晋南地区盐碱地冬小麦—夏玉米轮作田的NO排放特征
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摘要
施肥农田是大气重要污染物一氧化氮(NO)的重要来源,而盐碱地是分布面积较大的一类农田(全球盐碱地农田的大约10%分布在中国),但对其NO排放特征的研究迄今仍比较缺乏。本文采用箱法自动观测技术,对晋南地区多年实行冬小麦-夏玉米轮作的盐碱地农田NO排放进行了周年(2007年11月11日-2008年11月15日)全天候连续观测,基于此研究NO排放的特征。结果显示：晋南盐碱地小麦-玉米轮作农田年施用氮肥的NO-N直接排放系数约为0.68%,背景排放率为0.25 kg·hm-2·a-1;NO排放的季节变化表现出“春夏高、秋冬低”的格局；非施肥阶段,土壤温度和土壤湿度可共同解释日排放量变化的47%(p<0.05)；日间极大值型日变化模态在冬季(2007年12月-2008年2月)和其他季节发生的频率分别为16%和25%；日间极大值型日变化模态发生时,NO排放通量与气温的日变化同步；间歇式人工观测的最佳测量时间为北京时间上午的10点到11点之间；基于非最佳时间进行的一日一次性测量给出的日排放量存在-18%-43%的不确定性。这些结果为认识盐碱地农田的NO排放规律提供了野外实验基础,并为编制农田NO排放清单的重要参数——年直接排放系数和年背景排放率提供了实测数据。
Fertilized agricultural field is an important source of nitric oxide (NO), which is a serious air pollutant. Saline land holds high proportion of the world's agricultural field, and 10% of the saline soil agricultural field distributes in China. However, only a little study on the characteristic of NO emission on this type of soil has been reported up to now. Using automatic static chamber techniques, intensive and continuous measurements (from November 11,2007 to November 15,2008) were conducted on a saline soil field, cultivated with winter wheat/summer maize rotation for years, in south of Shanxi Province. The direct emission factor of NO-N accounted for the annual fertilization on wheat-maize rotation field, with saline soil, in south Shanxi was about 0.68%, and the background emission was 0.25 kg. hm-2.a-1. NO fluxes showed a seasonal pattern, with intensive emission appearing in spring/summer and low emission occurring in autumn/winter. In the period without fertilization, soil temperature and moisture together accounted for 47%(p<0.05) of the daily fluxes variation. A diurnal variation pattern with single day-peak appeared with a frequency of 16%and 25%in winter (from December,2007 to February,2008) and the remaining season, respectively. When this day-peak pattern took place, coincidence was found between the diurnal cycle of NO fluxes and air temperature. The best sampling time for NO fluxes, by using intermittent manual chamber, was from 10 a.m. to 11 a.m. Uncertainties from 18%to 43%are proposed for the daily NO flux not measured in the best sampling time. This paper brought useful field experiments basis to understand NO emission pattern of saline soil land, and provided valuable measured data to access direct emission factor and annual background emission, which are the key parameters in drawing the emission inventory of agricultural field.
Fertilized agricultural field is an important source of nitric oxide (NO), which is a serious air pollutant. Saline land holds high proportion of the world's agricultural field, and 10% of the saline soil agricultural field distributes in China. However, only a little study on the characteristic of NO emission on this type of soil has been reported up to now. Using automatic static chamber techniques, intensive and continuous measurements (from November 11,2007 to November 15,2008) were conducted on a saline soil field, cultivated with winter wheat/summer maize rotation for years, in south of Shanxi Province. The direct emission factor of NO-N accounted for the annual fertilization on wheat-maize rotation field, with saline soil, in south Shanxi was about 0.68%, and the background emission was 0.25 kg. hm-2.a-1. NO fluxes showed a seasonal pattern, with intensive emission appearing in spring/summer and low emission occurring in autumn/winter. In the period without fertilization, soil temperature and moisture together accounted for 47%(p<0.05) of the daily fluxes variation. A diurnal variation pattern with single day-peak appeared with a frequency of 16%and 25%in winter (from December,2007 to February,2008) and the remaining season, respectively. When this day-peak pattern took place, coincidence was found between the diurnal cycle of NO fluxes and air temperature. The best sampling time for NO fluxes, by using intermittent manual chamber, was from 10 a.m. to 11 a.m. Uncertainties from 18%to 43%are proposed for the daily NO flux not measured in the best sampling time. This paper brought useful field experiments basis to understand NO emission pattern of saline soil land, and provided valuable measured data to access direct emission factor and annual background emission, which are the key parameters in drawing the emission inventory of agricultural field.
引文
[1]宋涛.华东稻麦轮作生态系统NOx排放研究[D],2003.
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[35]Zheng Xunhua, Huang Yao, Wang Yuesi et al.. Seasonal characteristics of nitric oxide emissions from typical Chinese rice-wheat rotation during the non-waterlogged period [J]. GlobalC hange Biol.,2003a,9:219-227.
[36]Bailey and Beauchamp, BaileyP.S.andE.GBeauehamP.1973Gas chromatography of Gases emanating from a saturated soil system, Can.J.Soil.Sci.,1973,53,122-124.
[37]Blackmer A.M. and J.M.Bremner.1977Denitrificationof nitrateln soils under different atmospheres, soil Biol,Biochem.,9,141-142.
[38]Denmead O.T., J.R. Freney,.R.SimPson. Study of nitrous oxide emission from a grass sward, soil, Soe.Am.J.1979,43:726-728.
[39]SehimelD.S.5.SimkinsT.RosswallA.R.Mosier.andW.J.Parton. Scale and the measurement of nitrogen flux from Terrestrial ecosystem.In Scale and Global change,1988, PP.179-193. WIley, New York.
[40]Folorunso O.A, D.E Rolston. Spatial variability of field Measured demystification gases fluxes soil Sei. Am,1984,48,1214-1219.
[41]白东升杨治平王永亮张建杰不同施肥管理方式下潮褐土区夏玉米N2O排放量研究现代农业科学,2008,15(11)：48-49.
[42]李明,梁旺国,郑循华等.晋南地区典型盐碱地棉田的NO排放特征[J].气候与环境研究,2009,14(3)：318-328.
[43]Yao Zhisheng, Zheng Xunhua, Xie Baohua, et al. Compari-son of manual and automated chambers for field measurements ofN2O, CH4, CO2fluxes from a cultivated land [J]. Atmos. Envi-ron.,2009,43:1888-1896.
[44]Zheng X H, Wang Y S, Wang M X et al. Automatical measurement of NO emission from croplands Envi ron Sci,1998. (2):1-5 (in Chinese)
[45]Chunyan Liu. Nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from an irrigated cotton field in Northern China, Plant and Soil,2010,150-159.
[46]Valente RJ, Thornton FC, Williams EJ. Field comparison of static and flow-through chamber techniques for measurement of soil NO emission. J Geophys Res 100 (D10), 1995,:21147-21152.
[47]Kroon PS, Hensen A, van den Bulk WCM, Jongejan 1 PAC, Vermeulen AT The importance of reduc ing the systematic error due to non-linearity in N2O flux measurements by static chambers. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys,2008,82:175-186.
[48]Yamulki S, Goulding K W T, Webster C P, et al.. Studies on NO and N2O fluxes from a wheat field [J]. Atmos. Environ.,1995,29 (14):1627-1635.
[49]Li D, Wang X. Nitric oxide emission from a typical vegetable field in the Pearl River Delta, China. Atmos Environ,2007,41:9498-9505.
[50]Fang SX, Mu YJ. NOx fluxes from several typical agricultural fields duringSummer-autumn in the Yangtze Delta, China. Atoms Environ,2009,43: 2665-2671.
[51]Kesik M, Blagodatsky S, Papen H, et al.. Effect of pH, temperature and substrate on N2O, NO and CO2production byAlcaligenes faecalis p[J]. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2006,101:655-667.
[52]Wang HX, Zhou LJ, Tan g XY Ozone concentrations in rural regions of the Yangtze Delta in China. J Atmos Chem,2006,54:255-265.
[53]Butterbach-Bahl K, Gasche R, Breuer L, Papen H Fluxes of NO and N2O from temperate forest soils:impact of forest type, N.1997
[54]Aneja VP, Robarge WP and Holbrook, BD.. Measurements of nitric oxide flux from an upper coastal plain, North Carolina agricul2 tural soil. Atm Envi ron,1995, 29 (21):3037-3042.
[55]Ludwig J, Meixner FX, Vogel B, Forstner J Soil-air exchange of nitric oxide:An overview of processes, envir onmental fators, and modeling study. Bio-geochemistry, 2001,52:225-257.
[56]Bouwman AF, Boumans LJM Modeling global annual N2O and NO emissions from fertilized fields. Global Biogeochem Cy 16 (4):1080. doi:10.1029/2001GB001812. 2002.
[57]Alexander M. Introduction to Soil Microbiology (2nd edition).New York:John Wiley & Sons.Focht DD and Verstraete W.1977.Biochemical ecology of nitrification and denitrification. In:Alexander M ed. Advances in Microbial Ecolo2gy. New York: Plenum Press.1977, pp.135-214.
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[63]郑循华王明星王跃思李老土金继生应用生态学报2000年8月 第11卷第4期：577-581.
[2]刘春岩.内蒙古半干旱草原-大气间CH4、N2O和NOx交换过程研究[D],2007.
[3]Holland, E.A., J. E Lamarque. Modeling bio-atmospheric coupling of the nitrogen cycle through NOx emissions and NOy deposition. Nutrient Cycling in Agro ecosystems,1997,48,7-24.
[4]Jacob, D.J. Heterogencous chemistry and tropospheric ozone. Atmospheric Environment,2000,34,2131-2159
[5]Seott W.E.E.R. Stephens P. L. Hanstand R.C.Doerr. Further developments in the chemistry of the atmosphere, Proc. Am Petrol. Inst.,1957,37,171-183.
[6]IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Climate Change 2001:Working Group I:The Scientific Basis, Cambridge University Press,2001, Cambridge, UK.
[7]唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.大气环境化学(第二版),北京：高等教育出版社,2006,55-63.
[8]IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Climate Change 2007: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report,2007.
[9]William EJ, Guenther A, Fehsenfeld FC. An inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils in the United States. J Geophys Res,1992,97(D7):7511-7519.
[10]Kasibhatla. GlobalNOx, HNO3, PAN and NOy distributions from fossil fuels combustion emissions:A model study, J GeoPhys. Res.,1993,96,18,631-18,646.
[11]Firestone MK & Davidson EA. Microbiological basis of NO and N2O production and consumption in soil. In:Exchange of Trace Gases between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere (eds Andraea MO, Schimel DS),1989, pp.7-21. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
[12]Davidson EA. Fluxes of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from terrestrial ecosystems. In:Microbial Production and Consumption of Greenhouse Gases:Methane, Nitrogen oxides, and Halomethanes (eds Rogers JE and Whitman WB), American Society of Microbiology,Washington, D.C.,1991, pp.219-235.
[13]Minami K. Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural fields. In:Trace Gas Emissions and Plants (eds Singh S.N.),2000, pp.215-230. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.
[14]Delwiche CC, The nitrogen cycle and nitrous oxide. In:Denitrification, Nitrification andAtmospheric Nitrous Oxide (eds Delwiche CC),1981, pp.1-16. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
[15]SprentJ.I. The biology of nitrogen transformations. soiluse and management,1990,6: 74-77
[16]HopperA.B.andK.R.Terry. Hydroxylamine oxidoreducatase of Nitrosomonas: Production of nitric oxide from hydroxylamine, Biochim, BioPhys. Acta,,1979,571, 12-20.
[17]Delwiche CC, The nitrogen cycle and nitrous oxide. In:Denitrification, Nitrification and Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide (eds Delwiche CC),1981, pp.1-16. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
[18]Minami KNitrous oxide emissions from agricultural fields. In:Trace Gas Emissions and Plants (eds Singh S.N.),2000, pp.215-230. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.
[19]PapenH.R., H.Rennenberg. Microbial Process involvedin emissions of radioactively important trace gases.1990, P.232-273.In:Transactions 14th International Congress of 5011 Seienee, Kyoto, VoL.ll.
[20]Stroo HF, Klein TM, Alexander M,1986. Heterotrophic nitrification in an acid forest soil and by an acid-tolerant fungus. Applied Environmental Microbiology 52, 1107-1111.
[21]Schimel JP, Firestone MK, Killham KS. Identification of heterotrophic nitrification in a Sierran forest soil. Applied Environmental Microbiology,1984,48,802-806.
[22]Ryden JC. N2O exchange between a grassland soil and the atmosphere. Nature,1981, 292:235-237.
[23]Williams E.J. and F.C. Fehsenfeld, Measurement of soil nitrogen oxide emissions at three North American ecosystems. Geophys. Res,1991,96:1033-1042.
[24]Hutehinson GL., GP.Livingston, and E.A.Brams.Nitric and nitrous oxide evolution from managed subtropical grassland.In:Overland, R.S.(Ed)The biogeochemistry of global change:Radioactively active trace gases.1993
[25]Levine, J.S., W.R.CoferIII, D.I.SebacherE.L. Winstead, S.Sebacher and P.J.Boston, 1988. The effects of fire on biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and Nitrous oxide. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1988,2,445-449. Hutchinsonetal 1993.
[26]SlerrirF, W.Seiler. Field measurement of NO and NO2 emissions from fertilized and unfertilized soils [J]. Atmos.Chem.1984,21-24.
[27]Focht D.D.and W.Verstraete. Biocheical ecology of Nitrification and denitrification. Adv.Microbiol.Ecol.,1977,1:135-214.
[28]FirestoneM.K. Biologiceal denitrifieation In:Nitrogen in agricultural soils. Agron.Special Publication 22,1984, ASA/CSSA/SSSA, Madison, Wl.
[29]Williams E.J., D.D.Parrish, F.C.Fehsenfeld. Determination of nitrogen oxide emission from soils:Resultsfrom a grassland site in Colorado, USA., J.GeoPhys.Res. 1987,92:2173-2179.
[30]Davidson, E.A.,, Pulses of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide flux following wetting of dry soil:An assessment of probable sources and importance relative to annual fluxes. Ecological Bulletin,1992b,42,149-55.
[31]HaoW.M. Production of N2O, CH4 and CO2 from soils in The tropical savanna during the dry season.J. Atmos.Chem.,1988,7,93-105.
[32]Ormeic, B., S.L.Sanin, J.J.Peirce. Laboratory study of NO flux from agriculture soil: Effects of soil moisture, pH, and temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research,104, 1999,1621-1629.
[33]Simek, M., J.E.Cooper. The influence of soil pH on denitrification Progress towards the understanding of this interaction over the last 50 years European Journal of soil Science,2002,53,345-354.
[34]Stark, J.M., D.R.Smart, S.C.Hart, and K.A.Haubensak,.Regulation ofNitric oxide emissions from forest and rangeland soils of western North American.Ecology,2002, 83,2278-2292.
[35]Zheng Xunhua, Huang Yao, Wang Yuesi et al.. Seasonal characteristics of nitric oxide emissions from typical Chinese rice-wheat rotation during the non-waterlogged period [J]. GlobalC hange Biol.,2003a,9:219-227.
[36]Bailey and Beauchamp, BaileyP.S.andE.GBeauehamP.1973Gas chromatography of Gases emanating from a saturated soil system, Can.J.Soil.Sci.,1973,53,122-124.
[37]Blackmer A.M. and J.M.Bremner.1977Denitrificationof nitrateln soils under different atmospheres, soil Biol,Biochem.,9,141-142.
[38]Denmead O.T., J.R. Freney,.R.SimPson. Study of nitrous oxide emission from a grass sward, soil, Soe.Am.J.1979,43:726-728.
[39]SehimelD.S.5.SimkinsT.RosswallA.R.Mosier.andW.J.Parton. Scale and the measurement of nitrogen flux from Terrestrial ecosystem.In Scale and Global change,1988, PP.179-193. WIley, New York.
[40]Folorunso O.A, D.E Rolston. Spatial variability of field Measured demystification gases fluxes soil Sei. Am,1984,48,1214-1219.
[41]白东升杨治平王永亮张建杰不同施肥管理方式下潮褐土区夏玉米N2O排放量研究现代农业科学,2008,15(11)：48-49.
[42]李明,梁旺国,郑循华等.晋南地区典型盐碱地棉田的NO排放特征[J].气候与环境研究,2009,14(3)：318-328.
[43]Yao Zhisheng, Zheng Xunhua, Xie Baohua, et al. Compari-son of manual and automated chambers for field measurements ofN2O, CH4, CO2fluxes from a cultivated land [J]. Atmos. Envi-ron.,2009,43:1888-1896.
[44]Zheng X H, Wang Y S, Wang M X et al. Automatical measurement of NO emission from croplands Envi ron Sci,1998. (2):1-5 (in Chinese)
[45]Chunyan Liu. Nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from an irrigated cotton field in Northern China, Plant and Soil,2010,150-159.
[46]Valente RJ, Thornton FC, Williams EJ. Field comparison of static and flow-through chamber techniques for measurement of soil NO emission. J Geophys Res 100 (D10), 1995,:21147-21152.
[47]Kroon PS, Hensen A, van den Bulk WCM, Jongejan 1 PAC, Vermeulen AT The importance of reduc ing the systematic error due to non-linearity in N2O flux measurements by static chambers. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys,2008,82:175-186.
[48]Yamulki S, Goulding K W T, Webster C P, et al.. Studies on NO and N2O fluxes from a wheat field [J]. Atmos. Environ.,1995,29 (14):1627-1635.
[49]Li D, Wang X. Nitric oxide emission from a typical vegetable field in the Pearl River Delta, China. Atmos Environ,2007,41:9498-9505.
[50]Fang SX, Mu YJ. NOx fluxes from several typical agricultural fields duringSummer-autumn in the Yangtze Delta, China. Atoms Environ,2009,43: 2665-2671.
[51]Kesik M, Blagodatsky S, Papen H, et al.. Effect of pH, temperature and substrate on N2O, NO and CO2production byAlcaligenes faecalis p[J]. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2006,101:655-667.
[52]Wang HX, Zhou LJ, Tan g XY Ozone concentrations in rural regions of the Yangtze Delta in China. J Atmos Chem,2006,54:255-265.
[53]Butterbach-Bahl K, Gasche R, Breuer L, Papen H Fluxes of NO and N2O from temperate forest soils:impact of forest type, N.1997
[54]Aneja VP, Robarge WP and Holbrook, BD.. Measurements of nitric oxide flux from an upper coastal plain, North Carolina agricul2 tural soil. Atm Envi ron,1995, 29 (21):3037-3042.
[55]Ludwig J, Meixner FX, Vogel B, Forstner J Soil-air exchange of nitric oxide:An overview of processes, envir onmental fators, and modeling study. Bio-geochemistry, 2001,52:225-257.
[56]Bouwman AF, Boumans LJM Modeling global annual N2O and NO emissions from fertilized fields. Global Biogeochem Cy 16 (4):1080. doi:10.1029/2001GB001812. 2002.
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