鼠李糖脂对疏水性有机污染物降解的影响研究
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摘要
疏水性有机物在环境中广泛存在并危害了生态系统和人类健康。酚类物质是一类特殊的疏水性有机物,一方面它们具有较大的辛醇/水分配系数,另一方面它们在水溶液中具有相对较大的溶解度。酚类污染物在自然界广泛存在,并由于它们对微生物具有毒性而难于降解。生物表面活性剂因其亲水亲脂的两亲性结构特征在促进疏水性有机污染物生物降解中具有重要作用。但是目前关于生物表面活性剂对酚类污染生物降解影响的研究还不多。本论文以鼠李糖脂作为生物表面活性剂的典型代表,研究了其对菌体表面性质和酶的性质的影响机制,考察了这些作用与疏水性有机物苯酚降解的关联,并与十六烷的降解进行了对比。
首先,通过研究鼠李糖脂(RL)和Triton X-100对简青霉菌体表面疏水性和电荷性质的影响,发现表面活性剂能够明显增强简青霉的菌体表面疏水性,且这种作用与表面活性剂的浓度关系密切。经过0.005%RL,0.05%RL,0.05%TritonX-100和0.2%Triton X-100处理后的细胞的菌体表面疏水性分别是未经处理的1.7,2.0,3.0和2.4倍。且两种表面活性剂的处理作用均提高了简青霉菌体表面的zeta电势。研究还发现两种表面活性剂均改变了菌体表面的元素组成,这可能是导致菌体表面疏水性和电荷性质变化的重要原因。
然后通过研究发现鼠李糖脂单糖脂能够改变热带假丝酵母的菌体表面疏水性。鼠李糖脂浓度从0到19mg/L时,菌体表面疏水性随着生物表面活性剂浓度的增加而增加。当鼠李糖脂的浓度大于19mg/L时,其浓度的增加不再引起菌体表面疏水性的明显变化。鼠李糖脂对该微生物的菌体表面电荷性质同样具有影响作用。当鼠李糖脂的浓度低于38mg/L时,这种影响作用并不明显。但当鼠李糖脂的浓度高于38mg/L时,鼠李糖脂浓度的增加明显增大了菌体表面的zeta电势。研究中还发现鼠李糖脂能够改变菌体表面的FTIR光谱图像,结果证明该生物表面活性剂导致热带假丝酵母菌体表面化学结构的改变,这可能是生物表面活性剂改变菌体表面疏水性和电荷性质的又一重要原因。
接下来经过研究发现,鼠李糖脂和Triton X-100的预处理作用提高了简青霉对苯酚的吸附效率。准二级动力学方程和Freundlich方程分别比准一级动力学方程和Langmuir方程更适合描述本实验中苯酚的吸附过程。吸附剂吸附苯酚能力的提高可能是由于菌体表面疏水性和zeta电势的改变所至。
然后经过研究发现鼠李糖脂单糖脂在浓度为11.4,19和38mg/L时促进了热带假丝酵母对十六烷的降解,其中19mg/L是促进热带假丝酵母降解十六烷的最佳浓度。这种促进作用一方面来自于鼠李糖脂对十六烷的增溶作用,另一方面可能与其改变的菌体表面疏水性和电荷性质有关。但是114mg/L的鼠李糖脂脂抑制了十六烷的降解,这可能是因为十六烷进入了生物表面活性剂的胶束核心而降低了其生物可利用性。研究结果表明鼠李糖脂单糖脂对热带假丝酵母不产生毒性,并且被作为碳源降解。但是等质量浓度的十六烷比鼠李糖脂单糖脂更能促进热带假丝酵母的生长,说明在该发酵体系中鼠李糖脂并非优先碳源。本研究表明鼠李糖脂在石油烃修复中潜在的应用价值。
接下来研究了鼠李糖脂单糖脂对热带假丝酵母降解溶液中苯酚的影响,并与化学表面活性剂](?)ween80的影响进行对比。结果表明苯酚对热带假丝酵母存在毒性,但是能够被该微生物降解。在发酵过程中鼠李糖脂单糖脂被热带假丝酵母降解了,而Tween80的浓度没有发生变化。表面活性剂的加入降低了苯酚对细胞的毒性,并促进了细胞的生长和苯酚的降解。表面活性剂的浓度越高,这种影响就越明显。结果表明这2种表面活性剂在酚类污染物生物修复中潜在应用价值。研究中还对比分析了鼠李糖脂对苯酚和十六烷降解的影响机制,发现由于十六烷和苯酚性质的差异,鼠李糖脂对它们降解的影响机制有所不同,但是对菌体表面性质的改变是促进它们降解的共同原因。
最后通过研究鼠李糖脂二糖脂对漆酶催化去除水体中苯酚的影响,发现该生物表面活性剂能有效促进多种浓度苯酚的去除。特别在最初的24h,当苯酚的浓度为400mg/L时,3.0CMC(临界胶束浓度)鼠李糖脂二糖脂将苯酚的去除率提高至空白样的4.3-6.4倍。去除率的提高减少了含酚废水处理过程中的漆酶消耗量和反应时间。另外,鼠李糖脂二糖脂导致了苯酚在初始浓度为50-400mg/L时的完全去除(>98%)。在一定的pH和温度范围内,鼠李糖脂二糖脂也促进了苯酚的去除。这些结果表明鼠李糖脂在漆酶催化去除酚类物质中潜在的应用价值。
Hydrophobic organic compounds are widely present in the environment and endangering the ecosystem and human health. Phenolic compounds are a special class of hydrophobic organic compounds. On one hand, they have large octanol/water partition coefficient, on the other hand have a relatively large solubility in aqueous solution. Phenolic pollutants are widely found in nature and difficult to be degraded because of their toxicity to microorganisms. Biosurfactants play important roles in the enhancing the biodegradation of hydrophobic organic pollutants because of their amphiphilic structural characteristics. However, it lacks of investigation on the effects of biosurfactants on the degradation of phenolic compounds. In this paper, the influences of biosurfactants on cell surface properties and enzyme characteristics and the association with the degradation of phenol were studied, and rhamnolipids were used as the typical representative of biosurfactants. The degradation of hexadecane was also analyzed in comparison.
The influences of rhamnolipid (RL) and Triton X-100on cell surface hydrophobicity and charge properties of Penicillium simplicissimum were studied firstly. It was found that both surfactants significantly enhanced cell surface hydrophobicity of P. simplicissimum. The role of surfactants was related closely to its own concentrations. Cell surface hydrophobicities of P. simplicissimum which was pre-treated by0.005%RL,0.05%RL,0.05%Triton X-100and0.2%Triton X-100were1.7,2.0,3.0and2.4-folds of those of intact biomass, respectively. The pre-treatments of both surfactants enhanced the cell surface zeta potential of P. simplicissimum. It was also found that both surfactants changed the element component on the cell surface, which may be one important reason for the changed cell surface hydrophobicity and charge properties.
It was also found that monorhamnolipids can change the cell surface hydrophobicity of Candida tropicalis. Cell surface hydrophobicity increased with the concentration of rhamnolipids from0to19mg/L. However, the increase of the concentration did not cause significant changes in cell surface hydrophobicity as the rhamnolipids concentration was higher than19mg/L. Rhamnolipids also have an impact on the cell surface charge. This effect was not obvious when the rhamnolipids concentration was lower than38mg/L. However, the zeta potential was increased obviously with the rhamnolipid concentration higher than38mg/L. It was also found that rhamnolipids could change the FTIR spectra of cell surface, suggesting that the biosurfactants caused the chemical structure changes on the cell surface of C. tropicalis, which may be another important reason for the biosurfactants to change the cell surface hydrophobicity and charge properties.
The pre-treatments of rhamnolipids and Triton X-100increased the adsorption of phenol by P. simplicissimum. The pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich equation were more suitable to describe the adsorption process of phenol than the pseudo-first-order model and Langmuir equation in this experiment, respectively. The increased adsorption capabilities may be due to the changed cell surface hydrophobicity and zeta potential.
It was found that monorhamnolipids at concentrations of11.4,19and38mg/L increased the degradation of hexadecane by C. tropicalis, and19mg/L was the optimal concentration. The enhancement may be due to the pre-solubilization of hexadecane by rhamnolipids and the changed cell surface hydrophobicity and charge properties. However,114mg/L monorhamnolipids inhibited the degradation of hexadecane, which may be due to the reduced bioavailability of hexadecane as it moved into the biosurfactant micelle cores. Monorhamnolipids was not toxic to C. tropicalis and degraded as carbon sources. However, hexadecane promoted the growth of C. tropicalis better than equal mass concentration of monorhamnolipids, suggesting that rhamnolipids was not the prior carbon source in the fermentation system. The results showed that the rhamnolipids has potential applications in the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutions.
The influence of monorhamnolipids on the degradation of aqueous phenol by C. tropicalis was studied, which was compared to that of Tween80. Phenol was toxic to C tropicalis, but it was still degraded by this strain. Monorhamnolipids was degraded by C. tropicalis in the fermentation process, while the concentrations of Tween80did not change. The addition of surfactant reduced the toxicity of phenol to cells and enhanced cell growth and phenol degradation. The higher the concentration of surfactants, the more obvious this effects. The results suggested the potential application of these two kinds of surfactants in the bioremediation of phenols pollutions. The influences of rhamnolipids on the degration of hexadecane and phenol were compared in this study. Due to the different characteristics of hexadecane and phenol, the effects of rhamnolipids on their degradation were different. But the changed cell surface properties were the common reasons for the enhancement on their degradation.
Finally, the effect of dirhamnolipids on the removal of aqueous phenol by laccase was studied. It was found that the biosurfactant was effective in promoting the removal of various concentrations of phenol. Especially during the first24h, the removal of phenol enhanced by3.0CMC dirhamnolipids was4.3-6.4folds of that in the control when the phenol concentration was400mg/L. The increased removal rate reduced the laccase consumption and reaction time in the treatment of phenolic wastewater. In addition, dirhamnolipids led to the complete removal (>98%) of phenol at the initial concentrations of50-400mg/L. The removal of phenol was also enhanced by dirhamnolipids within a certain pH and temperature ranges. These results indicated that the potential application of rhamnolipids in the removal of phenols catalyzed by laccase.
首先,通过研究鼠李糖脂(RL)和Triton X-100对简青霉菌体表面疏水性和电荷性质的影响,发现表面活性剂能够明显增强简青霉的菌体表面疏水性,且这种作用与表面活性剂的浓度关系密切。经过0.005%RL,0.05%RL,0.05%TritonX-100和0.2%Triton X-100处理后的细胞的菌体表面疏水性分别是未经处理的1.7,2.0,3.0和2.4倍。且两种表面活性剂的处理作用均提高了简青霉菌体表面的zeta电势。研究还发现两种表面活性剂均改变了菌体表面的元素组成,这可能是导致菌体表面疏水性和电荷性质变化的重要原因。
然后通过研究发现鼠李糖脂单糖脂能够改变热带假丝酵母的菌体表面疏水性。鼠李糖脂浓度从0到19mg/L时,菌体表面疏水性随着生物表面活性剂浓度的增加而增加。当鼠李糖脂的浓度大于19mg/L时,其浓度的增加不再引起菌体表面疏水性的明显变化。鼠李糖脂对该微生物的菌体表面电荷性质同样具有影响作用。当鼠李糖脂的浓度低于38mg/L时,这种影响作用并不明显。但当鼠李糖脂的浓度高于38mg/L时,鼠李糖脂浓度的增加明显增大了菌体表面的zeta电势。研究中还发现鼠李糖脂能够改变菌体表面的FTIR光谱图像,结果证明该生物表面活性剂导致热带假丝酵母菌体表面化学结构的改变,这可能是生物表面活性剂改变菌体表面疏水性和电荷性质的又一重要原因。
接下来经过研究发现,鼠李糖脂和Triton X-100的预处理作用提高了简青霉对苯酚的吸附效率。准二级动力学方程和Freundlich方程分别比准一级动力学方程和Langmuir方程更适合描述本实验中苯酚的吸附过程。吸附剂吸附苯酚能力的提高可能是由于菌体表面疏水性和zeta电势的改变所至。
然后经过研究发现鼠李糖脂单糖脂在浓度为11.4,19和38mg/L时促进了热带假丝酵母对十六烷的降解,其中19mg/L是促进热带假丝酵母降解十六烷的最佳浓度。这种促进作用一方面来自于鼠李糖脂对十六烷的增溶作用,另一方面可能与其改变的菌体表面疏水性和电荷性质有关。但是114mg/L的鼠李糖脂脂抑制了十六烷的降解,这可能是因为十六烷进入了生物表面活性剂的胶束核心而降低了其生物可利用性。研究结果表明鼠李糖脂单糖脂对热带假丝酵母不产生毒性,并且被作为碳源降解。但是等质量浓度的十六烷比鼠李糖脂单糖脂更能促进热带假丝酵母的生长,说明在该发酵体系中鼠李糖脂并非优先碳源。本研究表明鼠李糖脂在石油烃修复中潜在的应用价值。
接下来研究了鼠李糖脂单糖脂对热带假丝酵母降解溶液中苯酚的影响,并与化学表面活性剂](?)ween80的影响进行对比。结果表明苯酚对热带假丝酵母存在毒性,但是能够被该微生物降解。在发酵过程中鼠李糖脂单糖脂被热带假丝酵母降解了,而Tween80的浓度没有发生变化。表面活性剂的加入降低了苯酚对细胞的毒性,并促进了细胞的生长和苯酚的降解。表面活性剂的浓度越高,这种影响就越明显。结果表明这2种表面活性剂在酚类污染物生物修复中潜在应用价值。研究中还对比分析了鼠李糖脂对苯酚和十六烷降解的影响机制,发现由于十六烷和苯酚性质的差异,鼠李糖脂对它们降解的影响机制有所不同,但是对菌体表面性质的改变是促进它们降解的共同原因。
最后通过研究鼠李糖脂二糖脂对漆酶催化去除水体中苯酚的影响,发现该生物表面活性剂能有效促进多种浓度苯酚的去除。特别在最初的24h,当苯酚的浓度为400mg/L时,3.0CMC(临界胶束浓度)鼠李糖脂二糖脂将苯酚的去除率提高至空白样的4.3-6.4倍。去除率的提高减少了含酚废水处理过程中的漆酶消耗量和反应时间。另外,鼠李糖脂二糖脂导致了苯酚在初始浓度为50-400mg/L时的完全去除(>98%)。在一定的pH和温度范围内,鼠李糖脂二糖脂也促进了苯酚的去除。这些结果表明鼠李糖脂在漆酶催化去除酚类物质中潜在的应用价值。
Hydrophobic organic compounds are widely present in the environment and endangering the ecosystem and human health. Phenolic compounds are a special class of hydrophobic organic compounds. On one hand, they have large octanol/water partition coefficient, on the other hand have a relatively large solubility in aqueous solution. Phenolic pollutants are widely found in nature and difficult to be degraded because of their toxicity to microorganisms. Biosurfactants play important roles in the enhancing the biodegradation of hydrophobic organic pollutants because of their amphiphilic structural characteristics. However, it lacks of investigation on the effects of biosurfactants on the degradation of phenolic compounds. In this paper, the influences of biosurfactants on cell surface properties and enzyme characteristics and the association with the degradation of phenol were studied, and rhamnolipids were used as the typical representative of biosurfactants. The degradation of hexadecane was also analyzed in comparison.
The influences of rhamnolipid (RL) and Triton X-100on cell surface hydrophobicity and charge properties of Penicillium simplicissimum were studied firstly. It was found that both surfactants significantly enhanced cell surface hydrophobicity of P. simplicissimum. The role of surfactants was related closely to its own concentrations. Cell surface hydrophobicities of P. simplicissimum which was pre-treated by0.005%RL,0.05%RL,0.05%Triton X-100and0.2%Triton X-100were1.7,2.0,3.0and2.4-folds of those of intact biomass, respectively. The pre-treatments of both surfactants enhanced the cell surface zeta potential of P. simplicissimum. It was also found that both surfactants changed the element component on the cell surface, which may be one important reason for the changed cell surface hydrophobicity and charge properties.
It was also found that monorhamnolipids can change the cell surface hydrophobicity of Candida tropicalis. Cell surface hydrophobicity increased with the concentration of rhamnolipids from0to19mg/L. However, the increase of the concentration did not cause significant changes in cell surface hydrophobicity as the rhamnolipids concentration was higher than19mg/L. Rhamnolipids also have an impact on the cell surface charge. This effect was not obvious when the rhamnolipids concentration was lower than38mg/L. However, the zeta potential was increased obviously with the rhamnolipid concentration higher than38mg/L. It was also found that rhamnolipids could change the FTIR spectra of cell surface, suggesting that the biosurfactants caused the chemical structure changes on the cell surface of C. tropicalis, which may be another important reason for the biosurfactants to change the cell surface hydrophobicity and charge properties.
The pre-treatments of rhamnolipids and Triton X-100increased the adsorption of phenol by P. simplicissimum. The pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich equation were more suitable to describe the adsorption process of phenol than the pseudo-first-order model and Langmuir equation in this experiment, respectively. The increased adsorption capabilities may be due to the changed cell surface hydrophobicity and zeta potential.
It was found that monorhamnolipids at concentrations of11.4,19and38mg/L increased the degradation of hexadecane by C. tropicalis, and19mg/L was the optimal concentration. The enhancement may be due to the pre-solubilization of hexadecane by rhamnolipids and the changed cell surface hydrophobicity and charge properties. However,114mg/L monorhamnolipids inhibited the degradation of hexadecane, which may be due to the reduced bioavailability of hexadecane as it moved into the biosurfactant micelle cores. Monorhamnolipids was not toxic to C. tropicalis and degraded as carbon sources. However, hexadecane promoted the growth of C. tropicalis better than equal mass concentration of monorhamnolipids, suggesting that rhamnolipids was not the prior carbon source in the fermentation system. The results showed that the rhamnolipids has potential applications in the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutions.
The influence of monorhamnolipids on the degradation of aqueous phenol by C. tropicalis was studied, which was compared to that of Tween80. Phenol was toxic to C tropicalis, but it was still degraded by this strain. Monorhamnolipids was degraded by C. tropicalis in the fermentation process, while the concentrations of Tween80did not change. The addition of surfactant reduced the toxicity of phenol to cells and enhanced cell growth and phenol degradation. The higher the concentration of surfactants, the more obvious this effects. The results suggested the potential application of these two kinds of surfactants in the bioremediation of phenols pollutions. The influences of rhamnolipids on the degration of hexadecane and phenol were compared in this study. Due to the different characteristics of hexadecane and phenol, the effects of rhamnolipids on their degradation were different. But the changed cell surface properties were the common reasons for the enhancement on their degradation.
Finally, the effect of dirhamnolipids on the removal of aqueous phenol by laccase was studied. It was found that the biosurfactant was effective in promoting the removal of various concentrations of phenol. Especially during the first24h, the removal of phenol enhanced by3.0CMC dirhamnolipids was4.3-6.4folds of that in the control when the phenol concentration was400mg/L. The increased removal rate reduced the laccase consumption and reaction time in the treatment of phenolic wastewater. In addition, dirhamnolipids led to the complete removal (>98%) of phenol at the initial concentrations of50-400mg/L. The removal of phenol was also enhanced by dirhamnolipids within a certain pH and temperature ranges. These results indicated that the potential application of rhamnolipids in the removal of phenols catalyzed by laccase.
引文
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