关于几内亚农业政策对扶贫和粮食安全影响的评估
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摘要
由于实行第二共和国政府所推行的各种投资方案,近年来几内亚农村地区经历了深刻变化,现在是一个充满活力的部门。鉴于有利于地区气候调节的巨大农业潜力,几内亚农业政策主要选择从温饱型农业走向市场型农业。关键农业与粮食生产部门的能力是,调动私营部门在农村社区可持续发展中多样化积极性的基础。对减贫与粮食安全影响的更好评估,需要可靠的统计数据,并需允许客观看待农业部门更好决策和经济政策。几内亚农业被视为经济发展的基本来源,它占用80%的劳动力,并且很大程度上由占全国95%耕地的家庭农场占主导地位。这些耕地的大小各不相同,从0.30至0.50公顷。农业结构变化来自于农民的多样化活动,反过来,是创造财富、创造农村新风光的潜在来源。这些因素突出了农业部门的整体发展,并且需要发展适应新制约因素,集合所有利益相关者新需求的农业数据库。尽管自1988年农村人口普查以来,努力组织与实施不同农业数据调查,但是对于几内亚农业发展政策新战略方向的要求来说,信息需求的覆盖范围依然非常有限。
在国家人口普查建议使用的1996年到2005年联合国粮食与农业组织2000年世界农业人口普查的框架下,从充分发展国家与地区层级主要农业事件完整和相关信息角度,几内亚进行了2000到2001年全国农业人口普查。实现部门最高生产力水平取决于生产要素的使用,包括开始使用肥料,改良种子和农药,进行农业机械化打开建立大型农场和现代农场之路。与我们的农业发展前景相比,今天利用这些因素非常重要：(一)只有20%的地块使用机肥和／或矿物质,(二)95%的地区己使用非本地种子选择传统农场,(三)农业控股主要使用传统手工制作,(四)95%的地区只有2%的农业使用雨水灌溉。因此,尽管产量高,提高生产力仍然是一个挑战。实施增加农业投入和逐步融入机械化政策方可调动生产潜力,增加农民收入,确保国家粮食安全和减少贫困。
极端贫穷和脆弱性仍然是阻碍发展的关键因素,最近的几次已经引起了几内亚政府的注意。然而,尽管使用激进的农业政策措施,许多农村地区仍然须继续克服贫困及粮食安全。农业是家庭的主要活动和主要收入来源,农民的贫困率大约为63%。几内亚实行的农业主要为温饱型农业,生产产区一般较低(0.30到0.50公顷),在这种情况下,产量和销售能力不是很高。这些结果明显表明需要重点发展农业和农村以快速减少贫困。为了更好地理解农业政策在减少贫困方而的作用,从2010年8月到2012年2月,由63个农民联盟组织的调查小组对21个县进行了调查。虽然没有结构式问卷收集全面信息,使用检查单作为从不同类别的人群中(既有农村的也有在办公室的)讨论问题与获取信息的指南。使用与研究相关的附加信息来分析收集到的数据,包括：农业人口、农业劳动力、耕种地区、农业生产、供应、支持交易、培训农产品加工、农民联盟的收入、农村居民职工的收入、农场设备和基础设施。对收集的数据使用理查森的外推估算法来分析。经确认三个互补方法可以提高农民生活条件：(1)支持的供应和生产；(2)支持营销,(3)支持农民组织。因此,政府制定的农业政策为实现这一目标应最大限度使用生产要素；加强农业活动与多元化农业活动,将发展经营落实到位(非政府组织支持的农业项目)。
本文提出一种农业政策的社会经济分析农村地区的改进几内亚和前景农村居民的生活条件。该农业政策通过以下策略支持农民联盟：N。l策略：通过多样化与提供食品产量推进粮食主权来提高粮食安全；N。2策略：在反贫困方面,通过经济发展机会与提高市场准入来提高农民农场收入;N°3策略：保证投资效率的发展措施。这些策略已提高农村居民的生活水平。此外,河南的农业政策为便于研究提供了一个榜样。该政策亦通过以下策略支持农民：(a)粮食安全与粮食自给自足,(b)提高农民收入,和(c)贸易自由化与融入世界市场。
本文对几内亚农村地区的农业政策进行了社会经济分析,并且预期了改善农村居民居住条件的前景。
Guinean's rural areas are a dynamic sector that has undergone profound changes in recent years with regard to various investment programs implemented by the Government of the 2nd Republic. The main option of Guinea's agricultural policy is to move from subsistence agriculture to market agriculture in view of its immense agricultural potential regulated by a regime more favorable climate of the region. The capacity of key sectors of agriculture and food production is the basis for diversification of private initiatives for sustainable development of our village communities. A better assessment of impact on Poverty reduction and food security requires the availability of reliable statistical data and allowing an objective view on the agricultural sector for better decision-making and economic policies. Guinean agriculture is considered as a basic source for economic development; it employs 80% of workforce and is largely dominated by family farms that occupy 95% of country's farmland. The sizes of these farmlands vary from 0.30 to 0.50 ha. Structural changes in agriculture comes from diversification of farmer's activities that, in turn, are potential sources of wealth creation, and provide a new landscape in rural areas. These factors highlight the overall development in agricultural sector and require the development of an agricultural database adapted to the new constraint aggregates useful information to the new needs of all stakeholders as demand diversifies. Despite the efforts and seriousness put into the organization and implementation of various agricultural statistical surveys conducted since the last national rural agricultural census contacted in 1988, the coverage of information needs has been very limited, as far as the requirements related to the new strategic directions of the latter agricultural development policy of Guinea.
During the National Agricultural Census in 2000/2001 season, FAO recommended the national census of the decade 1996/2005, the perspectives of developing database sufficiently complete and relevant information on principal agricultural facts at both national and regional levels. Achieving the highest level of productivity in the sector depends on the use of production factors including the threshold for application of fertilizers, improved seeds and pesticides, and agricultural mechanization to open the way for the installation and strengthening of large farms and modern farms in the country. Today the use of these factors is very insignificant compared to our prospects for agricultural development:(i) only 20% of the plots received organic manures and/or minerals, (ii) 95% of the areas have been cultured with non-native seeds selected traditional farms, (iii) the agricultural holdings are mainly traditional hand-made, (iv) with only 2% of the irrigated agriculture is rain-fed on 95% of its area. Consequently, despite the fairly high levels of production volumes, improved productivity remains a challenge. A better policy on agricultural inputs and a progressive integration of mechanization mobilized the full potential of production, increase farmers'income, ensure food security for all and eradicate poverty in the country.
Extreme Poverty and vulnerability remain crucial developmental challenges that have in recent times attracted attention of the Guinean government. However, with radical agricultural policy measures, many rural areas continue to grapple with poverty and food insecurity. Agriculture is the principal activity of households and primary source of income, the high rate of poverty among farmers in Guinea was about 63%. The type of agriculture practiced in Guinea mainly being subsistence farming, the cultivated areas are generally low (0.30 to 0.50 ha).In these conditions, yields and sales capacity cannot be high. These results clearly indicate the need to prioritize the development of agriculture and rural areas in general, for rapid poverty reduction. In order to better understand Agricultural policy on poverty reduction, a structured survey consisting of 63 farmers unions chosen from 21 prefectures was carried out from August 2010 to February 2012. Though there was no structured questionnaire for collecting information comprehensively, checklists were used as guidelines to discuss issues and solicit information from various categories of people both in the field and in the offices. The data collected were analyzed using additional information of the research concerned:Agricultural population, agricultural workforce, cultivates areas, agricultural production, provisioning, support of trading, training in agricultural products processing, farmer Union's income, rural dweller worker's income, farm equipments and infrastructures. The Richardson Extrapolation's estimation method was used for the analysis of the collected data. Three complementary ways were identified to improve farmer's living conditions:(i) support to supply and production; (ii) support to Marketing and (iii) support of peasant organizations. Therefore, the Agricultural policy set by Government to achieve this goal is to maximize use of production factors; intensify and diversify agriculture activities and put in place developmental operations (agricultural projects supported by NGOs). This agricultural policy is to support farmer's union through the following strategies:Strategy N°1:Improving food security through diversification and increased food production to promote food sovereignty; Strategy N°2:Increase farm incomes through economic development opportunities and improved market access in the part of fight against poverty; Strategy N°3:Development measures to ensure effectiveness of investments. These strategies have improved the living standards of Rural Dwellers. Furthermore, the Henan's agricultural policy has served as an example to facilitate research.
This policy is also to support farmers through the following strategies:(a) Food security and grain self-sufficiency, (b) Raising farmers'income, and (c) the trade liberalization and integration with world markets.
This paper presents a socioeconomic assessment of Agricultural policy activities in Guinea rural areas and prospects of improvement in rural dweller's living conditions.
在国家人口普查建议使用的1996年到2005年联合国粮食与农业组织2000年世界农业人口普查的框架下,从充分发展国家与地区层级主要农业事件完整和相关信息角度,几内亚进行了2000到2001年全国农业人口普查。实现部门最高生产力水平取决于生产要素的使用,包括开始使用肥料,改良种子和农药,进行农业机械化打开建立大型农场和现代农场之路。与我们的农业发展前景相比,今天利用这些因素非常重要：(一)只有20%的地块使用机肥和／或矿物质,(二)95%的地区己使用非本地种子选择传统农场,(三)农业控股主要使用传统手工制作,(四)95%的地区只有2%的农业使用雨水灌溉。因此,尽管产量高,提高生产力仍然是一个挑战。实施增加农业投入和逐步融入机械化政策方可调动生产潜力,增加农民收入,确保国家粮食安全和减少贫困。
极端贫穷和脆弱性仍然是阻碍发展的关键因素,最近的几次已经引起了几内亚政府的注意。然而,尽管使用激进的农业政策措施,许多农村地区仍然须继续克服贫困及粮食安全。农业是家庭的主要活动和主要收入来源,农民的贫困率大约为63%。几内亚实行的农业主要为温饱型农业,生产产区一般较低(0.30到0.50公顷),在这种情况下,产量和销售能力不是很高。这些结果明显表明需要重点发展农业和农村以快速减少贫困。为了更好地理解农业政策在减少贫困方而的作用,从2010年8月到2012年2月,由63个农民联盟组织的调查小组对21个县进行了调查。虽然没有结构式问卷收集全面信息,使用检查单作为从不同类别的人群中(既有农村的也有在办公室的)讨论问题与获取信息的指南。使用与研究相关的附加信息来分析收集到的数据,包括：农业人口、农业劳动力、耕种地区、农业生产、供应、支持交易、培训农产品加工、农民联盟的收入、农村居民职工的收入、农场设备和基础设施。对收集的数据使用理查森的外推估算法来分析。经确认三个互补方法可以提高农民生活条件：(1)支持的供应和生产；(2)支持营销,(3)支持农民组织。因此,政府制定的农业政策为实现这一目标应最大限度使用生产要素；加强农业活动与多元化农业活动,将发展经营落实到位(非政府组织支持的农业项目)。
本文提出一种农业政策的社会经济分析农村地区的改进几内亚和前景农村居民的生活条件。该农业政策通过以下策略支持农民联盟：N。l策略：通过多样化与提供食品产量推进粮食主权来提高粮食安全；N。2策略：在反贫困方面,通过经济发展机会与提高市场准入来提高农民农场收入;N°3策略：保证投资效率的发展措施。这些策略已提高农村居民的生活水平。此外,河南的农业政策为便于研究提供了一个榜样。该政策亦通过以下策略支持农民：(a)粮食安全与粮食自给自足,(b)提高农民收入,和(c)贸易自由化与融入世界市场。
本文对几内亚农村地区的农业政策进行了社会经济分析,并且预期了改善农村居民居住条件的前景。
Guinean's rural areas are a dynamic sector that has undergone profound changes in recent years with regard to various investment programs implemented by the Government of the 2nd Republic. The main option of Guinea's agricultural policy is to move from subsistence agriculture to market agriculture in view of its immense agricultural potential regulated by a regime more favorable climate of the region. The capacity of key sectors of agriculture and food production is the basis for diversification of private initiatives for sustainable development of our village communities. A better assessment of impact on Poverty reduction and food security requires the availability of reliable statistical data and allowing an objective view on the agricultural sector for better decision-making and economic policies. Guinean agriculture is considered as a basic source for economic development; it employs 80% of workforce and is largely dominated by family farms that occupy 95% of country's farmland. The sizes of these farmlands vary from 0.30 to 0.50 ha. Structural changes in agriculture comes from diversification of farmer's activities that, in turn, are potential sources of wealth creation, and provide a new landscape in rural areas. These factors highlight the overall development in agricultural sector and require the development of an agricultural database adapted to the new constraint aggregates useful information to the new needs of all stakeholders as demand diversifies. Despite the efforts and seriousness put into the organization and implementation of various agricultural statistical surveys conducted since the last national rural agricultural census contacted in 1988, the coverage of information needs has been very limited, as far as the requirements related to the new strategic directions of the latter agricultural development policy of Guinea.
During the National Agricultural Census in 2000/2001 season, FAO recommended the national census of the decade 1996/2005, the perspectives of developing database sufficiently complete and relevant information on principal agricultural facts at both national and regional levels. Achieving the highest level of productivity in the sector depends on the use of production factors including the threshold for application of fertilizers, improved seeds and pesticides, and agricultural mechanization to open the way for the installation and strengthening of large farms and modern farms in the country. Today the use of these factors is very insignificant compared to our prospects for agricultural development:(i) only 20% of the plots received organic manures and/or minerals, (ii) 95% of the areas have been cultured with non-native seeds selected traditional farms, (iii) the agricultural holdings are mainly traditional hand-made, (iv) with only 2% of the irrigated agriculture is rain-fed on 95% of its area. Consequently, despite the fairly high levels of production volumes, improved productivity remains a challenge. A better policy on agricultural inputs and a progressive integration of mechanization mobilized the full potential of production, increase farmers'income, ensure food security for all and eradicate poverty in the country.
Extreme Poverty and vulnerability remain crucial developmental challenges that have in recent times attracted attention of the Guinean government. However, with radical agricultural policy measures, many rural areas continue to grapple with poverty and food insecurity. Agriculture is the principal activity of households and primary source of income, the high rate of poverty among farmers in Guinea was about 63%. The type of agriculture practiced in Guinea mainly being subsistence farming, the cultivated areas are generally low (0.30 to 0.50 ha).In these conditions, yields and sales capacity cannot be high. These results clearly indicate the need to prioritize the development of agriculture and rural areas in general, for rapid poverty reduction. In order to better understand Agricultural policy on poverty reduction, a structured survey consisting of 63 farmers unions chosen from 21 prefectures was carried out from August 2010 to February 2012. Though there was no structured questionnaire for collecting information comprehensively, checklists were used as guidelines to discuss issues and solicit information from various categories of people both in the field and in the offices. The data collected were analyzed using additional information of the research concerned:Agricultural population, agricultural workforce, cultivates areas, agricultural production, provisioning, support of trading, training in agricultural products processing, farmer Union's income, rural dweller worker's income, farm equipments and infrastructures. The Richardson Extrapolation's estimation method was used for the analysis of the collected data. Three complementary ways were identified to improve farmer's living conditions:(i) support to supply and production; (ii) support to Marketing and (iii) support of peasant organizations. Therefore, the Agricultural policy set by Government to achieve this goal is to maximize use of production factors; intensify and diversify agriculture activities and put in place developmental operations (agricultural projects supported by NGOs). This agricultural policy is to support farmer's union through the following strategies:Strategy N°1:Improving food security through diversification and increased food production to promote food sovereignty; Strategy N°2:Increase farm incomes through economic development opportunities and improved market access in the part of fight against poverty; Strategy N°3:Development measures to ensure effectiveness of investments. These strategies have improved the living standards of Rural Dwellers. Furthermore, the Henan's agricultural policy has served as an example to facilitate research.
This policy is also to support farmers through the following strategies:(a) Food security and grain self-sufficiency, (b) Raising farmers'income, and (c) the trade liberalization and integration with world markets.
This paper presents a socioeconomic assessment of Agricultural policy activities in Guinea rural areas and prospects of improvement in rural dweller's living conditions.
引文
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