厌氧膨胀床处理城镇污水工艺和机理研究
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摘要
厌氧处理工艺以其低能耗、建设和运行费用省、污泥产量低、占地面积少、能产生甲烷气体为能源回收提供可能等特点而成为一种可持续的污水处理技术。在我国一些气候适合的地区，利用厌氧工艺处理城镇污水将是一项很有吸引力的技术。厌氧处理与合适的后续处理相结合，不仅可以削减有机污染负荷，还可进一步净化城镇污水并达到严格的排放标准。本课题立足于目前的现状，研究了低能耗、易管理的厌氧膨胀床+接触氧化及厌氧膨胀床+土地处理组合工艺。通过小试实验研究了以颗粒污泥和矿化垃圾分别作为厌氧膨胀床生物载体处理城镇污水的效果，研究了进水COD波动、温度突变、进水SS等对反应器稳定性的影响；以中试装置及组合工艺研究了处理实际城镇污水的效果及机理，分析了颗粒污泥的特性，并对厌氧膨胀床的水力学特征和组合工艺能耗进行了探索。
以颗粒污泥与矿化垃圾分别作为厌氧膨胀床的污泥载体，对比研究了低浓度高上升流速和高浓度低上升流速两种启动方式，出水COD、颗粒污泥的生成量及粒径等表明，低浓度高上升流速启动要比高浓度低上升流速方式快10d使出水低于100mg／L。颗粒污泥床只需要45d顺利启动，矿化垃圾床需要55d才能成功启动。评价城镇污水厌氧可生化性的结果表明，厌氧处理可能达到的处理效率为81.5％；城镇污水中的悬浮物能通过吸附、拦截及降解作用较好地去除悬浮物，COD_(SS)去除率稳定在60％左右。停留时间增加，COD去除率提高，停留时间(X)与有机负荷去除量(Y)的关系为：对颗粒污泥床反应器，Y=0.2619Ln(X)+2.1662；对矿化垃圾床反应器，Y=0.2715Ln(X)+1.9799。在系统长期运行时，厌氧膨胀床对进水COD变化有较好的适应能力。当温度发生变化，会对厌氧膨胀床系统的稳定性带来影响，但随着系统的逐步适应，会逐渐降低温度变化带来的影响。增加回流比、提高水流上升速度，可有效提高厌氧膨胀床降解效果。由于单位体积中颗粒污泥床比矿化垃圾床生物量要丰富，在面对温度变化、有机负荷冲击和水力负荷冲击时，颗粒污泥膨胀床适应能力较强；而由于在单位体积内矿化垃圾的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)等阳离子要比颗粒污泥床反应器多，矿化垃圾膨胀床对磷的去除效果较好。
在现场建立了中试装置，具体探讨了低温下厌氧膨胀床启动和二次启动特性，并进一步考察了上升流速、停留时间、温度和碱度对厌氧膨胀床处理城镇污水的效果。在处理低温或常温的城镇污水时，当进水水力停留时间HRT为6hr，污泥膨胀床对进水中的COD去除率可达80—90％，实现了仅用厌氧膨胀床工艺一次性处理就能使出水COD值达到城镇污水二级排放标准的要求。在进行二次
Anaerobic treatment process has the advantages of low investment, low energy cost and low sludge production. It's also a sustainable wastewater treatment technology as it can take back energy by producing methane. It will be a very attractive technology for the areas where the climate is suitable in China. If anaerobic treatment is followed with proper treatment process, it can even clean the sewage to meet the strict discharge standard.
Based on the present situation,the process of anaerobic expanded bed reactor (AEBR) cooperated with mineratic rubbish and AEBR cooperated with land treatment was studied because they are energy saving and easy managing. The influences of COD fluctuation, temperature and SS changes on treatment effect have been studied by two set lab devices which were filled with granular sludge and mineratic rubbish as carrier respectively. At the same time, the field-test and combined technology were studied on their effects and mechanism, furthermore, the hydraulics characteristic and energy consumption have been researched.
Two start-up methods was compared by two set lab deviecs. One was operated with low concentration and high upflow velocity, the other one was operated with high concentration and low upflow velocity. The indices of effluent COD, granular sludge production and particle size showed that the previouse start-up method was better. It can start up 10 days earlier.The granular sludge bed has started successfully after 45days, however, the mineratic rubbish bed has started successfully after 55days.The anaerobic biological treatment assess on sewage showed that the highest removal rate of anaerobic process was 81.5%. Suspended solids in sewage could be removed by absorption and degraded. The COD removal rate could be 60% and reached higher if the reaction time was prolonged. The relationship of resident time and organic load were Y=0.2619Ln(x) +2.1662 and Y=0.2715Ln(x) +1.9799 respectively for rubbish bed and granular sludge bed reactor.
During the operation,AEBR can bear the fluctuation of COD concentration of inluent. Sudden temperature change has temperary influence on the stability of the reactor, however,the influence would decrease when reactor adapted to the change. The degradation effect of AEBR on sewage could be increased with the upflow
以颗粒污泥与矿化垃圾分别作为厌氧膨胀床的污泥载体，对比研究了低浓度高上升流速和高浓度低上升流速两种启动方式，出水COD、颗粒污泥的生成量及粒径等表明，低浓度高上升流速启动要比高浓度低上升流速方式快10d使出水低于100mg／L。颗粒污泥床只需要45d顺利启动，矿化垃圾床需要55d才能成功启动。评价城镇污水厌氧可生化性的结果表明，厌氧处理可能达到的处理效率为81.5％；城镇污水中的悬浮物能通过吸附、拦截及降解作用较好地去除悬浮物，COD_(SS)去除率稳定在60％左右。停留时间增加，COD去除率提高，停留时间(X)与有机负荷去除量(Y)的关系为：对颗粒污泥床反应器，Y=0.2619Ln(X)+2.1662；对矿化垃圾床反应器，Y=0.2715Ln(X)+1.9799。在系统长期运行时，厌氧膨胀床对进水COD变化有较好的适应能力。当温度发生变化，会对厌氧膨胀床系统的稳定性带来影响，但随着系统的逐步适应，会逐渐降低温度变化带来的影响。增加回流比、提高水流上升速度，可有效提高厌氧膨胀床降解效果。由于单位体积中颗粒污泥床比矿化垃圾床生物量要丰富，在面对温度变化、有机负荷冲击和水力负荷冲击时，颗粒污泥膨胀床适应能力较强；而由于在单位体积内矿化垃圾的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)等阳离子要比颗粒污泥床反应器多，矿化垃圾膨胀床对磷的去除效果较好。
在现场建立了中试装置，具体探讨了低温下厌氧膨胀床启动和二次启动特性，并进一步考察了上升流速、停留时间、温度和碱度对厌氧膨胀床处理城镇污水的效果。在处理低温或常温的城镇污水时，当进水水力停留时间HRT为6hr，污泥膨胀床对进水中的COD去除率可达80—90％，实现了仅用厌氧膨胀床工艺一次性处理就能使出水COD值达到城镇污水二级排放标准的要求。在进行二次
Anaerobic treatment process has the advantages of low investment, low energy cost and low sludge production. It's also a sustainable wastewater treatment technology as it can take back energy by producing methane. It will be a very attractive technology for the areas where the climate is suitable in China. If anaerobic treatment is followed with proper treatment process, it can even clean the sewage to meet the strict discharge standard.
Based on the present situation,the process of anaerobic expanded bed reactor (AEBR) cooperated with mineratic rubbish and AEBR cooperated with land treatment was studied because they are energy saving and easy managing. The influences of COD fluctuation, temperature and SS changes on treatment effect have been studied by two set lab devices which were filled with granular sludge and mineratic rubbish as carrier respectively. At the same time, the field-test and combined technology were studied on their effects and mechanism, furthermore, the hydraulics characteristic and energy consumption have been researched.
Two start-up methods was compared by two set lab deviecs. One was operated with low concentration and high upflow velocity, the other one was operated with high concentration and low upflow velocity. The indices of effluent COD, granular sludge production and particle size showed that the previouse start-up method was better. It can start up 10 days earlier.The granular sludge bed has started successfully after 45days, however, the mineratic rubbish bed has started successfully after 55days.The anaerobic biological treatment assess on sewage showed that the highest removal rate of anaerobic process was 81.5%. Suspended solids in sewage could be removed by absorption and degraded. The COD removal rate could be 60% and reached higher if the reaction time was prolonged. The relationship of resident time and organic load were Y=0.2619Ln(x) +2.1662 and Y=0.2715Ln(x) +1.9799 respectively for rubbish bed and granular sludge bed reactor.
During the operation,AEBR can bear the fluctuation of COD concentration of inluent. Sudden temperature change has temperary influence on the stability of the reactor, however,the influence would decrease when reactor adapted to the change. The degradation effect of AEBR on sewage could be increased with the upflow
引文
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