工程GPS数据的实用处理技术与方法研究
|
摘要
GPS卫星定位技术在测绘领域得到了广泛应用,GPS技术的发展导致了测绘行业一场深刻的技术革命。随着GPS技术的广泛应用,国内外开展了大量工程GPS数据处理的研究工作,也涌现出了很多GPS工程数据处理软件。但目前的一些方法及软件在实际工程应用中也有它欠缺和不完善的地方,不能很好的处理在GPS工程中实际遇到的情况和问题。本论文分析了现有的GPS数据处理方法及软件在具体GPS工程应用中的不足,探讨了适合于工程GPS的实用数据处理方法,主要有以下几点：
1、基线处理是GPS数据处理的重要环节,基线解算质量及基线质量的检核对GPS定位结果有很大影响。论文介绍了基线解算的模式,探讨了影响基线解算质量的因素,以及减弱这些影响因素的措施；探讨了基线质量的评价指标,分析了现有软件(以TGO软件为例)在基线质量检核方面的不足,并用程序实现了基线质量的自动检核,方便了工程的实际应用。
2、GPS网约束平差时,若起算点数据存在粗差,约束平差后该网的成果精度会急剧下降。因此,在对区域性GPS控制网约束平差前必须对约束的起算点进行兼容性分析,本文探讨了几种检核GPS平差起算数据兼容性的方法,并用实例进行了验证。
3、进行了GPS高程拟合模型的优选与比较,得出了二次移动曲面模型拟合精度较高的结论,并分析了其拟合精度高的原因。
4、研究了基于二次移动曲面模型及图形界面进行GPS高程拟合时的最佳分区拟合方法,得出一些结论：(1)利用二次移动曲面进行GPS高程拟合时有必要进行分区拟合,也即有必要选择最佳拟合半径(窗口)。(2)最佳的拟合方法是单独对每个待拟合点选择其最佳拟合半径(窗口),且保证待拟合点周围有足够的联测水准点,使待拟合点处在拟合窗口的中心位置。
5、基于现有GPS数据处理软件在GPS高程拟合方面的不足：拟合模型单一以及大多没有图形拟合界面等,利用vb结合MapObjects,以移动曲面法为核心算法,开发出了基于图形界面,适合于工程实际应用的GPS高程拟合系统,方便了用户。
GPS is widely applied in the fields of Surveying.The development of GPS has resulted in a profound technological transformation in the field of surveying. With the development of GPS technology, there are also many GPS software and methods to deal with the GPS data.Those GPS software can deal with the GPS data very well in many aspect, however, its also has some shortcoming and imperfect in practical application, For example, which can not deal with the actual situation and problems encountered in practical application.This paper will analyze the insufficient aspect of existing GPS data software and methods in specific applications, discusse the practical method for the GPS data processing.Following is the key elements:
1. Baseline processing is the important step of GPS data processing,and the quality of baseline will significantly affect the quality of the GPS data.This paper will introduct the models of GPS baseline precessing and the influencing factors of the quality of baseline. And, some methods to weaken the factors are also introducted. Then, this paper introduct the estimation guild line of the baseline quality, and, the insufficient aspect of quality checking in GPS softsare is alse analysised.Fianly, automatic quality checking of baseline will be realized with a programming.
2. The gross error of knows points have great influence on precesion in constrained adjustment of GPS network.This paper will discuss some methods about the adjustment of the compatibility of known poings,and the methods is feasible with example verification.
3. Some GPS height fitting models will be analysised and compared, and some conclutions are obtained:mobile interpolatiom is the best models, by which, we can get the results of high accuracy.
4. The best method of ssubregional fitting base on mobile interpolatiom and graphic interface is also analysised, and some conclution are obtained:1) The method of ssubregional fitting based on mobile interpolation is necessary for GPS height fitting.2) The best methods of GPS height fitting is to choose the best fitting radius for each awaiting fitting point.3) Let the awaiting fitting point in the middle of fitting windows.
5) This paper will analysis the insufficient of GPS data software in fitting of GPS height.Then, the GPS height fitting system will be developed by vb and MapObjects software based on mobile interpolation and graphic interface, which is convenient for users.
1、基线处理是GPS数据处理的重要环节,基线解算质量及基线质量的检核对GPS定位结果有很大影响。论文介绍了基线解算的模式,探讨了影响基线解算质量的因素,以及减弱这些影响因素的措施；探讨了基线质量的评价指标,分析了现有软件(以TGO软件为例)在基线质量检核方面的不足,并用程序实现了基线质量的自动检核,方便了工程的实际应用。
2、GPS网约束平差时,若起算点数据存在粗差,约束平差后该网的成果精度会急剧下降。因此,在对区域性GPS控制网约束平差前必须对约束的起算点进行兼容性分析,本文探讨了几种检核GPS平差起算数据兼容性的方法,并用实例进行了验证。
3、进行了GPS高程拟合模型的优选与比较,得出了二次移动曲面模型拟合精度较高的结论,并分析了其拟合精度高的原因。
4、研究了基于二次移动曲面模型及图形界面进行GPS高程拟合时的最佳分区拟合方法,得出一些结论：(1)利用二次移动曲面进行GPS高程拟合时有必要进行分区拟合,也即有必要选择最佳拟合半径(窗口)。(2)最佳的拟合方法是单独对每个待拟合点选择其最佳拟合半径(窗口),且保证待拟合点周围有足够的联测水准点,使待拟合点处在拟合窗口的中心位置。
5、基于现有GPS数据处理软件在GPS高程拟合方面的不足：拟合模型单一以及大多没有图形拟合界面等,利用vb结合MapObjects,以移动曲面法为核心算法,开发出了基于图形界面,适合于工程实际应用的GPS高程拟合系统,方便了用户。
GPS is widely applied in the fields of Surveying.The development of GPS has resulted in a profound technological transformation in the field of surveying. With the development of GPS technology, there are also many GPS software and methods to deal with the GPS data.Those GPS software can deal with the GPS data very well in many aspect, however, its also has some shortcoming and imperfect in practical application, For example, which can not deal with the actual situation and problems encountered in practical application.This paper will analyze the insufficient aspect of existing GPS data software and methods in specific applications, discusse the practical method for the GPS data processing.Following is the key elements:
1. Baseline processing is the important step of GPS data processing,and the quality of baseline will significantly affect the quality of the GPS data.This paper will introduct the models of GPS baseline precessing and the influencing factors of the quality of baseline. And, some methods to weaken the factors are also introducted. Then, this paper introduct the estimation guild line of the baseline quality, and, the insufficient aspect of quality checking in GPS softsare is alse analysised.Fianly, automatic quality checking of baseline will be realized with a programming.
2. The gross error of knows points have great influence on precesion in constrained adjustment of GPS network.This paper will discuss some methods about the adjustment of the compatibility of known poings,and the methods is feasible with example verification.
3. Some GPS height fitting models will be analysised and compared, and some conclutions are obtained:mobile interpolatiom is the best models, by which, we can get the results of high accuracy.
4. The best method of ssubregional fitting base on mobile interpolatiom and graphic interface is also analysised, and some conclution are obtained:1) The method of ssubregional fitting based on mobile interpolation is necessary for GPS height fitting.2) The best methods of GPS height fitting is to choose the best fitting radius for each awaiting fitting point.3) Let the awaiting fitting point in the middle of fitting windows.
5) This paper will analysis the insufficient of GPS data software in fitting of GPS height.Then, the GPS height fitting system will be developed by vb and MapObjects software based on mobile interpolation and graphic interface, which is convenient for users.
引文
[1]周忠漠.GPS卫星测量原理与应用.北京：测绘出版,2002
[2]刘大杰、施一民.全球定位系统(GPS)的原理与数据处理.上海：同济大学出版社,1996
[3]李征航、黄劲松.GPS测量与数据处理.武汉：武汉大学出版社,2005
[4]施闯.大规模高精度GPS网平差与分析理论及其应用.北京：测绘出版社,2002
[5]谢劭峰.工程GPS数据处理若干问题研究：[硕士学位论文].桂林：桂林工学院,2005
[6]高刚毅.关于GPS基线网数据处理系统的若干问题研究：[硕士学位论文].辽宁：辽宁工程技术大学,1999
[7]王劲松.区域GPS定位技术及二维网平差模型中起算数据粗差处理技术：[硕士学位论文].湖南：中南工业大学,2000
[8]张旭东.GPS水准高程拟合模型研究：[硕士学位论文].吉林：东北大学,2005
[9]赵铁怀.GPS高程迭加拟合研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：北京交通大学,2006
[10]吴江飞.相关GPS基线向量网的质量控制：[硕士学位论文].郑州：中国人民解放军信息工程大学测绘学院,2000
[11]刘红新.GPS高程转换系统的研究及其应用：[硕士学位论文].南京：河海大学,2003
[12]王殊伟,陈正阳.基于移动曲面模型的GPS高程拟合,上海地质,2005,(2)：45-47
[13]傅晓明,沈云中.GPS网起算点坐标的兼容性分析,测绘通报,2002,(9)：10-12
[14]刘振华.GPS控制网起算点的粗差探测,测绘信息与工程,2006,31(4)：7-9
[15]李长春,蒋金豹,何荣.GPS高程分区拟合若干问题探究,矿山测量,2003,(3)：19-21
[16]李晓桓.GPS水准拟合模型的优选,测绘通报,2003, (7)：11-13
[17]赵伶俐,刘帅.基于MapObjects的全球定位系统高程转换,海洋测绘,2005,25(4)： 37-39
[18]刘帅.GPS水准算法的研究及程序实现：[硕士学位论文].湖南：中南大学,2006
[19]董世清. 区域性GPS控制网数据处理：[硕士学位论文].武汉：武汉大学,2004
[20]邱春霞,董乾坤.GPS网中已知点的可靠性检验,测绘科技通讯,1999,(2)：21-23
[21]佟洞.GPS控制网地面起算点选取和兼容性分析,江苏测绘,2000,(2)：29-31
[22]王铁生,张冰.地铁高精度GPS控制网及其起算点兼容性分析,华北水利水电学院学报,2004,(1)：8-10
[23]王新洲.GPS基线向量网粗差定位试验,武汉测绘科技大学学报,1995,(2)：157-159
[24]王新洲.基于坐标一致性GPS平面基准点的粗差探测,测绘通报,2005,(8)：5-7
[25]王建敏.GPS观测数据的可靠性理论研究：[硕士学位论文].辽宁：辽宁工程技术大学,2003
[26]侯本军,钟波,王文庆.基于二次曲面的ShePard拟合法在GPS水准中的应用,测绘工程,2007,(1)：36-38
[27]辛久志.GPS高程应用的若干理论与实践的研究：[硕士学位论文].辽宁：辽宁工程技术大学,1998
[28]匡翠林.高精度GPS水准算法研究及其应用：[硕士学位论文].湖南：中南大学,2004
[28]高伟.GPS高程测量的理论与方法研究：[博士学位论文].武汉：武汉大学,2004
[30]胡伍生,华锡生,张志伟.平坦地区转换GPS高程的混合转换方法,测绘学报,2002,(2)：128-130
[31]谢洪波,徐招峰,曾玉凤.如何将AutoCAD数据转化为Shape文件,焦作工学院学报,2003,(3)：235-237
[32]刘谊,汪民生,汪金花.GPS高程二次曲面拟合及其程序,矿山测量,2004,(2)：11-14
[33]李长春,蒋金豹,何荣.GPS高程分区拟合若干问题探究,矿山测量,2004,(3)：19-21
[34]高伟,卢秀山.GPS高程区域似大地水准面的分区拟合与平滑连接,测绘通报,2000,(7)：11-13
[35]刘长建,吴洪举,陈少明.GPS水准移动曲面法功能新探,全球定位系统,2006,(1)：31-33
[36]刘万林,郭岚,王利.多么函数法与移动法的加权综合模型在GPS水准中的应用,西安科技大学学报,2004,(3)：310-313
[37]岳东杰,黄腾.GPS高程的抗差拟合推估,河海大学学报,1999,(6)：90-93
[38]王殊伟,陈正阳.基于移动曲面模型的GPS高程拟合,上海地质,2005,(4)：45-47
[39]杨德明.GPS水准多项式曲面拟合模型研究,测绘与空间地理信息,2006,(3)：34-36
[40]刘万林,李天文.建立GPS水准综合模型的探讨,西北大学学报,2004,(5)：611-613
[41]刘长建,吴洪举,陈俊.GPS水准拟合方法的比较与软件编制,信息工程大学学报,2006,(1)：85-87
[42]李晓恒.GPS水准拟合模型的优选,测绘通报,2003,(7)：11-13
[43]马兴林,杨品红.对TGO中GPS闭合环信息统计的实现,云南测绘,2006,(4)：24-26
[44]吉渊明,赵水泉.曲面拟合法求GPS网正常高的几点认识,测绘通报,1998,(7)
[45]李建成,陈俊勇,宁津生等.地球重力场逼近理论与中国2000似大地水准的确定.武汉：武汉大学出版社,2003
[46]Featherstone,W.E.,Dentith,M.C and Kirby,J.F.(1998). "Strategies for the accurate determination of orthometrich eights fromGPS.[J].SurveyRev,34(267),278-296.
[47]Featherstone W.E.E. Absolute and relative testing of gravimetric geoid models using Global Positioning System and orthometric height data[J].Computers& Geosciences,2001 (27):807-814
[48]Charles,L.Merry.GPS and Heights[J],South Africa Jounaral of Surveying and Mapp-ing,1993,(2)
[49]Ramesh Shrestha, Azman Nazir.Surface Interpolation Techniques to Convert GPS Ellipsord H eights to Elevations[J],Surveyinga ndL andIn formationS yetems,1993, (2)
[50]Duker H.etal.Local geoid derterminiation and Comparision with GPS results[J], B.G,1987,161
[51]Hoffman-Wellenhof, B.Lichtenegger, H. Collins,J.Global positioning system:theories and practice.4th edn.Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg New York,2000
[52]Hu Wusheng, Sha Yuejin. Converting GPS height by a new methd based on neural networks[J].Journal of Southeast University(English Edition),2003,Vol.19(1):53-57
[53]Kim, D. Langley, R.S. An Optimized Least-Squares Technique for Improving Ambiguity Resolution Performance and Computational Efficiency.Proceedings of ION GPS'99,14-17 September 1999,Nashville,TN,1579-1588
[54]H.Bald,J.Wang, and Y.chen, A regional GPS Network Solution for Monitoring Dformations of the Southeastern Eurasianp late,GPS Solutions,Volumc2, umber4,Spring 1999
[55]Abidin, H. Z. (1993),On-the-fly ambiguity resolution:formulation and results,M anuscripta Geodaetica,18(6):380-407
[56]Collins, J., and Leik, A. (1985), Analysis of macrometer networks with emphasis on the Montgomery (PA) County survey,P roc.P os.w ith GPS,2:667-693
[57]Brown, A. (1989) extended differentialGPS,Navigation,36(3):265-285
[58]Teunissen,P J. G. and Kleusberg,A. (1998),GPS for Geodesy,Spinger-Verlag Berlin H eidelberg 1996 and 1998 Printed in Germany.
[59]C.C.Tsherning. Height determination using GPS [J],巴塞罗那GPS学术讨论会,1992
[60]B.Hofmann-wellenhof, H.lichtenegger. GPS theory and Practise[J], Sprin g-verlag W ien New York,1992.
[61]DAN.HAJCA.Obraining Centimeter Preei-sion height by GPS obverations over smallrcas[J],GPS word January,1990.
[2]刘大杰、施一民.全球定位系统(GPS)的原理与数据处理.上海：同济大学出版社,1996
[3]李征航、黄劲松.GPS测量与数据处理.武汉：武汉大学出版社,2005
[4]施闯.大规模高精度GPS网平差与分析理论及其应用.北京：测绘出版社,2002
[5]谢劭峰.工程GPS数据处理若干问题研究：[硕士学位论文].桂林：桂林工学院,2005
[6]高刚毅.关于GPS基线网数据处理系统的若干问题研究：[硕士学位论文].辽宁：辽宁工程技术大学,1999
[7]王劲松.区域GPS定位技术及二维网平差模型中起算数据粗差处理技术：[硕士学位论文].湖南：中南工业大学,2000
[8]张旭东.GPS水准高程拟合模型研究：[硕士学位论文].吉林：东北大学,2005
[9]赵铁怀.GPS高程迭加拟合研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：北京交通大学,2006
[10]吴江飞.相关GPS基线向量网的质量控制：[硕士学位论文].郑州：中国人民解放军信息工程大学测绘学院,2000
[11]刘红新.GPS高程转换系统的研究及其应用：[硕士学位论文].南京：河海大学,2003
[12]王殊伟,陈正阳.基于移动曲面模型的GPS高程拟合,上海地质,2005,(2)：45-47
[13]傅晓明,沈云中.GPS网起算点坐标的兼容性分析,测绘通报,2002,(9)：10-12
[14]刘振华.GPS控制网起算点的粗差探测,测绘信息与工程,2006,31(4)：7-9
[15]李长春,蒋金豹,何荣.GPS高程分区拟合若干问题探究,矿山测量,2003,(3)：19-21
[16]李晓桓.GPS水准拟合模型的优选,测绘通报,2003, (7)：11-13
[17]赵伶俐,刘帅.基于MapObjects的全球定位系统高程转换,海洋测绘,2005,25(4)： 37-39
[18]刘帅.GPS水准算法的研究及程序实现：[硕士学位论文].湖南：中南大学,2006
[19]董世清. 区域性GPS控制网数据处理：[硕士学位论文].武汉：武汉大学,2004
[20]邱春霞,董乾坤.GPS网中已知点的可靠性检验,测绘科技通讯,1999,(2)：21-23
[21]佟洞.GPS控制网地面起算点选取和兼容性分析,江苏测绘,2000,(2)：29-31
[22]王铁生,张冰.地铁高精度GPS控制网及其起算点兼容性分析,华北水利水电学院学报,2004,(1)：8-10
[23]王新洲.GPS基线向量网粗差定位试验,武汉测绘科技大学学报,1995,(2)：157-159
[24]王新洲.基于坐标一致性GPS平面基准点的粗差探测,测绘通报,2005,(8)：5-7
[25]王建敏.GPS观测数据的可靠性理论研究：[硕士学位论文].辽宁：辽宁工程技术大学,2003
[26]侯本军,钟波,王文庆.基于二次曲面的ShePard拟合法在GPS水准中的应用,测绘工程,2007,(1)：36-38
[27]辛久志.GPS高程应用的若干理论与实践的研究：[硕士学位论文].辽宁：辽宁工程技术大学,1998
[28]匡翠林.高精度GPS水准算法研究及其应用：[硕士学位论文].湖南：中南大学,2004
[28]高伟.GPS高程测量的理论与方法研究：[博士学位论文].武汉：武汉大学,2004
[30]胡伍生,华锡生,张志伟.平坦地区转换GPS高程的混合转换方法,测绘学报,2002,(2)：128-130
[31]谢洪波,徐招峰,曾玉凤.如何将AutoCAD数据转化为Shape文件,焦作工学院学报,2003,(3)：235-237
[32]刘谊,汪民生,汪金花.GPS高程二次曲面拟合及其程序,矿山测量,2004,(2)：11-14
[33]李长春,蒋金豹,何荣.GPS高程分区拟合若干问题探究,矿山测量,2004,(3)：19-21
[34]高伟,卢秀山.GPS高程区域似大地水准面的分区拟合与平滑连接,测绘通报,2000,(7)：11-13
[35]刘长建,吴洪举,陈少明.GPS水准移动曲面法功能新探,全球定位系统,2006,(1)：31-33
[36]刘万林,郭岚,王利.多么函数法与移动法的加权综合模型在GPS水准中的应用,西安科技大学学报,2004,(3)：310-313
[37]岳东杰,黄腾.GPS高程的抗差拟合推估,河海大学学报,1999,(6)：90-93
[38]王殊伟,陈正阳.基于移动曲面模型的GPS高程拟合,上海地质,2005,(4)：45-47
[39]杨德明.GPS水准多项式曲面拟合模型研究,测绘与空间地理信息,2006,(3)：34-36
[40]刘万林,李天文.建立GPS水准综合模型的探讨,西北大学学报,2004,(5)：611-613
[41]刘长建,吴洪举,陈俊.GPS水准拟合方法的比较与软件编制,信息工程大学学报,2006,(1)：85-87
[42]李晓恒.GPS水准拟合模型的优选,测绘通报,2003,(7)：11-13
[43]马兴林,杨品红.对TGO中GPS闭合环信息统计的实现,云南测绘,2006,(4)：24-26
[44]吉渊明,赵水泉.曲面拟合法求GPS网正常高的几点认识,测绘通报,1998,(7)
[45]李建成,陈俊勇,宁津生等.地球重力场逼近理论与中国2000似大地水准的确定.武汉：武汉大学出版社,2003
[46]Featherstone,W.E.,Dentith,M.C and Kirby,J.F.(1998). "Strategies for the accurate determination of orthometrich eights fromGPS.[J].SurveyRev,34(267),278-296.
[47]Featherstone W.E.E. Absolute and relative testing of gravimetric geoid models using Global Positioning System and orthometric height data[J].Computers& Geosciences,2001 (27):807-814
[48]Charles,L.Merry.GPS and Heights[J],South Africa Jounaral of Surveying and Mapp-ing,1993,(2)
[49]Ramesh Shrestha, Azman Nazir.Surface Interpolation Techniques to Convert GPS Ellipsord H eights to Elevations[J],Surveyinga ndL andIn formationS yetems,1993, (2)
[50]Duker H.etal.Local geoid derterminiation and Comparision with GPS results[J], B.G,1987,161
[51]Hoffman-Wellenhof, B.Lichtenegger, H. Collins,J.Global positioning system:theories and practice.4th edn.Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg New York,2000
[52]Hu Wusheng, Sha Yuejin. Converting GPS height by a new methd based on neural networks[J].Journal of Southeast University(English Edition),2003,Vol.19(1):53-57
[53]Kim, D. Langley, R.S. An Optimized Least-Squares Technique for Improving Ambiguity Resolution Performance and Computational Efficiency.Proceedings of ION GPS'99,14-17 September 1999,Nashville,TN,1579-1588
[54]H.Bald,J.Wang, and Y.chen, A regional GPS Network Solution for Monitoring Dformations of the Southeastern Eurasianp late,GPS Solutions,Volumc2, umber4,Spring 1999
[55]Abidin, H. Z. (1993),On-the-fly ambiguity resolution:formulation and results,M anuscripta Geodaetica,18(6):380-407
[56]Collins, J., and Leik, A. (1985), Analysis of macrometer networks with emphasis on the Montgomery (PA) County survey,P roc.P os.w ith GPS,2:667-693
[57]Brown, A. (1989) extended differentialGPS,Navigation,36(3):265-285
[58]Teunissen,P J. G. and Kleusberg,A. (1998),GPS for Geodesy,Spinger-Verlag Berlin H eidelberg 1996 and 1998 Printed in Germany.
[59]C.C.Tsherning. Height determination using GPS [J],巴塞罗那GPS学术讨论会,1992
[60]B.Hofmann-wellenhof, H.lichtenegger. GPS theory and Practise[J], Sprin g-verlag W ien New York,1992.
[61]DAN.HAJCA.Obraining Centimeter Preei-sion height by GPS obverations over smallrcas[J],GPS word January,1990.