结霜与抑霜机理研究及数值模拟
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摘要
结霜现象普遍存在于在自然界以及诸多工程领域,当湿空气流经温度比其露点温度低的表面时,会发生水蒸气在冷表面上凝结的现象,若冷表面的温度低于冰点温度,结霜现象就会发生。霜层的形成以及生长会恶化工程设备运行特性,严重时甚至会影响到设备的正常运转。因此,研究结霜过程,对霜层的形成与生长进行预测,对于指导结霜工况下运行的工程设备的设计有着重要的作用。分析霜层的形成机理,探索抑制其形成异或延缓其生长的方法,从本质上消除霜层存在所造成的危害,对工程应用有着极其重要的意义。本文从观察霜层生长过程的研究出发,分析总结霜层形成机理,建立霜层生长过程的数学模型,预测霜层的非稳态生长过程,用来指导结霜工况下工程设备的设计。寻求抑制霜层生长的方法,并使用数值模拟的方法进行分析与验证。
从宏观的角度分析整个霜层的生长过程,当冷壁面迅速降温时,霜层的生长过程可以分为三个阶段：冰晶形成与生长期,霜层生长期和霜层充分生长期。霜层生长过程主要与以下三个因素有关：冰核的形成与长大、冰核在结霜表面的粘附作用、冰晶的生长速率。首先,基于结晶学理论,分析了冰核在三种不同工况下(均匀同相成核、壁面成核以及悬浮粒子表面成核)的形成机理,得到了冰核形成的临界半径和半径增长速率对于冰核与结霜壁面之间的粘附力,本文认为主要是分子吸附力的作用结果。
在分析霜层形成与生长机理的基础上,基于宏观计算流体动力学(CFD)原理和经典成核理论,提出一个描述霜层生长过程的计算模型。模拟了湿空气横掠水平冷壁面时霜层的生长情况,模拟结果与实验数据和使用前人模型的计算数据均拟合良好,说明此计算模型可以定性定量的预测霜层的形成与生长过程。同时,本文给出了霜层物性参数(密度、导热系数)的计算方法,并得到了霜层生长过程中,不同时刻下局部密度和导热系数以及平均密度和导热系数。此外,我们将此霜层生长计算模型扩展到三维模型,模拟了翅片管式换热器在结霜工况下的运行特性,得到了不同时刻下霜层的非稳态生长情况。进行了变参数正交数值试验,考察了翅片管结构参数(翅片间距)和热力参数(湿空气进口流速、湿空气进口含湿量和制冷剂蒸发温度)对翅片管换热器结霜工况下换热特性的影响,模拟结果可用来指导工程设计。
从相平衡的角度出发,探索抑制霜层形成与生长的方法。在满足工程设计的前提下,增大液体与固体壁面之间的接触角和减小液体与固体壁面之间的接触面积是抑制结霜的有效方法。在超疏水性材料表面布置粗糙元,当粗糙元结构满足一定的条件时,即液滴与壁面之间可以形成“复合接触”的浸润方式时,上述两个条件可以同时满足。使用介观尺度格子Boltzmann方法(LBM),数值研究了液滴撞击水平固壁的动力学行为,通道内气/液两相驱替流动特性和高温液体流经低温通道的换热特性。模拟结果表明,对于超疏水性材料壁面,当表面粗糙元的高度大于液体浸入沟槽内部的深度时,液体与壁面之间形成“复合接触”。之后,改进了基于焓法的格子Boltzmann相变模型,提出了可以用来描述流动液体冻结过程的格子Boltzmann凝固模型,并使用此模型模拟了气体空间内饱和液体在低温固体壁面上的非稳态冻结情况。超疏水性材料表面上,液滴的冻结速度缓慢,形成的冰核接触角较大,冰核与壁面的接触面积较小。此外,增加超疏水性材料壁面的表面粗糙度,可以进一步的延缓液滴的冻结速率。模拟结果定性的说明了使用超疏水性材料粗糙壁面可以抑制霜层的形成和生长。
The phenomenon of frosting widely exists in nature and many engineering fields. When the moist air blows in a surface with the temperature lower than its dew point, the moisture will condense on the surface. In particular, frost will form if the surface temperature is below the freezing point of water. Previous studies show that frost is undesirable in most cases since it will worsen the operating characteristics of equipments and even cause the abnormal running. Therefore, it can benefit the design of engineering equipments running under frost conditions to predict the frost formation and growth. Moreover, it has great implications in engineering fields to study the mechanism of the frost formation in order to alleviate or even prevent the frost formation and eventually eliminate the negative effects of frost. This paper has studied the mechanism of the frost formation, established a new mathematical model for the prediction of the frost formation and numerically simulated the unsteady frost growth with the hope of helping the most reasonable design of engineering equipments. Also, several methods to prevent the frost formation have been proposed, the validity of which has been proved by numerical simulations in this paper.
From the macroscopic perspective, the frost growth can be categorized into three periods when the temperature is dropped rapidly. They are:the period of the ice crystal formation and growth, the frost growth period and the period of the full frost development. Three factors are mainly associated with the frost growth. They are:ice nucleus'forming, the adhesion of the ice nucleus on the solid surface, and the rate of the ice branch growth. As for the first factor, the crystallization mechanism under three nucleation conditions (i.e. homogeneous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation and nucleation with nucleation promoters) has been analyzed on the basis of the classical nucleation theory. As a result, the critical radius and the radius growth rate of the nucleus were obtained. With regard to the second factor, the results of this paper show that the adhering force of the ice nucleus on the surface can be attributed to the adsorption between molecules. For the last factor, previous models about the growth of the ice branch have been summarized and analyzed.
Then, based on the mechanism of the frost formation and growth, a new model is proposed to predict the frost formation and growth with the benefit of the macroscopic CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and the classic nucleation theory. This model was applied to describe the frost formation on the cold surface when the moist air blows in it. The simulation results show a good agreement with the experimental data and previously reported simulation results, which demonstrates the validity of the new model. Furthermore, the calculation methods for frost layer properties, such as density and thermal conductivity, have been provided as well, and the time- and space-dependent frost properties can be predicted for the first time. The new model was expanded into a three dimensional one and applied to investigate the performance of fin-and-tube heat exchanger under frost condition. The transient local frost formation has been obtained. The average frost thickness, heat exchanger coefficient and pressure drop on air-side has been analyzed. The influence factors have also been discussed, such as fin pitch, relative humidity, and air flow rate and evaporating temperature of refrigerant. These simulation results are meaningful for the engineering design.
Finally, the frost restrain methods have been proposed based on the phase equilibrium theory. In the practical engineering applications, both increasing the contact angle and decreasing the contact area between the liquid and solid surfaces can effectively restrain the frost formation and growth. This paper suggests that rough elements with a "composite contact" arrangement on the super-hydrophobic surface can satisfy the abovementioned purposes. In this paper, the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), an numerical approach on the mesoscopic level, was employed to investigate the kinetics of the clash of the liquid drop against a horizontal solid surface, the flowing characteristics of the gas-liquid displacement and the heat-transfer characteristics of the high temperature fluid flowing in the low temperature channel. The simulation results show that the "composite contact" can be formed if the height of the rough element is greater than the entrapping depth of the droplet into grooves. An improved enthalpy method-based LB model, the solidification model, has been proposed to simulate the freezing process of the flowing fluid. The new model was also used to simulate the unsteady freezing of the saturated liquid on the low temperature solid surface. The results show that the freezing rate is slowly, the contact angle of the ice nucleus is large and the contact area is quite small on the super-hydrophobic surface. Besides, the freezing rate can be reduced further when the smooth super-hydrophobic surface is displaced with the rough super-hydrophobic one. Our results qualitatively verified that the frost restraint effectiveness of the rough super-hydrophobic surface.
从宏观的角度分析整个霜层的生长过程,当冷壁面迅速降温时,霜层的生长过程可以分为三个阶段：冰晶形成与生长期,霜层生长期和霜层充分生长期。霜层生长过程主要与以下三个因素有关：冰核的形成与长大、冰核在结霜表面的粘附作用、冰晶的生长速率。首先,基于结晶学理论,分析了冰核在三种不同工况下(均匀同相成核、壁面成核以及悬浮粒子表面成核)的形成机理,得到了冰核形成的临界半径和半径增长速率对于冰核与结霜壁面之间的粘附力,本文认为主要是分子吸附力的作用结果。
在分析霜层形成与生长机理的基础上,基于宏观计算流体动力学(CFD)原理和经典成核理论,提出一个描述霜层生长过程的计算模型。模拟了湿空气横掠水平冷壁面时霜层的生长情况,模拟结果与实验数据和使用前人模型的计算数据均拟合良好,说明此计算模型可以定性定量的预测霜层的形成与生长过程。同时,本文给出了霜层物性参数(密度、导热系数)的计算方法,并得到了霜层生长过程中,不同时刻下局部密度和导热系数以及平均密度和导热系数。此外,我们将此霜层生长计算模型扩展到三维模型,模拟了翅片管式换热器在结霜工况下的运行特性,得到了不同时刻下霜层的非稳态生长情况。进行了变参数正交数值试验,考察了翅片管结构参数(翅片间距)和热力参数(湿空气进口流速、湿空气进口含湿量和制冷剂蒸发温度)对翅片管换热器结霜工况下换热特性的影响,模拟结果可用来指导工程设计。
从相平衡的角度出发,探索抑制霜层形成与生长的方法。在满足工程设计的前提下,增大液体与固体壁面之间的接触角和减小液体与固体壁面之间的接触面积是抑制结霜的有效方法。在超疏水性材料表面布置粗糙元,当粗糙元结构满足一定的条件时,即液滴与壁面之间可以形成“复合接触”的浸润方式时,上述两个条件可以同时满足。使用介观尺度格子Boltzmann方法(LBM),数值研究了液滴撞击水平固壁的动力学行为,通道内气/液两相驱替流动特性和高温液体流经低温通道的换热特性。模拟结果表明,对于超疏水性材料壁面,当表面粗糙元的高度大于液体浸入沟槽内部的深度时,液体与壁面之间形成“复合接触”。之后,改进了基于焓法的格子Boltzmann相变模型,提出了可以用来描述流动液体冻结过程的格子Boltzmann凝固模型,并使用此模型模拟了气体空间内饱和液体在低温固体壁面上的非稳态冻结情况。超疏水性材料表面上,液滴的冻结速度缓慢,形成的冰核接触角较大,冰核与壁面的接触面积较小。此外,增加超疏水性材料壁面的表面粗糙度,可以进一步的延缓液滴的冻结速率。模拟结果定性的说明了使用超疏水性材料粗糙壁面可以抑制霜层的形成和生长。
The phenomenon of frosting widely exists in nature and many engineering fields. When the moist air blows in a surface with the temperature lower than its dew point, the moisture will condense on the surface. In particular, frost will form if the surface temperature is below the freezing point of water. Previous studies show that frost is undesirable in most cases since it will worsen the operating characteristics of equipments and even cause the abnormal running. Therefore, it can benefit the design of engineering equipments running under frost conditions to predict the frost formation and growth. Moreover, it has great implications in engineering fields to study the mechanism of the frost formation in order to alleviate or even prevent the frost formation and eventually eliminate the negative effects of frost. This paper has studied the mechanism of the frost formation, established a new mathematical model for the prediction of the frost formation and numerically simulated the unsteady frost growth with the hope of helping the most reasonable design of engineering equipments. Also, several methods to prevent the frost formation have been proposed, the validity of which has been proved by numerical simulations in this paper.
From the macroscopic perspective, the frost growth can be categorized into three periods when the temperature is dropped rapidly. They are:the period of the ice crystal formation and growth, the frost growth period and the period of the full frost development. Three factors are mainly associated with the frost growth. They are:ice nucleus'forming, the adhesion of the ice nucleus on the solid surface, and the rate of the ice branch growth. As for the first factor, the crystallization mechanism under three nucleation conditions (i.e. homogeneous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation and nucleation with nucleation promoters) has been analyzed on the basis of the classical nucleation theory. As a result, the critical radius and the radius growth rate of the nucleus were obtained. With regard to the second factor, the results of this paper show that the adhering force of the ice nucleus on the surface can be attributed to the adsorption between molecules. For the last factor, previous models about the growth of the ice branch have been summarized and analyzed.
Then, based on the mechanism of the frost formation and growth, a new model is proposed to predict the frost formation and growth with the benefit of the macroscopic CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and the classic nucleation theory. This model was applied to describe the frost formation on the cold surface when the moist air blows in it. The simulation results show a good agreement with the experimental data and previously reported simulation results, which demonstrates the validity of the new model. Furthermore, the calculation methods for frost layer properties, such as density and thermal conductivity, have been provided as well, and the time- and space-dependent frost properties can be predicted for the first time. The new model was expanded into a three dimensional one and applied to investigate the performance of fin-and-tube heat exchanger under frost condition. The transient local frost formation has been obtained. The average frost thickness, heat exchanger coefficient and pressure drop on air-side has been analyzed. The influence factors have also been discussed, such as fin pitch, relative humidity, and air flow rate and evaporating temperature of refrigerant. These simulation results are meaningful for the engineering design.
Finally, the frost restrain methods have been proposed based on the phase equilibrium theory. In the practical engineering applications, both increasing the contact angle and decreasing the contact area between the liquid and solid surfaces can effectively restrain the frost formation and growth. This paper suggests that rough elements with a "composite contact" arrangement on the super-hydrophobic surface can satisfy the abovementioned purposes. In this paper, the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), an numerical approach on the mesoscopic level, was employed to investigate the kinetics of the clash of the liquid drop against a horizontal solid surface, the flowing characteristics of the gas-liquid displacement and the heat-transfer characteristics of the high temperature fluid flowing in the low temperature channel. The simulation results show that the "composite contact" can be formed if the height of the rough element is greater than the entrapping depth of the droplet into grooves. An improved enthalpy method-based LB model, the solidification model, has been proposed to simulate the freezing process of the flowing fluid. The new model was also used to simulate the unsteady freezing of the saturated liquid on the low temperature solid surface. The results show that the freezing rate is slowly, the contact angle of the ice nucleus is large and the contact area is quite small on the super-hydrophobic surface. Besides, the freezing rate can be reduced further when the smooth super-hydrophobic surface is displaced with the rough super-hydrophobic one. Our results qualitatively verified that the frost restraint effectiveness of the rough super-hydrophobic surface.
引文
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