桉树人工林地土壤理化性质及其群落的变化
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摘要
伴随桉树人工林的不断迅速发展给社会带来良好经济效益的同时,由于不合理的经营措施也带来了一系列的生态问题。引发了学术界的争论并且愈演愈烈,争论的焦点主要是：(1)桉树人工林林下生物多样性问题；(2)桉树人工林的地力衰退问题。(3)桉树人工林化感作用。本文在研究地设置不同年龄尾巨桉林和柏树疏林(种植尾巨桉前的林地)实验样地,采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法对尾巨桉人工林取代柏树疏林后群落组成、土壤理化性质变化及化感作用进行研究,以阐明桉树人工林对林下植物多样性和地力的影响。
对尾巨桉林取代柏树疏林后的土壤物理性质的研究结果表明：(1)士壤含水量在0～20cm土层中除1年生尾巨桉林与对照柏树林的差异达显著外,其余均不显著；在20～40cm土层中各林地差异均不显著,且各林地0～20cm土层土壤含水量大于20～40cm,差异达到极显著水平。(2)在0～20cm和20～40cm土层中土壤容重均表现为2年生桉林>柏树疏林>1年生桉林>0.5年生桉林,0.5年生桉林土壤容重与1年生、2年生尾巨桉和柏树疏林地间差异均达到极显著水平,而后三种林地之间土壤容重差异均不显著。0～20cm土壤容重小于20～40cm,且差异达到极显著水平。
对尾巨桉林取代柏树疏林后的土壤化学性质的研究结果表明：(1)土壤的pH值在0～20cm和20～40cm土层中均呈明显的下降趋势,且0～20cm土壤pH小于20～40cm,两者间差异达到极显著水平。(2)土壤有机质、全N、全P含量在0～20cm和20～40cm中均呈现增加的趋势,且0～20cm土层有机质、全N、全P含量大于20～40cm土层,两土层间差异达到极显著水平。(3)碱解N、全K、有效K含量在0～20cm中的含量均大于20～40cm,两土层间差异达到极显著水平,且在两土层中均呈现先减少后增加的趋势。(4)0.5年桉林土壤有效P含量显著低于柏树疏林。随尾巨桉年龄增长,土壤中有效P含量有一定增加,但柏树疏林土壤有效P含量仍显著大于1年桉林和2年桉林,且0～20cm土壤有效P含量大于20～40cm土层,两土层间差异达到显著水平。
对林下植物群落组成变化的研究结果表明：(1)由于人为干扰,炼山整地,导致尾巨桉林取代柏树疏林后灌木层的消亡。(2)林下草本层优势种的变化：柏树林下的草本层植物组成以积雪草、白茅和青蒿为主要草本植物群种,而在0.5年生尾巨尾巨桉林中则是以铁线草、雀椑、白茅为优势种；1年生尾巨桉林中以白茅、铁线草、小白酒草、竹叶草、半夏为优势种；而2年生尾巨桉林中则以蛇莓、竹叶草、半夏、酢浆草为优势种。(3)多样性指数和物种多样性分析结果显示,尾巨桉林取代柏树疏林后林下物种多样性有所降低。
对尾巨桉的化感作用实验结果表明：(])在尾巨桉根浸提液处理下,对黄豆和四季豆的化感作用不明显,对黑麦草种子的发芽率、幼苗生长则表现为显著的抑制现象。(2)尾巨桉根际土壤浸提液对黑麦草、黄豆和四季豆的发芽率和幼苗生长均无明显影响。
在野外条件下,尾巨桉林对黄豆、四季豆和黑麦草的发芽率均无显著影响。对黄豆的根长生长无明显的抑制作用,但2年生尾巨桉对四季豆和黑麦草的根长生长有显著的抑制作用。尾巨桉对黄豆和四季豆的茎长生长的抑制作用随树龄的增大而减弱,对黑麦草茎长生长的抑制作用则是随树龄的增大而加强。
种植实验结果表明：(1)种植后桉林和柏林土壤水分有一定程度的减少,且种植在桉林下比种植在柏林下减少的程度要大。(2)桉林和柏林土壤pH值、全钾、全磷含量在种植前后无明显变化。(3)种植后桉林和柏林下土壤有机质含量均增加,且黑麦草增加量最大。(4)种植后能显著增加土壤的全氮和有效磷含量；增加量依次是黄豆>四季豆>黑麦草。
With the rapidly development of Eucalyptus plantation, a lot of economic benefit have been brought to the society. However, a great deal of ecological problems have been emerged because of irrationally management practices, Which caused more and more vehement dispute in the academe. The focus of the argument are:(1)The problem of biodiversity of the understory plants in eucalyptus plantation; (2)The problem of decline of soil fertility. (3) Allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus plantations. In this paper, three sort of plots were set, including Eucalyptus urophylla×E.Grandis plantation with different ages and Cupressus sempervirens open forest. The changes of community compositions and soil physical-chemical proprieties we researched through wild investigations and indoor analysis, in order to elucidate the influence of Eucalyptus plantation on understory species diversity, soil fertility and allelopathic effects.
The results of the study on soil physical proprieties showed as follows:(1)at 0～20cm soil layer, Soil water content had no significant differences except which in Eucalyptus urophylla×E.Grandis plantation and Cupressus sempervirens open forest, at the 20～40cm soil layer Soil water content had not significant differences in the forests. And at 0～20cm layer, the soil water content was greater than 20～40cm, which reached a significant level. (2) at 0～20cm and 20～40cm soil layer, soil bulk density was showed as 2 years Eucalyptus plantation> the Cupressus sempervirens open forest> 1 year Eucalyptus plantation> 0.5 year of Eucalyptus plantation. Between 0.5 year old Eucalyptus plantation and 1 year old,2 years old Eucalyptus and Cupressus sempei-virens open forest, the soil bulk density had significant differences. The other three had no significant difference. The soil bulk density at 0～20cm was less than at 20～40cm, and reached a significant level.
The results of the study on soil chemical proprieties showed as follows:(1) At 0～20cm and 20～40cm soil layer, the soil pH value showed a significant descent trend. and the soil pH at 0～20cm was less than at 20～40cm, which reached a significant level. (2) At 0～20cm and 20～40cm. soil organic matter, total N, P content showed an increasing trend. Soil organic matter, total N and total P content at 0～20cm was more than at 20～40cm soil layer, which achieved a significant level. (3) Available N, the total K, available K content at 0～20cm were greater than at 20～40cm, which achieved a significant level. (4) At 0～20cm and 20～40cm soil layer, Available P content showed a significant descent trend, and Available P content at 0～20cm was more than at 20～40cm, which reached a significant level.
The results of study on community compositions showed as follow:(1) Since the Cupressus sempervirens open forest was replaced by the Eucalyptus urophylla×E.Grandis plantation, human interference and burning site preparation led to disappearence of the shrub layer. (2) The dominant species of herb layer changes:the composition of herb layer under the Cupressus sempervirens open forest are the Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, Imperata koenigii (Retz.) Beauv and Artemisia apiacea as the main species.0.5 year Eucalyptus plantation is based on Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers, Paspalum thunbergii Kunth ex Steud and Imperata koenigii (Retz.) Beauv as the dominant species.1 year Eucalyptus plantation was based on Imperata koenigii (Retz.) Beauv, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers, Conyza Canadensis (L.) Crong, Oplismeums compositus (L.) Beauv, and Pinellia ternate (Thunb.) Breit as the dominant species, and 2 years old Eucalyptus plantation was based on Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke, Oplismeums compositus (L.) Beauv, Pinellia ternate (Thunb.) Breit and Oxalis coniculata L as the dominant species. (3) The results of study on diversity index and species richness showed that the species diversity ofunderstory had increased.
The experimental results indicated that:(1) With the water extracts of roots of Eucalyptus urophyllaxE.Grandis, the allelopathic effect was not significant for Giycine max (L)Merrill and Phaseolus vulgaris L., but germination percentage, seedling growth of lolium multiflorum Lam. were inhibited significantly. (2)The rhizosphere soil leachate of Eucalyptus urophylla×E.Grandis grandis was not significantly inhibited the seed gemrination and seedling growth of Lolium multiflorum Lam., Giycine max (L)Merrill and Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Under field conditions, the allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus urophylla×E.Grandis plantation did not have significant influences on the germination percentage of lolium multiflorum Lam., Giycine max (L)Merrill, Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L., the same to root growth of Giycine max (L)Merrill. However,2 years Eucalyptus urophylla×E.Grandis had remarkably inhibited the stem growth of Phaseolus vulgaris L.and Lolium multiflorum Lam. when the root elongation of Giycine max (L)Merrill and Phaseolus vulgaris L.presented a downward trend as the inhibitory effects strengthening with increase of the age,except Lolium multiflorum Lam..
The results of cultivation experiment shows that:(1)The soil water content of Eucalyptus plantation and Cupressus sempervirens open forest had decreased to some extent after planting. (2) The soil pH value, total K,P content were not obvious changed in all treatments at harvest compared to those before transplanting. (3)After transplanting, the soil organic matter content had increased, and the lolium multiflorum Lam. made the largest increase. (4)The total N and available P content had increased significantly after planting, the performance of increasing was Giycine max (L)Merrill>Phaseolus vulgaris L.>lolium multiflorum Lam
对尾巨桉林取代柏树疏林后的土壤物理性质的研究结果表明：(1)士壤含水量在0～20cm土层中除1年生尾巨桉林与对照柏树林的差异达显著外,其余均不显著；在20～40cm土层中各林地差异均不显著,且各林地0～20cm土层土壤含水量大于20～40cm,差异达到极显著水平。(2)在0～20cm和20～40cm土层中土壤容重均表现为2年生桉林>柏树疏林>1年生桉林>0.5年生桉林,0.5年生桉林土壤容重与1年生、2年生尾巨桉和柏树疏林地间差异均达到极显著水平,而后三种林地之间土壤容重差异均不显著。0～20cm土壤容重小于20～40cm,且差异达到极显著水平。
对尾巨桉林取代柏树疏林后的土壤化学性质的研究结果表明：(1)土壤的pH值在0～20cm和20～40cm土层中均呈明显的下降趋势,且0～20cm土壤pH小于20～40cm,两者间差异达到极显著水平。(2)土壤有机质、全N、全P含量在0～20cm和20～40cm中均呈现增加的趋势,且0～20cm土层有机质、全N、全P含量大于20～40cm土层,两土层间差异达到极显著水平。(3)碱解N、全K、有效K含量在0～20cm中的含量均大于20～40cm,两土层间差异达到极显著水平,且在两土层中均呈现先减少后增加的趋势。(4)0.5年桉林土壤有效P含量显著低于柏树疏林。随尾巨桉年龄增长,土壤中有效P含量有一定增加,但柏树疏林土壤有效P含量仍显著大于1年桉林和2年桉林,且0～20cm土壤有效P含量大于20～40cm土层,两土层间差异达到显著水平。
对林下植物群落组成变化的研究结果表明：(1)由于人为干扰,炼山整地,导致尾巨桉林取代柏树疏林后灌木层的消亡。(2)林下草本层优势种的变化：柏树林下的草本层植物组成以积雪草、白茅和青蒿为主要草本植物群种,而在0.5年生尾巨尾巨桉林中则是以铁线草、雀椑、白茅为优势种；1年生尾巨桉林中以白茅、铁线草、小白酒草、竹叶草、半夏为优势种；而2年生尾巨桉林中则以蛇莓、竹叶草、半夏、酢浆草为优势种。(3)多样性指数和物种多样性分析结果显示,尾巨桉林取代柏树疏林后林下物种多样性有所降低。
对尾巨桉的化感作用实验结果表明：(])在尾巨桉根浸提液处理下,对黄豆和四季豆的化感作用不明显,对黑麦草种子的发芽率、幼苗生长则表现为显著的抑制现象。(2)尾巨桉根际土壤浸提液对黑麦草、黄豆和四季豆的发芽率和幼苗生长均无明显影响。
在野外条件下,尾巨桉林对黄豆、四季豆和黑麦草的发芽率均无显著影响。对黄豆的根长生长无明显的抑制作用,但2年生尾巨桉对四季豆和黑麦草的根长生长有显著的抑制作用。尾巨桉对黄豆和四季豆的茎长生长的抑制作用随树龄的增大而减弱,对黑麦草茎长生长的抑制作用则是随树龄的增大而加强。
种植实验结果表明：(1)种植后桉林和柏林土壤水分有一定程度的减少,且种植在桉林下比种植在柏林下减少的程度要大。(2)桉林和柏林土壤pH值、全钾、全磷含量在种植前后无明显变化。(3)种植后桉林和柏林下土壤有机质含量均增加,且黑麦草增加量最大。(4)种植后能显著增加土壤的全氮和有效磷含量；增加量依次是黄豆>四季豆>黑麦草。
With the rapidly development of Eucalyptus plantation, a lot of economic benefit have been brought to the society. However, a great deal of ecological problems have been emerged because of irrationally management practices, Which caused more and more vehement dispute in the academe. The focus of the argument are:(1)The problem of biodiversity of the understory plants in eucalyptus plantation; (2)The problem of decline of soil fertility. (3) Allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus plantations. In this paper, three sort of plots were set, including Eucalyptus urophylla×E.Grandis plantation with different ages and Cupressus sempervirens open forest. The changes of community compositions and soil physical-chemical proprieties we researched through wild investigations and indoor analysis, in order to elucidate the influence of Eucalyptus plantation on understory species diversity, soil fertility and allelopathic effects.
The results of the study on soil physical proprieties showed as follows:(1)at 0～20cm soil layer, Soil water content had no significant differences except which in Eucalyptus urophylla×E.Grandis plantation and Cupressus sempervirens open forest, at the 20～40cm soil layer Soil water content had not significant differences in the forests. And at 0～20cm layer, the soil water content was greater than 20～40cm, which reached a significant level. (2) at 0～20cm and 20～40cm soil layer, soil bulk density was showed as 2 years Eucalyptus plantation> the Cupressus sempervirens open forest> 1 year Eucalyptus plantation> 0.5 year of Eucalyptus plantation. Between 0.5 year old Eucalyptus plantation and 1 year old,2 years old Eucalyptus and Cupressus sempei-virens open forest, the soil bulk density had significant differences. The other three had no significant difference. The soil bulk density at 0～20cm was less than at 20～40cm, and reached a significant level.
The results of the study on soil chemical proprieties showed as follows:(1) At 0～20cm and 20～40cm soil layer, the soil pH value showed a significant descent trend. and the soil pH at 0～20cm was less than at 20～40cm, which reached a significant level. (2) At 0～20cm and 20～40cm. soil organic matter, total N, P content showed an increasing trend. Soil organic matter, total N and total P content at 0～20cm was more than at 20～40cm soil layer, which achieved a significant level. (3) Available N, the total K, available K content at 0～20cm were greater than at 20～40cm, which achieved a significant level. (4) At 0～20cm and 20～40cm soil layer, Available P content showed a significant descent trend, and Available P content at 0～20cm was more than at 20～40cm, which reached a significant level.
The results of study on community compositions showed as follow:(1) Since the Cupressus sempervirens open forest was replaced by the Eucalyptus urophylla×E.Grandis plantation, human interference and burning site preparation led to disappearence of the shrub layer. (2) The dominant species of herb layer changes:the composition of herb layer under the Cupressus sempervirens open forest are the Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, Imperata koenigii (Retz.) Beauv and Artemisia apiacea as the main species.0.5 year Eucalyptus plantation is based on Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers, Paspalum thunbergii Kunth ex Steud and Imperata koenigii (Retz.) Beauv as the dominant species.1 year Eucalyptus plantation was based on Imperata koenigii (Retz.) Beauv, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers, Conyza Canadensis (L.) Crong, Oplismeums compositus (L.) Beauv, and Pinellia ternate (Thunb.) Breit as the dominant species, and 2 years old Eucalyptus plantation was based on Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke, Oplismeums compositus (L.) Beauv, Pinellia ternate (Thunb.) Breit and Oxalis coniculata L as the dominant species. (3) The results of study on diversity index and species richness showed that the species diversity ofunderstory had increased.
The experimental results indicated that:(1) With the water extracts of roots of Eucalyptus urophyllaxE.Grandis, the allelopathic effect was not significant for Giycine max (L)Merrill and Phaseolus vulgaris L., but germination percentage, seedling growth of lolium multiflorum Lam. were inhibited significantly. (2)The rhizosphere soil leachate of Eucalyptus urophylla×E.Grandis grandis was not significantly inhibited the seed gemrination and seedling growth of Lolium multiflorum Lam., Giycine max (L)Merrill and Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Under field conditions, the allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus urophylla×E.Grandis plantation did not have significant influences on the germination percentage of lolium multiflorum Lam., Giycine max (L)Merrill, Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L., the same to root growth of Giycine max (L)Merrill. However,2 years Eucalyptus urophylla×E.Grandis had remarkably inhibited the stem growth of Phaseolus vulgaris L.and Lolium multiflorum Lam. when the root elongation of Giycine max (L)Merrill and Phaseolus vulgaris L.presented a downward trend as the inhibitory effects strengthening with increase of the age,except Lolium multiflorum Lam..
The results of cultivation experiment shows that:(1)The soil water content of Eucalyptus plantation and Cupressus sempervirens open forest had decreased to some extent after planting. (2) The soil pH value, total K,P content were not obvious changed in all treatments at harvest compared to those before transplanting. (3)After transplanting, the soil organic matter content had increased, and the lolium multiflorum Lam. made the largest increase. (4)The total N and available P content had increased significantly after planting, the performance of increasing was Giycine max (L)Merrill>Phaseolus vulgaris L.>lolium multiflorum Lam
引文
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