农民工的社会融合研究：现状、影响因素与后果
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摘要
农民工在中国的社会经济建设中发挥着重要作用，但他们仍是城市社会的边缘人群和弱势群体，还远未能融合到城市主流社会。同时，农民工正在经历着从老一代向新生代的转换，新生代农民工的行为和态度的变化增加了农民工城市社会融合问题解决的紧迫性。随着中国城市化和工业化进程的加快，农民工的社会融合问题已经成为中国公共管理领域中极具挑战性的重大研究问题，也是中国改善民生、建设和谐社会过程中亟待解决的问题。论文利用2009年X市农民工调查数据，以农民工社会融合的概念建构为基础，系统地对农民工社会融合的现状、影响因素和后果进行了分析：论文揭示了农民工社会融合的现状，引进农民工-市民网络视角探讨了农民工-市民网络与农民工的社会融合的关系，并对社会融合与农民工的心理健康和发展意愿之间的关系进行了深入研究。
论文的创新之处主要体现在以下4个方面：
第一，论文对农民工社会融合的概念进行了重新建构，多层面、多维度地揭示了农民工社会融合的现状。现有文献存在定义不清楚、不严格，维度不明确，各维度的方向性不明朗等问题。论文将社会融合定义为“农民工和城市市民之间在文化、社会经济和心理等方面的差异的消减”。社会融合包括文化融合、社会经济融合和心理融合等三个维度，其中文化融合和心理融合具有双向性，而社会经济融合则是方向无涉的。新建构的概念将市民纳入研究视野，为融合状态的评估提供了标尺，有助于对农民工社会融合现状的准确理解。论文发现农民工文化融合的首选策略是融合策略，心理融合以融合型和融入型为主，制度障碍是导致农民工社会经济地位低下的重要因素。
第二，农民工-市民网络对农民工的社会融合具有显著的正向作用。现有文献已经认识到社会网络对农民工社会融合的作用，但对超越了亲缘和地缘关系的农民工-市民网络对社会融合的作用还少有关注。论文发现农民工-市民网络对农民工的文化融合和心理融合均有显著的正向影响。但由于制度因素的限制，农民工-市民网络对社会经济融合的影响比较有限：仅有利于职业阶层的向上流动，而对收入和房产拥有的影响不显著。市民角度的研究发现农民工-市民网络显著地缩减了市民对农民工群体的社会距离。农民工-市民网络不仅可以促进农民工融入城市社会，也有利于市民对农民工的认可和接纳，说明农民工-市民网络是理解农民工社会融合模式和路径的重要视角。
第三，社会融合对农民工的心理健康具有显著影响。关于移民的社会经济融合与心理健康之间关系的研究已不鲜见，但现有文献忽略了文化融合和心理融合对农民工的心理健康的影响。论文发现文化融合对农民工的心理健康状况具有显著影响：越倾向于保持自己家乡文化的、现代性水平越低的和掌握了当地方言的农民工的生活满意度越高；现代性越高的农民工的抑郁程度越低。心理融合对心理健康具有促进作用：城市归属感越高，农民工与市民之间的社会距离越小，农民工的生活满意度越高，抑郁水平越低。论文还发现文化融合策略和心理融合的类型与农民工心理健康水平显著相关，说明文化融合和心理融合的双向模型对农民工的心理健康有一定的预测能力。
第四，文化融合和心理融合对老一代和新生代农民工的发展意愿均有显著影响。关于社会融合与农民工的未来发展选择的关系的探讨多局限于社会经济融合方面，缺乏对社会融合与农民工发展意愿之间关系的系统、全面和准确的认识。尽管社会经济融合对农民工的发展意愿具有最重要的、最具决定性的影响，但文化融合和心理融合对两代农民工的发展意愿的影响同样重要且几乎不存在代际差异。家乡文化保持和城市归属感都是预测农民工发展意愿的重要因素：家乡文化保持得分越高的农民工越倾向于返乡务农，次优选择为返乡非农就业；城市归属感越强的农民工越倾向于选择留城发展，次优选择为返乡非农就业。这说明农民工选择留城或返乡不仅受到他们的社会经济状况的影响，文化融合和心理融合也是他们的重要考量因素。
最后，根据研究发现，论文给出一些旨在促进农民工社会融合的政策启示。
Rural-urban migrants have made great contributions to development of Chinese economyand society. However, these migrants are far from being integrated into the urban societies.They are still outsiders and one of the most disadvantaged group in city societies. A newgeneration of migrants is gradually replacing the old. Attitudes and behaviors of the newgeneration have changed a lot, which makes the problem of migrant integration into the mainsociety in cities be even more urgent. With the number of rural-urban migrants increasing inthe process of industrialization and urbanization in China, migrant integration is not only achallenging issue in the field of public administration, but also a crucial problem for theharmonious society construction. Using data from a2009survey of rural-urban migrants andbased on conceptualization of social integration for rural-urban migrants, we investigate thecurrent status, determinants and consequences of rural-urban migrants’ social integration.First, this dissertation charts the current status of migrant integration. Second, We analyzethe role of migrant network in social integration of rural-urban migrants by introducing amigrant-resident tie perspective. Third, we investigate the effects of social integration onmigrants’ mental health and intentions respectively.
The main contributions of this dissertation are the following:
1. Social integration for rural-urban migrants in China is multidimensionallyreconceptualized, based on which we chart the current status of migrant integration. Theconcept of social integration for rural-urban migrants in China in previous literature are notclearly and strictly defined, neither dimensions proprerly identified nor directions definitelyaddressed. In this dissertation, we define social integration of rural-urban migrants as thedecline of an intergroup distinction and its corollary cultural, socioeconomic andpsychological differences between rural-urban migrants and urban residents. Socialintegration of rural-urban migrants includes three dimensions: cultural integration,socioeconomic integration and psychological integration. Cultural and psychologcial integration are bidirectional, while socioeconomic integration is unidirectional. Byintroducing an urban resident perspective, our study provides a gauge to estimate rual-urbanmigrants’ social integration, which is helpful to accurately understand the status of migrnatintegration. Social integration of rural-urban migrants is still at a low level.“Integration” ismigrants’ favorite acculturation stategy. The types of “integration” and “assimilation”dominate the psychological integration. Institutional barriers are still the main factor that getmigrants trapped in the lower socioeconomic status.
2. Migrant-resident ties have significant positive effects on social integration of rural-urbanmigrants. Previous research on both international and internal migration has paid much moreattention to kin-based and ethnic-based ties. However, there has been little study ofmigrant-resident ties. Our main finding is that migrant-resident ties have the potential to playa fundamental role in migrant integration: they have positive effects on cultural integrationand psychological integration. Their effects on socioeconomic integration are limitedbecause of the severe institutional barriers to migrant integration: migrant-resident ties onlyhave significant effects on migrants’ occupational status, but no effect on income and houseownership. From the perspective of urban residents, we find migrant-resident ties cansignificantly reduce social distance between rural-urban migrants and urban residents.Migrant-resident ties not only can improve migrant integration, but also be helpful to urbanresidents’ acceptance to migrants. The migrant-resident tie perspective is important tounderstand the process and pattern of migrant integration.
3. Social integration plays an important role in migrants’ mental health. Previous studieshave revealed that socioeconomic integration have effects on migrants’ mental health,ignoring the relationship between cultural integration, psychological integration and mentalhealth. We find that cultural integration has significant effects on migrants’ mental health:those migrants who are more willing to maintain their own culture pattern in city, enjoy alower level of modernity, and can speak local dialect are more likely to be satisfied withtheir life; the higher level of modernity migrants enjoy, the less likely to be in depression.Psychological integration can significantly improve migrants’ mental health: those migrantswho have higher level of sense of belonging to cities and smaller social distance betweenmigrants and urban residents are more likely to be satisfied with life and less likely to be indepression. The strategies of cultural integration and the types of psychological integrationare significantly associated with migrants’ status of mental health, which prove that thebidirectional models are applicable to the study on rural-urban migrants in China.
4. Cultural integration and psychological integration have significant effects on migrants’intentions for both the first generation and the new generation. The existing research on therole of social integration in migrants’ future occupational and residential choices pays muchattention to socioeconomic integration, lacking systematic examination of the relationshipbetween social integration and migrants’ intentions. Socioeconomic integration has the most influential effects on migrants’ intentions. However, cultural integration and psychologicalintegration play important roles in intentions of migrants for both generations and almostshow no generational difference. Maintaining own culture pattern and sense of belonging tocities are important predictors to migrants’ intentions: those migrants who tend to maintaintheir own culture pattern are more likely to return to farm, the second favourite choice arereturn to do nonfarm jobs; those migrants who have higher level of sense of belonging tocities are more likely to stay in cities, the second choices is to return to farm. While makingthe decisions of future occupational and residential choices, migrants not only take theirsocioeconomic stutas into consideration, but also cultural integration and psychologicalintegration are their major concerns.
Finally, we provide some policy implications of our findings that might facilitate migrants’further social integration.
论文的创新之处主要体现在以下4个方面：
第一，论文对农民工社会融合的概念进行了重新建构，多层面、多维度地揭示了农民工社会融合的现状。现有文献存在定义不清楚、不严格，维度不明确，各维度的方向性不明朗等问题。论文将社会融合定义为“农民工和城市市民之间在文化、社会经济和心理等方面的差异的消减”。社会融合包括文化融合、社会经济融合和心理融合等三个维度，其中文化融合和心理融合具有双向性，而社会经济融合则是方向无涉的。新建构的概念将市民纳入研究视野，为融合状态的评估提供了标尺，有助于对农民工社会融合现状的准确理解。论文发现农民工文化融合的首选策略是融合策略，心理融合以融合型和融入型为主，制度障碍是导致农民工社会经济地位低下的重要因素。
第二，农民工-市民网络对农民工的社会融合具有显著的正向作用。现有文献已经认识到社会网络对农民工社会融合的作用，但对超越了亲缘和地缘关系的农民工-市民网络对社会融合的作用还少有关注。论文发现农民工-市民网络对农民工的文化融合和心理融合均有显著的正向影响。但由于制度因素的限制，农民工-市民网络对社会经济融合的影响比较有限：仅有利于职业阶层的向上流动，而对收入和房产拥有的影响不显著。市民角度的研究发现农民工-市民网络显著地缩减了市民对农民工群体的社会距离。农民工-市民网络不仅可以促进农民工融入城市社会，也有利于市民对农民工的认可和接纳，说明农民工-市民网络是理解农民工社会融合模式和路径的重要视角。
第三，社会融合对农民工的心理健康具有显著影响。关于移民的社会经济融合与心理健康之间关系的研究已不鲜见，但现有文献忽略了文化融合和心理融合对农民工的心理健康的影响。论文发现文化融合对农民工的心理健康状况具有显著影响：越倾向于保持自己家乡文化的、现代性水平越低的和掌握了当地方言的农民工的生活满意度越高；现代性越高的农民工的抑郁程度越低。心理融合对心理健康具有促进作用：城市归属感越高，农民工与市民之间的社会距离越小，农民工的生活满意度越高，抑郁水平越低。论文还发现文化融合策略和心理融合的类型与农民工心理健康水平显著相关，说明文化融合和心理融合的双向模型对农民工的心理健康有一定的预测能力。
第四，文化融合和心理融合对老一代和新生代农民工的发展意愿均有显著影响。关于社会融合与农民工的未来发展选择的关系的探讨多局限于社会经济融合方面，缺乏对社会融合与农民工发展意愿之间关系的系统、全面和准确的认识。尽管社会经济融合对农民工的发展意愿具有最重要的、最具决定性的影响，但文化融合和心理融合对两代农民工的发展意愿的影响同样重要且几乎不存在代际差异。家乡文化保持和城市归属感都是预测农民工发展意愿的重要因素：家乡文化保持得分越高的农民工越倾向于返乡务农，次优选择为返乡非农就业；城市归属感越强的农民工越倾向于选择留城发展，次优选择为返乡非农就业。这说明农民工选择留城或返乡不仅受到他们的社会经济状况的影响，文化融合和心理融合也是他们的重要考量因素。
最后，根据研究发现，论文给出一些旨在促进农民工社会融合的政策启示。
Rural-urban migrants have made great contributions to development of Chinese economyand society. However, these migrants are far from being integrated into the urban societies.They are still outsiders and one of the most disadvantaged group in city societies. A newgeneration of migrants is gradually replacing the old. Attitudes and behaviors of the newgeneration have changed a lot, which makes the problem of migrant integration into the mainsociety in cities be even more urgent. With the number of rural-urban migrants increasing inthe process of industrialization and urbanization in China, migrant integration is not only achallenging issue in the field of public administration, but also a crucial problem for theharmonious society construction. Using data from a2009survey of rural-urban migrants andbased on conceptualization of social integration for rural-urban migrants, we investigate thecurrent status, determinants and consequences of rural-urban migrants’ social integration.First, this dissertation charts the current status of migrant integration. Second, We analyzethe role of migrant network in social integration of rural-urban migrants by introducing amigrant-resident tie perspective. Third, we investigate the effects of social integration onmigrants’ mental health and intentions respectively.
The main contributions of this dissertation are the following:
1. Social integration for rural-urban migrants in China is multidimensionallyreconceptualized, based on which we chart the current status of migrant integration. Theconcept of social integration for rural-urban migrants in China in previous literature are notclearly and strictly defined, neither dimensions proprerly identified nor directions definitelyaddressed. In this dissertation, we define social integration of rural-urban migrants as thedecline of an intergroup distinction and its corollary cultural, socioeconomic andpsychological differences between rural-urban migrants and urban residents. Socialintegration of rural-urban migrants includes three dimensions: cultural integration,socioeconomic integration and psychological integration. Cultural and psychologcial integration are bidirectional, while socioeconomic integration is unidirectional. Byintroducing an urban resident perspective, our study provides a gauge to estimate rual-urbanmigrants’ social integration, which is helpful to accurately understand the status of migrnatintegration. Social integration of rural-urban migrants is still at a low level.“Integration” ismigrants’ favorite acculturation stategy. The types of “integration” and “assimilation”dominate the psychological integration. Institutional barriers are still the main factor that getmigrants trapped in the lower socioeconomic status.
2. Migrant-resident ties have significant positive effects on social integration of rural-urbanmigrants. Previous research on both international and internal migration has paid much moreattention to kin-based and ethnic-based ties. However, there has been little study ofmigrant-resident ties. Our main finding is that migrant-resident ties have the potential to playa fundamental role in migrant integration: they have positive effects on cultural integrationand psychological integration. Their effects on socioeconomic integration are limitedbecause of the severe institutional barriers to migrant integration: migrant-resident ties onlyhave significant effects on migrants’ occupational status, but no effect on income and houseownership. From the perspective of urban residents, we find migrant-resident ties cansignificantly reduce social distance between rural-urban migrants and urban residents.Migrant-resident ties not only can improve migrant integration, but also be helpful to urbanresidents’ acceptance to migrants. The migrant-resident tie perspective is important tounderstand the process and pattern of migrant integration.
3. Social integration plays an important role in migrants’ mental health. Previous studieshave revealed that socioeconomic integration have effects on migrants’ mental health,ignoring the relationship between cultural integration, psychological integration and mentalhealth. We find that cultural integration has significant effects on migrants’ mental health:those migrants who are more willing to maintain their own culture pattern in city, enjoy alower level of modernity, and can speak local dialect are more likely to be satisfied withtheir life; the higher level of modernity migrants enjoy, the less likely to be in depression.Psychological integration can significantly improve migrants’ mental health: those migrantswho have higher level of sense of belonging to cities and smaller social distance betweenmigrants and urban residents are more likely to be satisfied with life and less likely to be indepression. The strategies of cultural integration and the types of psychological integrationare significantly associated with migrants’ status of mental health, which prove that thebidirectional models are applicable to the study on rural-urban migrants in China.
4. Cultural integration and psychological integration have significant effects on migrants’intentions for both the first generation and the new generation. The existing research on therole of social integration in migrants’ future occupational and residential choices pays muchattention to socioeconomic integration, lacking systematic examination of the relationshipbetween social integration and migrants’ intentions. Socioeconomic integration has the most influential effects on migrants’ intentions. However, cultural integration and psychologicalintegration play important roles in intentions of migrants for both generations and almostshow no generational difference. Maintaining own culture pattern and sense of belonging tocities are important predictors to migrants’ intentions: those migrants who tend to maintaintheir own culture pattern are more likely to return to farm, the second favourite choice arereturn to do nonfarm jobs; those migrants who have higher level of sense of belonging tocities are more likely to stay in cities, the second choices is to return to farm. While makingthe decisions of future occupational and residential choices, migrants not only take theirsocioeconomic stutas into consideration, but also cultural integration and psychologicalintegration are their major concerns.
Finally, we provide some policy implications of our findings that might facilitate migrants’further social integration.
引文
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