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位移事件的表达方式研究
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摘要
位移是事物所处的空间位置发生的相对改变。位移事件是位移动体从源点开始到终点结束的一次位移运动。位移事件的研究帮助我们分析不同语言者在描述事件时是如何组织其经验材料的,是目前国内外研究的热门课题。前人的研究本文分两方面述评:“位移事件表达的研究”和“位移动词词化的研究”。关于位移事件表达模式的普遍性与相对性的研究仍在探索阶段,关于位移事件各要素进入句法结构时的组合方式的研究并不多见,这给本研究留下了很多空间。本研究描写出位移事件表达的等级、步骤,探讨各概念要素进入句法的组合配置规则,是对位移事件的新视角的研究。下面遵循本文研究的步骤、方法,简要介绍本文主要创新之处。
     第一,从意义出发,得到“位移事件”的概念。弄清“何为位移”后,从意义出发,得到位移事件的概念。区分位移事件的自移和他移需以形式为标准,区分自主和非自主以语义为标准。
     第二,分析位移事件的概念结构,得出基本的事件要素。重新定义“路径”:位移事件中因动体位置改变而设定或留下的空间轨迹。
     第三,分析位移事件各概念要素的表层编码特征。1)“动体和背景”遵循“可动性等级”,句法位置灵活多样。2)位移动词除了“运动、路径”概念,多数还编码了“方式、方向、速度、介质、动体、工具”等概念。3)编码“方式”的动词,可分五个范畴:(1)位移力(2)位移速度(3)位移介质(4)动作形式(5)动体表现。语言性成分的副词来编码方式,一是刻画位移特征(位移速度、位移模式、位移范围、位移情状),二是刻画动体特征(动体数量、动体神情、动体心态、动体体态步伐)。4)编码“路径”有动词、介词、框式编码三种方式。动词编码路径有三类:纯路径义动词,含路径义动词,补语位置的含路径义动词编码路径;“介词结构+位移动词”可完成位移事件的表达;“介词+源点+途径+终点”类框式结构表达出静态路径,框式结构表达出动态路径的有三种:“含路径义动词+方所词”;“含路径义动词+数量词”;“(把/将)……+动因动词+到/在/给……”。5)动词编码“动因”如:摆、挂;言语性成分编码动因如:“把、将、使”所标引的动因。
     第四,分析位移事件表达的最简必要要素:“运动”与“路径”。“运动”和“路径”是位移事件表达的最简必要要素。一个位移事件,一定有“运动”的存在,没有“运动”,何以产生位移;而一个位移事件的产生,一定有“路径”的存在,没有“路径”的位移事件也是不存在的。其它概念可以随事件刻画精细程度要求的提高而出现。位移事件的表达就是“运动”和“路径”互动合作的过程。
     第五,分析论证:位移事件的“运动”表达即位移事件句的“句法核心”,“路径”表达即位移事件句的“意义核心”。面对动补结构“左核心”、“右核心”、“无核心/多核心”的持久未果的争论,最好的方案是“动词是句法核心,补语是意义核心”。“运动”一定投射为句法核心,“路径”一定是位移事件表达的意义核心。位移事件的表达,也正体现着句法核心和意义核心的互动合作的过程。
     第六,分析位移事件各概念要素在事件中的组合方式。“运动”与“路径”是相当于一个要素进入排列,不考虑组合顺序,有16种。考察自建语料库,分析每一种组合的特征,如:在最简必要要素“运动、路径”共现的基础上:动因和方式共现时,往往副词编码方式,动词编码动因;“方式/动因”一定会在“运动+路径”前面;背景不能置于“动因”和“运动+路径”的中间;动体、背景、方式共现,组合顺序更加灵活,动体在背景前的频率比背景在动体前的频率高,动体和背景紧密相连的频率高于其分离的频率;六要素俱全时,顺序一般是“方式+动因+运动+路径”。
     第七,分析位移事件表达中各概念要素组合方式的等级。在最简必要要素的基础上,动体出现频率居高临下;方式也很容易感知,仅次;背景第三;他移事件,动因的重要性远超方式;动体、背景、方式共现的频率较低;方式、动因共现的可能性更低;背景、方式、动因三者共现最难。
     第八,分析位移事件各概念要素在事件表达中的等级:动因<方式<背景<动体<运动/路径,分析如:运动、路径频率最高,在位移事件中都不可或缺;动体最凸显,次之;背景略次于动体;方式比动因更凸显。
     第九,分析位移事件表达中“运动”与“路径”,“句法核心”和“意义核心”的互动合作方式。1)“运动”和“路径”合作的最简单的方式是融合于同一个动词:(1)之一:纯路径义动词,如“来、去”类;(2)之二:含路径义动词,如“走,跑”类。2)“运动”和“路径”合作的第二种大的方式是分别由两个动词表征:(3)之三:含路径义动词+纯路径义动词:如“走进,跑出”类;(4)之四:动因动词+纯路径义动词:如“拿进,搬出”类;(5)之五:动因动词+含路径义动词:如“拿走,打跑”类。3)“运动”与“路径”合作的第三种大的方式是“路径”是由含路径义动词和其它成分组合而成的框式结构来共同表征,位移动词仍承担“运动”概念的表达:(6)之六:含路径义动词+数量词,如“走三圈,跑100米”类;(7)之七:含路径义动词+方所词,如“飞北京,跑广州”类;(8)之八:动因动词+方所词,如“拿家里,搬教室”类;(9)之九:含路径义动词+介词短语,介词短语+含路径义动词,如“从广州出发,跑向北京”类;(10)之十:“(把/将)……+动因动词+到/在/给……”组成的框式结构。
     第十,进入句法层面位移事件各概念之间的相互制约,案例分析。
     1)来、去。随着“来/去”句法地位的边缘化,其虚化程度越来越高,所表征的位移概念则越来越单一。“来/去”表三种位移概念,在形式表达中对其它句法成分分别有不同的制约作用。“来/去”独立承担位移事件表达时,句法核心和意义核心重合。随着“方式”信息的加入,“运动”和“路径”概念不再融合进一个词来表达,句法核心和意义核心不再重合。随着更精确的“路径”信息的加入,“来/去”便只承担“方向”信息的表达。句法核心的表达不变,而意义核心有变。“来/去”的三种位移概念的区分,正是“运动”与“路径”、“句法核心”和“意义核心”的互动合作共同作用的结果。
     2)上、下。“上/下+X”和“X+上/下”的句法语义对应关系特征,结合时空转换及位移事件理论,可得到统一解释。名词“上/下”表征空间关系有两种方式,在物像内部,“上/下+N空”格式将物像N分出相对两部分。在物像外部,以N为基准,N表面及高于N的所有空间范围都可以用“N空+上”表示,N表面及低于N的所有空间范围都可以用“N空+下”表示。路径动词“上/下”表达位移事件有四种方式:A.〔上/下+N〕[时],“上/下”是“位移”义实义动词,N是位移的终点;B.〔上/下+V〕[时],句法核心是V,意义核心在“上/下”,是未完成体位移;C.〔V+上/下〕[时],“V+上”表“到达”类,“V+下”表“脱离/到达”类,是完成体位移;D.〔A+上/下〕[时],表从低量到高量、从静态到动态的位移用“A+上”,反之用“A+下”。
     3)进、出、退。“进/出/退”表达位移事件有三种方式:Ⅰ“进/出/退”独立做谓语,独立承担位移事件的表达;Ⅱ“进/出/退+V”表达未完成体位移事件;Ⅲ“V+进/出/退”表达完成体位移事件。“进/出/退”和V共同表达位移,其位移概念组合方式可能有三种,正是这三种不同的位移概念组合方式带来了不同的结构类型、核心类型、词化类型的争议:
     4)含路径义动词“走”与纯路径义动词“去”的句法语义制约作用的对比分析。“V走”和“V去”的共性都是[+离开][+位移],进入“V走”“V去”结构的动词都有[+运动][+位移]的特征,“V走”凸显[+离开][+位移][+动程][-终点]特征,“V去1”凸显[+离开][+位移][-动程][-终点],“V去2”凸显[+离开][+位移][+动程][+终点]。“V去1”“动程”最短,无“动程”无“目标”,对句法、语义的限制条件要求最低;“V走”有“动程”无“目标”,所以限制条件其次;“V去2”“动程”最长,有“动程”有“目标”,所以限制条件最多。“V去1”有[+处理]义,“V去2”有[+给予]义,“V走”介于二者之间,有“舍弃/获得”义。
     5)纯路径义动词内部典型性成员“来”与非典型性成员“到”的句法语义制约作用的对比分析。“V来”“V到”彼此替换的制约条件有八大因素:说话人立足点;位移方向;[+方向]与[+终点]的对立;共同的“位移”义;客体“位移”与否;能否表达[+时间]与[+程度];简括扫描与渐次扫描;[+过程]与[+结果]。“V来”和“V到”的共性是[+位移],不同在于,“V来”凸显[+立足点][+方向][+终点][+客体位移][+过程],其认知方式是[+简括扫描],“V到”凸显[-立足点][-方向][+终结][-客体位移][+结果],其认知方式是[+渐次扫描]。“V到”所受的限制条件少,语法化程度高,虚化到可以表达[+时间][+程度]。
As motion refers to the location change of an entity with respect to anotherreference object, motion events therefore refer to the space-shifting movement of aFigure from a source locationto a target destination. There has been an increasinginterest in the research of motion events because they can reveal the mechanisms usedby language speakers for coding into language their experiences. The previous studiesin this area are mainly focusing on two aspects---how motion events are expressedand how verbs are lexicalized in motion events---with little attention how varioussemantic components of the motion events are conflated into syntax. Hence, thecurrent study explores the principles governing the syntagmatic configuration of thesemantic components, with the aim of providing new perspectives on this researcharea. The following points describe this study’s research steps, methodology, andunique contributions to the field.
     1. Obtain a concept of the "motion event" by starting with concept. Throughanalysis of the formal characteristics and conceptual manifestations of motion events,we establish the true quality of the motion elements and maintain that self-movementand passive-movement should be distinguished on a formal basis, whereas intentionaland unintentionalmovements should be distinguished on a conceptual basis.
     2. Obtain the fundamental components of the event by analyzing thestructural components of each motion event. The analysis of the conceptualstructure of motion events helps us discover the fundamental components of an event.We also re-define "path" as the spatial trace left by a moving figure in its change oflocation.
     3. Analyze the surface coding characteristics of the components. Byanalyzing the surface coding characteristics of the components, we find that:1) theorganization of Figure and Ground is governed by "movability scale" and theirsyntactic positions are flexible;2) the motion verb encodes not only "motion" and"path", but also "manner","direction',"speed","medium","figure" and "instrument";3) the category of "manner verb" contains5aspects:(i) force of motion,(ii) speed of motion,(iii) means of motion,(iv) behavior of motion, and (v) figure.(The adverbsencode the characteristics of both motion and figure; the former includes speed, mode,range and situation, while the latter includes quantity, facial expression, mindset,posture andpace.);4) the coding of Path is done by verb, preposition andframe-construction. There are three ways for Path to be coded by a verb: pure pathverb, conflated path verb, conflated path verb, which is in the position of acomplement."Preposition construction+motion verb" can also express a motion event;frame-construction like "preposition+source+pathway+destination" can express astatic path. There are three ways for frame-construction to express a dynamic path:"conflated path verb+location","conflated path verb+quantity","(ba/jiang)……+caused verb+dao/zai/gei……"(take/give something tosomewhere/someone).5)Verbs coding cause, such as "bai"(put) and "gua"(hang),have their motivations coded in the verbs themselves;"ba","jiang" and "shi" codecause with utterance-like elements.
     4. Analyze the two most basic and necessary components of motion events:''motion" and "path"."Motion" and "path" are the two most basic and necessarycomponents of motionevents. There are no motion events without "motion" and"path", while other components are optional depending on the specificityrequirements. The expression of motion events is a process of interaction andcooperation between "motion" and "path".
     5. Results of Analysis:“Motion” is the syntactic core of motion events, while“path” is their semantic core. The paper claims that "motion" is the syntactic core ofmotion events, and "path" is the "semantic core". Accordingly, for the core ofcontroversial "verb-complement"constructions, such as "core is on the left, core is onthe right, double core, no core," the paper argues that the verb is the syntactic core andthe complement should be the semantic core. The expression of motion events is alsothe interaction and cooperation between the syntactic core and the semantic core.
     6. Analyze the mode of combination for the conceptual elements in a motionevent. If we take "motion" and "path" as one element in the combination withoutconsidering the combination sequence, there are16kinds of combinations. Startingwith an investigation of the self-built corpus, we analyze the characteristics of each combination. For example, taking the coexistence of the simplest essentialcombination "motion+path" as our foundation, when "cause" coexists with "manner",usually the adverbial phrase codes "manner" and the verb phrase codes "cause";"manner/cause" must appear in front of "motion+path"; the "background" cannot beput between "cause" and "motion+path." With respect to the coexistence of"figure+background+manner", which is a much more flexible combination, thefrequency of figure appearing in front of background is higher than the frequency ofbackground appearing infront of figure, the frequency of figure that is closely linkedwith background is higher than the frequency of figure that is separated withbackground. When all6elements are in the combination, usually the sequence is"manner+cause+motion+path".
     7. Analyze the levels of conceptual elements in combination modes for eachmotionevent. Based on the simplest essential combination, frequency of figure is thehighest; manner is also easily perceived and is the second; background is the third. Incaused motion events, cause is much more important than manner; the frequency ofcoexistence of "figure+background+manner" is low; and the coexistence of"manner+figure" is much lower; and the coexistence of "background+manner+cause"is the lowest.
     8. Analyze the level of each conceptual element in the expression of themotion event. The level of each conceptual element in the expression of the motionevent appears in the following order: cause     9. Analyze the interaction and cooperation between "motion" and "path"and between the "syntactic core" and the "semantic core" of the expression of amotion event. Such analysis reveals the following points:1) The simplest method ofcooperation is conflating "motion" and "path" into one verb:(1)The first way usespure path verbs, such as "lai"(come) and "qu"(go);(2)The second way uses conflatedpath verbs, such as "zou"(walk) and "pao"(run).2) The second method of cooperation between "motion" and "path" is to provide each element one verb:(3) The third wayuses "conflated path verb+pure path verb", such as "zou jin"(move in) and "paochu"(run out);(4)The fourth way uses "causedverb+pure path verb", such as "najin"(take in) and "ban chu"(move out);(5)The fifth way uses "caused verb+conflatedpath verb", such as "na zou"(take away) and "da pao"(fight away).3)The third methodof cooperation between "motion" and "path" is to use a framing construction made upof a conflated path verb and other elements with motion verbs still expressing theconcept of "motion":(6)The sixth way:"conflated path verb+quantifiers", such as"zou san quan"(walkthree times around) and "pao100mi"(run100meters);(7)Theseventh way:"conflated pathverb+location phrase", such as "fei Beijing"(fly toBeijing) and "pao Guangzhou"(run to Guangzhou);(8)The eighth way:"causedverb+location phrase", such as "na jiali"(bringhome) and "ban jiaoshi"(move toclassroom);(9)The ninth way:"conflated pathverb+preposition phrase/prepositionphrase+conflated path verb", such as "cong Guangzhouchufa"(depart fromGuangzhou) and "pao xiang Beijing"(run to Peking);(10)The tenthway:framingconstruction which is "(ba/jiang)……+caused verb+dao/zai/gei……"(take/givesomething to somewhere/someone).
     10. Case study analysis of mutual constraints among motion event conceptsat the syntactic level.
     1)"lai"(come) and "qu"(go). When the syntactic position ismore marginalized, itis more grammaticalized, and the simpler the motion concept will be."lai/qu" havethree motion concepts patterns which have constraints to the other syntacticcomponents. When "lai/qu " act independently as the predicatein motion eventexpressions, they are "syntactic core" as well as "semantic core". With the addition of"manner","motion" and "path" are not combined into one word expressions, and the"syntactic core" and "semantic core" do not simultaneously overlap. With the additionof more accurate "path" information,"lai/qu" are only responsible for informationabout "direction". The expression of the "syntactic core" remains unchanged, but thesemantic core has been changed. The differences among the three concepts of "lai/qu"are the result of cooperation between "motion" and "path" and between the "syntactic core" and "semantic core".
     2)"Shang"(up) and "xia"(down). Under the theory of conversion oftemporal-spatial and motion event, the syntactic-semantic correspondencecharacteristic of "shang/xia+X" and "X+shang/xia" can have a unified explanation.There are two ways for noun "shang/xia" to represent spatial relations: one is the"shang/xia+N" format which represents the internal space of an image, by dividingthem into two parts relatively; the other one is "N+shang/xia" format which representsthe external space of the image, as all that is on the surface of the image or above itand on the surface of the image or below can be represented by "N+shang" or"N+xia" correspondingly. The path verb "shang" and "xia" have four ways to expressmotion events: format A--"shang/xia+N","shang/xia" are the notional verbs called"motion verb", N is the destination of the motion; format B--"shang/xia+V", thesyntactic core is V, the semantic core is "shang/xia", and they canexpress perfectiveaspect motion event; format C--"V+shang/xia","V+shang" express "reaching","V+xia" express "removing or reaching"; both express an imperfective aspect; formatD--"A+shang/xia","A+shang" expresses motion from a low quantity to a highquantity, from static to dynamic;"A+xia" is the opposite.
     3) Jin(come in), chu(go out), tui(retreat). There are three ways for "jin/chu/tui" toexpress motion events. Ⅰ"Jin/chu/tui" serve as predicate verbs and undertake themotion event expression independently. Ⅱ "Jin/chu/tui+V" express imperfectivemotion events. Ⅲ "V+jin/chu/tui" express perfectivemotion events. When"Jin/chu/tui" work together with V to express motion events, there may be three kindsof combination modes about the conceptual elements of motion. These are the threemodes which create controversy over the types of construction, core, andlexicalization.zou jin/chu construction type corelexicalizationtypetype
     4)A comparative analysis of syntactic&semantic constraints between conflatedverb "zou"(walk) and pure path verb "qu"(go) follows. Both structures "V zou" and"V qu" indicate [+leave][+motion]; all the verbs in the two structures have thecharacteristic of [+movement][+motion],"V zou" highlights the semantic features of[+leave][+motion][+movement][-target],"V qu1" has the semantic features of[+leave][+motion][-movement][-target],"V qu2" highlights the semantic features of[+leave][+motion][+movement][+target]. The movement which is the shortest is in "Vqu1", which has "no movement" and "no target", thus having the lowest restrictionson syntactic&semantics."V zou" has "movement" but "no target", so it has morehighly restrictive conditions;"V qu2" has the longest movement and has both"movement" and "target", so it has the highest restriction on syntactic&semantics."V qu1" means to dispose,"V qu2" means "to give"; between these two is "V zou",which means "to give up/to get".
     5)A comparative analysis of syntactic&semantic constraints between pure pathverbs "lai"(come) and "dao"(reach) follows. The substitution between "V lai" and "Vdao" depends on eight factors:the standing of the speaker; the direction of motion; theopposition of [+direction] and [+destination]; both indicating motion; whether theobject moves or not; whether [+time] and [+degree] can be expressed or not;summary scanning or sequential scanning; highlight [+process] or [+result]. Thestructures "V lai" and "V dao" both indicate motion; the differences are as follows:structure "V lai" highlights the semantic feature of[+standing][+direction][+target][+object motion][+process], which holds thecognitive motivation called "summary scanning"; while structure "V dao" highlightsthe semantic feature of [-standing][-direction][+termination][-object motion][+result],and at the same time holds the cognitive motivation called "sequential scanning"."V dao", with little restriction, is a highly grammaticalized and highly subjunctivestructure which can describe time and degree.
引文
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