等．DSP集成开发环境CCS开发指南[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2003，60-79
23．Kirk Zurell．艾克武等译．嵌入式系统的C程序设计[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2001，325-360
24．Wavne Wolf著，孙玉芳等译．嵌入式计算系统设计原理[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2002，46-80
25. Hsieh Harry, Chia Chang. Formal methods for embedded system design [M]. Ph. D. Dissertation Abstracts International. 2002, 530-547
26．司利云，王铁勇．嵌入式实时操作系统“uC／OS-Ⅱ其应用[J]．电子产品世界，2002，8：35-39
27．靳玉杰，许昌如，胡昌桂．基于uC／OS-Ⅱ的视频压缩系统的设计[J]．电子工程师．Jan．2004，30：210-235
28．彭良清．uC／OS-Ⅱ任务栈处理的一种改进方法[J]．单片机及嵌入式系统应用，2003，7：27-31
29. Coffey Stephen, Connell Joseph. A customizable system for real-time image processing using the Blackfin DSP processor and the MicroμC/OS-Ⅱ real-time kernel [J]. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, Opto-Ireland 2005: Imaging and Vision, 2005, 5823:348-350
30．刘韶华．基于DSP的嵌入式系统平台设计及RTOS应用研究[D]．江苏南京：东南大学，2004
31. H.264/AVC Software Coordination. JM [DB/OL]. Available online at: http://iphome.hhi.de/suehring/tml/
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