装备产品开发中的技术整合与再利用研究
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摘要
中国装备制造业正面临着实现集成创新的迫切需求和严峻挑战。装备产品具有技术构成复杂、单件小批量生产、用户定制等特点,其产品创新所需技术的广度和深度远超过一般消费品,这客观上要求企业在产品系统层次上开展技术整合；此外,在以项目为载体的技术整合过程中获取、开发和积累的技术知识随着项目的完成,将面临被丢失和遗忘的风险。为此,论文以装备产品开发项目为研究对象,旨在揭示技术整合与集成创新绩效之间的关系,并在此基础上,探寻项目开发过程中积累的技术知识在后续项目中实现再利用的机制。
论文采用统计分析与案例研究相结合的研究方法。首先,对复杂产品系统、技术整合、组织学习等相关领域的文献进行梳理与分析；其次,在参考国内外研究的成熟量表和欧盟创新调查基础上,结合中国装备制造业产品开发的实践,设计出装备制造业集成创新的预调研问卷；选择15个装备产品开发项目进行预调研,通过与相关领域专家、产品开发技术负责人、项目经理等深入访谈,对问卷进行修改与补充,制定出正式调研问卷；选择142个项目进行实地调研,得到有效问卷121份；在对获得的样本数据进行统计分析的基础上,分析了技术整合对集成绩效的影响机理;最后,撰写研究案例,对技术再利用机制进行了深入研究。
技术整合对集成创新绩效的影响研究。首先,结合中国装备制造业集成创新实践,构建了理论模型,并将集成创新绩效从产品创新和工艺创新两个方面进行衡量；其次,通过分析外部技术整合、内部技术整合、用户参与程度和项目技术基础对集成创新绩效的影响,做出相关研究假设；统计结果表明,外部技术整合、内部技术整合、用户参与程度、项目技术基础与产品创新绩效显著正相关,内部技术整合、项目技术基础与工艺创新绩效显著正相关；此外,项目技术基础分别在外部技术整合与产品创新绩效之间,及内部技术整合与工艺创新绩效之间起正向调节作用。
装备产品开发中的技术再利用机制研究。装备产品开发中的技术再利用面临的问题主要表现为,首先,项目团队具有临时性特征,这将导致在技术整合过程中积累的技术知识丢失或遗忘；其次,项目开发积累的技术知识主要以隐性知识形态存在,难以转移；此外,项目开发通常是以成本和时间为导向,这使得项目间学习未得到足够重视。为此,分析了样本企业产品开发中的技术再利用过程；在此基础上,研究了基于项目间学习的技术再利用机制。研究表明,产品模块化能够突破项目间技术转移壁垒,项目间学习是实现技术内化的有效途径,而项目间学习与技术整合的互动则推动技术再利用。
Chinese equipment industry is confronted with the challenges of realizing integrated innovation. Equipment products have the characteristics of high-technology, customized and small batches, and the technical width and depth needed to product innovation exceed the ones of consumer products. Enterprises are required to implement technology integration on product system level. Moreover, with the project finishing, the knowledge that acquired in the process of technology integration, is facing the risk of lost and forgetting. Therefore, the product development projects in equipment industry are chosen as the research object, and the research aims at revealing the relationship between technology integration and integrated innovation performance, and exploring the mechanism that the knowledge accumulated in the former project is reused in the subsequent project.
The paper adopts a combined method of case study and statistics. Firstly, the theories of complex product and systems, technology integration, and organizational learning are analyzed. On the basis of referring to the mature quantity in the research papers and Community Innovation Survey of UK, and combinting the pratices in the product development of Chinese equipment enterprises, the pre-survey questionnaire is designed for integrated innovation of equipment industry.15 projects are chosen as the objects of the pre-survey, through interviewing with the related experts, project managers, technological managers of product development, Therefore, the formal questionnaire is designed based on modifying and supplying the pre-survey questionnaire. An in-depth field survey is conducted in 142 projects, and 121 valid questionnaires are collected. Then, influence mechanism of technology integration on integrated innovation performance is analyzed based on statitical analysis. Lastly, case study is conducted to study the mechanism of technology reuse.
The relationship between technology integration and integrated innovation performance is studied. Firstly, combined with the pratices in the integrated innovation of Chinese equipment indusry, theory model is conducted, and the integrated innovation is measured by pruduct innovation and process innovation. Secondly, the effects of external technology integration, internal technology integration, the intensity of user involvement, project technology base on integrated innovation performance are analyzed. Then, several research hypotheses are formed. The statistic results show that external technology integration, internal technology integration, the intensity of user involvement, project technology base are significant positive correlation with the product innovation performance, and internal technology integration, project technology base are significant positive correlation with the process innovation performance. Meanwhile, project technology base is acting a moderator separately between external technology integration and the product innovation performance, and also between internal technology integration and the process innovation performance.
The mechanism of technology reuse is studied. Firstly, problems of the technology reuse in the development of equipment products are analyzed. One is that project team is temporary, and it induces the technical knowledge accumulated in technology integration facing lost and forgotten. One is that technical knowledge accumulated in the project development is mainly tacit knowledge, which is difficult to transfer. The other is that the project development is cost and time oriented, and it is easy to bring the inter-project learning less attention. Therefore, the process of technology reuses in the product development of the cases is analyzed, and the mechanism of technology reuse is studied based on the inter-project learning. The studies show that product modular decreases the inter-project technology transfer barriers, and inter-project learning is a useful way to realize technology internalization. The interacting between the inter-project learning and technology integration promote the technology reuse.
论文采用统计分析与案例研究相结合的研究方法。首先,对复杂产品系统、技术整合、组织学习等相关领域的文献进行梳理与分析；其次,在参考国内外研究的成熟量表和欧盟创新调查基础上,结合中国装备制造业产品开发的实践,设计出装备制造业集成创新的预调研问卷；选择15个装备产品开发项目进行预调研,通过与相关领域专家、产品开发技术负责人、项目经理等深入访谈,对问卷进行修改与补充,制定出正式调研问卷；选择142个项目进行实地调研,得到有效问卷121份；在对获得的样本数据进行统计分析的基础上,分析了技术整合对集成绩效的影响机理;最后,撰写研究案例,对技术再利用机制进行了深入研究。
技术整合对集成创新绩效的影响研究。首先,结合中国装备制造业集成创新实践,构建了理论模型,并将集成创新绩效从产品创新和工艺创新两个方面进行衡量；其次,通过分析外部技术整合、内部技术整合、用户参与程度和项目技术基础对集成创新绩效的影响,做出相关研究假设；统计结果表明,外部技术整合、内部技术整合、用户参与程度、项目技术基础与产品创新绩效显著正相关,内部技术整合、项目技术基础与工艺创新绩效显著正相关；此外,项目技术基础分别在外部技术整合与产品创新绩效之间,及内部技术整合与工艺创新绩效之间起正向调节作用。
装备产品开发中的技术再利用机制研究。装备产品开发中的技术再利用面临的问题主要表现为,首先,项目团队具有临时性特征,这将导致在技术整合过程中积累的技术知识丢失或遗忘；其次,项目开发积累的技术知识主要以隐性知识形态存在,难以转移；此外,项目开发通常是以成本和时间为导向,这使得项目间学习未得到足够重视。为此,分析了样本企业产品开发中的技术再利用过程；在此基础上,研究了基于项目间学习的技术再利用机制。研究表明,产品模块化能够突破项目间技术转移壁垒,项目间学习是实现技术内化的有效途径,而项目间学习与技术整合的互动则推动技术再利用。
Chinese equipment industry is confronted with the challenges of realizing integrated innovation. Equipment products have the characteristics of high-technology, customized and small batches, and the technical width and depth needed to product innovation exceed the ones of consumer products. Enterprises are required to implement technology integration on product system level. Moreover, with the project finishing, the knowledge that acquired in the process of technology integration, is facing the risk of lost and forgetting. Therefore, the product development projects in equipment industry are chosen as the research object, and the research aims at revealing the relationship between technology integration and integrated innovation performance, and exploring the mechanism that the knowledge accumulated in the former project is reused in the subsequent project.
The paper adopts a combined method of case study and statistics. Firstly, the theories of complex product and systems, technology integration, and organizational learning are analyzed. On the basis of referring to the mature quantity in the research papers and Community Innovation Survey of UK, and combinting the pratices in the product development of Chinese equipment enterprises, the pre-survey questionnaire is designed for integrated innovation of equipment industry.15 projects are chosen as the objects of the pre-survey, through interviewing with the related experts, project managers, technological managers of product development, Therefore, the formal questionnaire is designed based on modifying and supplying the pre-survey questionnaire. An in-depth field survey is conducted in 142 projects, and 121 valid questionnaires are collected. Then, influence mechanism of technology integration on integrated innovation performance is analyzed based on statitical analysis. Lastly, case study is conducted to study the mechanism of technology reuse.
The relationship between technology integration and integrated innovation performance is studied. Firstly, combined with the pratices in the integrated innovation of Chinese equipment indusry, theory model is conducted, and the integrated innovation is measured by pruduct innovation and process innovation. Secondly, the effects of external technology integration, internal technology integration, the intensity of user involvement, project technology base on integrated innovation performance are analyzed. Then, several research hypotheses are formed. The statistic results show that external technology integration, internal technology integration, the intensity of user involvement, project technology base are significant positive correlation with the product innovation performance, and internal technology integration, project technology base are significant positive correlation with the process innovation performance. Meanwhile, project technology base is acting a moderator separately between external technology integration and the product innovation performance, and also between internal technology integration and the process innovation performance.
The mechanism of technology reuse is studied. Firstly, problems of the technology reuse in the development of equipment products are analyzed. One is that project team is temporary, and it induces the technical knowledge accumulated in technology integration facing lost and forgotten. One is that technical knowledge accumulated in the project development is mainly tacit knowledge, which is difficult to transfer. The other is that the project development is cost and time oriented, and it is easy to bring the inter-project learning less attention. Therefore, the process of technology reuses in the product development of the cases is analyzed, and the mechanism of technology reuse is studied based on the inter-project learning. The studies show that product modular decreases the inter-project technology transfer barriers, and inter-project learning is a useful way to realize technology internalization. The interacting between the inter-project learning and technology integration promote the technology reuse.
引文
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