社区卫生服务机构参与的基本职业卫生服务模式研究
|
摘要
目的
为了探讨社区卫生服务机构参与的基本职业卫生服务(basic occupational health service, BOHS)模式；评价以企业为主体,社区卫生服务机构为支撑,劳动者为对象,通过交互式的教育培训,实行低成本适用技术改造,改善劳动条件的干预模式,保护劳动者健康；为小企业基本职业卫生服务的政府提供决策依据。
方法
采用普查法对社区卫生服务机构及其职业卫生服务人员进行调查。调查对象统一填写《社区卫生服务中心职业卫生服务工作现状调查表》调查表,内容包括社区职业卫生服务人员基本信息、基本职业卫生服务知识知晓情况和职业卫生工作状况。
选择上海浦东新区沪东社区、合庆社区的中小企业中从事焊接作业的工人和部分管理者作为调查对象,收集其职业危害知识、信念和行为的情况。在基线调查的基础上,由经培训的社区卫生服务人员对电焊工及企业职业卫生负责人进行培训。培训内容包括如何识别作业场所的职业危害、可能健康效应、适宜的改进建议。干预结束后再次对工人及管理者进行职业危害相关知识、信念和行为的调查。在此基础上形成并提出工厂职业卫生工作的整改意见,最后评估整改措施落实情况。
结果
1、社区职业卫生服务人员基本情况
社区职业卫生服务人员具有较高的文化程度。所学专业以医学相关专业为主,对BOHS有较好的了解。大部分人员支持BOHS政策并乐意积极参与,但职业卫生工作以对企业职业健康检查的督导为主。社区卫生服务机构具有一定的实施BOHS的能力和优势,但同样存在着人员不足、年龄较大等问题,需要政府及相关部门进一步的重视和支持。
2、对企业实施BOHS干预调查结果
①共收集到有效样本525例,干预前后焊接工人的职业卫生知识、态度、行为三部分得分差异有统计学意义(知识T=3.91,P<0.001；态度T=2.90,P=0.0037；行为T=6.93,P<0.001)。干预后“知、信、行”总分提高,差异有统计学意义(T=4.80,P<0.001)。
②干预后,工人对职业健康安全环境的评价得分亦有提高,干预前后差异有统计学意义(T=5.88,P<0.001)。
③结合调查和干预活动中发现的问题,根据企业的具体情况,主要提出了23条整改建议。大部分企业根据建议采纳了整改建议,并落实了整改措施。在社区卫生服务机构的现场干预下,企业执行基本职业卫生方面整改的意愿度有提高。
结论
本区社区职业卫生服务人员无论是学历层次、专业领域,还是工作经验、工作内容,都具有从事职业卫生服务的能力,但目前社区卫生服务机构开展基本职业卫生服务尚存在着许多不足之处,如人员配置、服务理念、经费支持等。这需要相关部门进行政策上的支持和资金的投入。社区卫生服务机构实施的BOHS干预措施效果明显、切实可行,对企业实施的十预措施应以教育培训为主。政府、各职能部门以及企业都应积极参与到BOHS中来,加强对社区卫生服务中心参与BOHS的指导和扶持,确保基本职业卫生服务在我国的顺利开展。
Objectives
In order to explore the model of basic occupational health service (BOHS) with the participation of community health services and to protect workers from occupational hazards, a participatory training model and low cost modifications on BOHS for small and medium enterprises was developed based on the support of community health services. The project is useful for the decision maker on the issue.
Methods
Selected professionals and related leaders of all the community health services in Pudong District were asked to fill the questionnaire of occupational health service in community health service, which included basic personal information, knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) on BOHS.
Workers engaged in welding and their related managers in small and medium-sized enterprises in Pudong District were investigated on the KAP of BOHS. After the baseline survey, they were provided a participatory training course by trained professional from 2 community health services. The training course included recognition of hazards and assessment of potential health risks. The workers were encouraged to find way to fix the occupational health problems. The KAP was assessed by comparison the results pre-and post-the training. The effects of the project were also evaluated by follow-up on the modifications.
Results
1. BOHS professionals in community health service
BOHS professionals in community health service were well educated. Most of them were of medical specialty. They knew the BOHS concepts and were willing to support BOHS project. They thought strengthened supervision of occupational health was the main task at present. Community health services have the capability of carrying out BOHS. However, some barriers such hand shortage, aged professional should be given attention.
2. The BOHS intervention
(1) A total of valid 625 samples were collected from welding workers in the enterprises. Knowledge, attitude and behavior scores statistically increased after worker's participation of the training courses (X2=15.31, P<0.001;X2=8.41, P= 0.0037;X2=48.00, P<0.001,respectively), so did the total scores of the 3 parts (X2 =23.05, P<0.001).
(2) More workers thought the working condition had been improved (X2=34.60, P<0.001) after the interventions.
(3) twenty-three pieces of suggestions to improve the working conditions were proposed by the workers, and most of them were adopted by the employers and got into practice.
Conclusions
Community health services have the capability of carrying out BOHS, though there were some barriers such as service sense, knowledge and financial supports. The BOHS interventions were efficient and were feasible. Education and training was one of the main intervention strategies.
为了探讨社区卫生服务机构参与的基本职业卫生服务(basic occupational health service, BOHS)模式；评价以企业为主体,社区卫生服务机构为支撑,劳动者为对象,通过交互式的教育培训,实行低成本适用技术改造,改善劳动条件的干预模式,保护劳动者健康；为小企业基本职业卫生服务的政府提供决策依据。
方法
采用普查法对社区卫生服务机构及其职业卫生服务人员进行调查。调查对象统一填写《社区卫生服务中心职业卫生服务工作现状调查表》调查表,内容包括社区职业卫生服务人员基本信息、基本职业卫生服务知识知晓情况和职业卫生工作状况。
选择上海浦东新区沪东社区、合庆社区的中小企业中从事焊接作业的工人和部分管理者作为调查对象,收集其职业危害知识、信念和行为的情况。在基线调查的基础上,由经培训的社区卫生服务人员对电焊工及企业职业卫生负责人进行培训。培训内容包括如何识别作业场所的职业危害、可能健康效应、适宜的改进建议。干预结束后再次对工人及管理者进行职业危害相关知识、信念和行为的调查。在此基础上形成并提出工厂职业卫生工作的整改意见,最后评估整改措施落实情况。
结果
1、社区职业卫生服务人员基本情况
社区职业卫生服务人员具有较高的文化程度。所学专业以医学相关专业为主,对BOHS有较好的了解。大部分人员支持BOHS政策并乐意积极参与,但职业卫生工作以对企业职业健康检查的督导为主。社区卫生服务机构具有一定的实施BOHS的能力和优势,但同样存在着人员不足、年龄较大等问题,需要政府及相关部门进一步的重视和支持。
2、对企业实施BOHS干预调查结果
①共收集到有效样本525例,干预前后焊接工人的职业卫生知识、态度、行为三部分得分差异有统计学意义(知识T=3.91,P<0.001；态度T=2.90,P=0.0037；行为T=6.93,P<0.001)。干预后“知、信、行”总分提高,差异有统计学意义(T=4.80,P<0.001)。
②干预后,工人对职业健康安全环境的评价得分亦有提高,干预前后差异有统计学意义(T=5.88,P<0.001)。
③结合调查和干预活动中发现的问题,根据企业的具体情况,主要提出了23条整改建议。大部分企业根据建议采纳了整改建议,并落实了整改措施。在社区卫生服务机构的现场干预下,企业执行基本职业卫生方面整改的意愿度有提高。
结论
本区社区职业卫生服务人员无论是学历层次、专业领域,还是工作经验、工作内容,都具有从事职业卫生服务的能力,但目前社区卫生服务机构开展基本职业卫生服务尚存在着许多不足之处,如人员配置、服务理念、经费支持等。这需要相关部门进行政策上的支持和资金的投入。社区卫生服务机构实施的BOHS干预措施效果明显、切实可行,对企业实施的十预措施应以教育培训为主。政府、各职能部门以及企业都应积极参与到BOHS中来,加强对社区卫生服务中心参与BOHS的指导和扶持,确保基本职业卫生服务在我国的顺利开展。
Objectives
In order to explore the model of basic occupational health service (BOHS) with the participation of community health services and to protect workers from occupational hazards, a participatory training model and low cost modifications on BOHS for small and medium enterprises was developed based on the support of community health services. The project is useful for the decision maker on the issue.
Methods
Selected professionals and related leaders of all the community health services in Pudong District were asked to fill the questionnaire of occupational health service in community health service, which included basic personal information, knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) on BOHS.
Workers engaged in welding and their related managers in small and medium-sized enterprises in Pudong District were investigated on the KAP of BOHS. After the baseline survey, they were provided a participatory training course by trained professional from 2 community health services. The training course included recognition of hazards and assessment of potential health risks. The workers were encouraged to find way to fix the occupational health problems. The KAP was assessed by comparison the results pre-and post-the training. The effects of the project were also evaluated by follow-up on the modifications.
Results
1. BOHS professionals in community health service
BOHS professionals in community health service were well educated. Most of them were of medical specialty. They knew the BOHS concepts and were willing to support BOHS project. They thought strengthened supervision of occupational health was the main task at present. Community health services have the capability of carrying out BOHS. However, some barriers such hand shortage, aged professional should be given attention.
2. The BOHS intervention
(1) A total of valid 625 samples were collected from welding workers in the enterprises. Knowledge, attitude and behavior scores statistically increased after worker's participation of the training courses (X2=15.31, P<0.001;X2=8.41, P= 0.0037;X2=48.00, P<0.001,respectively), so did the total scores of the 3 parts (X2 =23.05, P<0.001).
(2) More workers thought the working condition had been improved (X2=34.60, P<0.001) after the interventions.
(3) twenty-three pieces of suggestions to improve the working conditions were proposed by the workers, and most of them were adopted by the employers and got into practice.
Conclusions
Community health services have the capability of carrying out BOHS, though there were some barriers such as service sense, knowledge and financial supports. The BOHS interventions were efficient and were feasible. Education and training was one of the main intervention strategies.
引文
[1]俞文兰.探讨如何保障流动人员公平享有职业健康[J].中华劳动卫生职业病杂志.2008,26(02).
[2]陈昊.武汉市城区小工业企业工人卫生服务现状调查[J].医学与社会.2010,23(4)：11-12.
[3]李丽萍,黄静纯.汕头市小工业社区职业卫生服务现况分析[J].中国全科医学.2005,8(19).
[4]隋少峰,李士雪,孔凡玲,王燕.工业企业工人职业卫生服务需求现状调查[J].中国卫生事业管理.2008,25(7)：494--496.
[5]Pingle S. Basic occupational health services[J]. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2009,13(1):1-2.
[6]卫生部食品安全综合协调与卫生监督局.基本职业卫生服务正在全国展开[J].劳动保护.2010,(2)：92-93.
[7]以人为本科学规划宝安区积极探索基本职业卫生服务模式[J].特区经济.2009,(7).
[8]Chen Y, Chen J, Sun Y et al. Basic occupational health services in Baoan, China[J]. J Occup Health.2010,52(1):82-88.
[9]李德鸿.为最广泛的劳动力人群提供基本职业卫生服务[J].中华劳动卫生职业病杂志.2004,22(5)：321-322.
[10]Lu Wei WS-d. Occupational health management and service for small-scale industries in Shanghai[J]. Toxicology.2004,198(1-3):55-61.
[11]Manothum A, Rukijkanpanich J, Thawesaengskulthai D et al. A participatory model for improving occupational health and safety:improving informal sector working conditions in Thailand[J]. Int J Occup Environ Health.2009, 15(3):305-314.
[12]俞文兰,周安寿,姜绪胜.社区职业卫生培训的初步探讨[J].中国工业医学杂志.2007,20(2)：136.
[13]隋少峰,孔凡玲,王燕,王德军.山东省疾控机构职业卫生服务人力资源调查[J].环境与职业医学.2010,27(3)：162-164.
[14]张龙连 卢玲,白韶英,林英.北京丰台区一级以下医疗卫生机构开展基本职业卫生服务现有条件调查[J].职业与健康.2009,25(16)：1693-1695.
[15]李涛,张敏,苏志,陈锐,贺青华,张勇.我国职业卫生机构和队伍现状分析[J].工业卫生与职业病.2003,29(4)：201-202.
[16]刘雨,耿石.聊城市焊接作业危害现状及对健康的损害[J].实用预防医学.2004,12(25)：189-190.
[17]吴世达,佘明熹.小型木家具制造企业职业健康教育效果评价[J].中国工业医学杂志.2000,13(5)：307-308.
[18]吴英,朱国平.家具制造业、制鞋业职业危害监督前后调查分析[J].中国卫生监督杂志.2004,11(2)：65-66.
[19]杨惠芬,蔡金宝,徐惠芳,顾春,周颖,何丽芸,徐瑞芳.开展基本职业卫生服务后上海市青浦区职业卫生现况杨[J].环境与职业医学.2009, 6(26)：271-274.
[20]吴萍 孙东红，周万里，董路燕,胡尔玮,史济峰.上海市浦东新区企业职业卫生管理人员的调查和思考[J].职业与健康.2010,2(26)：343-345.
[21]张胜年.新世纪上海职业卫生服务改革与发展的思考[J].劳动医学.2001,3(18)：1-3.
[22]吴世达 佘明熹,顾小平,陈惠忠,陈纪刚.小工业社区职业卫生服务模式效果评估[J].劳动医学.2001,12(18)：331-333.
[23]刘萍,黄慧芳.58家乡镇企业流动上人职业卫生状况调查[J].上海预防医学杂志.2003,15(7)：349-354.
[24]林振华 顾浩,黄虹,黄慧芳,徐祖骏,高晓俊.上海普陀区基本职业卫生现状分析[J].中国公共卫生.2009,25(3)：228-231.
[25]徐群,盛丽霞,吴玉霞,黄威,张兰德,吴世达.上海桃浦地区小工业企业职业卫生技术服务的初步效果评价[J].环境与职业医学.2005,2(22)：1：58-59.
[26]Gudmarsdottir A TK. Health promotion in day-care centres in Reykjavik--intervention and result of actions[J]. Laeknabladid.2007,93(3): 189-198.
[27]Kishchuk N AF, O'Loughlin J, Masson P, Sacks-Silver G. Efficiency of printed materials in worksite health promotion[J]. Am J Health Promot.1991,5(5): 355-359.
[28]王杰.浙江省工业企业及工人职业卫生现状调查.杭州：浙江大学；2010.
[29]牟祎.深圳制造加工业从业人员职业危害的“知、信、行”现状及其干预.成都：四川大学；2007.
[30]唐国成,宾海华,陈夏明.深圳市松岗街道基本职业卫牛服务状况调查[J].中国热带医学.2007,7(4)：630-648.
[31]张蓓蕾.用人单位如何规范自主选择职业卫生服务[J].职业卫生与应急救援.2009,2(27)：1：20-22.
[32]高耘.不同经济类型乡镇工业企业职业卫生状况分析[J].中国卫生监督杂志.2007,5(1)：6-8.
[33]王玉新,王俊丽.乡镇企业职业卫生管理中存在的问题[J].职业与健康.2005,9(21)：1296-1297.
[34]柴树锋.企业改制对基层职业卫生监督工作的影响与对策[J].公共卫生与预防医学.2007,18(4)：99-100.
[35]尹江伟,肖惠贞.基本职业卫生服务中的检测能力建设探讨[J].职业与健康.2009,11(25)：2444-2447.
[36]Manothum A. Rukijkanpanich J, Thawesaengskulthai D et al. A participatory model for improving occupational health and safety:improving informal sector working conditions in Thailand[J]. Int J Occup Environ Health.2009, 15(3):305-314.
[37]刘双喜,陆州,古小明等.我国推行BOHS政策可行性分析[J].职业与健康.2009,25(22)：2448-2449.
1 WHO. Global Strategy on Occupational Health for All. The Way to Health at Work. Geneva:WHO,1995.
2 Rantanen J. Basic occupational health services. Helsiniki Finland:ILO/WHO committee. Afr Newslett on Occup Health and Safety 2005; 15:34-37.
3 Alii BO. Fundamental principles of occupational health and safety. Geneva:ILO, 2001:154.
4 Rantancn J, Lehtinen S, Mikheev M. Health protection and health promotion in small-scale enterprises. Proceedings of the Joint WHO/ILO Task Group 1-3 November 1993. Helsinki Finland:WHO, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health,1994:178.
5 International Labour Conference. Convention concerning occupational health services. Convention No.161. Geneva:ILO,1985.
6 International Labour Conference. Recommendation concerning occupational health services. Recommendation No.171. Geneva:ILO,1985.
7 Eijkemans G. Occupational health services as a part of primary health care. Helsinki:Finnish Institute of Occupational Health,2005.
8吴世达，佘明熹,陆隽,等.小工业社区职业卫生服务模式研究.劳动医学.2000,17(3)：138-141.
9 Lu Wei, Wu Shi-da. Occupational health management and service for small-scale industries in Shanghai. Toxicology.2004,198:55-61.
10林振华,顾浩,黄虹,等.上海普陀区基本职业卫生现状分析.中国公共卫生管理.2009,25(3)：228-231.
11顾学其,梁友信,李枫.乡镇工业职业卫生服务结合农村初级卫生保健的探索.中华劳动卫生职业病杂志.1992,(2)：109-110.
12吴礼康,彭巨成,陈永文.宝安区基本职业卫生服务工作的探索.中华劳动卫生职业病杂志.2009,27(4)：255-257.
13余晨,李德鸿，齐放.基本职业卫生服务简介.中华劳动卫生职业病杂志.2006,24(3)：189-191.
14张龙连,卢玲,白韶英,林英.北京丰台区一级以下医疗卫生机构开展基本职业卫生服务现有条件调查.职业与健康.2009,25(16)：1693-1695.
15沙焱,何家禧.基本职业卫生服务探讨.中国职业医学.2008,35(2)：971-972.
[2]陈昊.武汉市城区小工业企业工人卫生服务现状调查[J].医学与社会.2010,23(4)：11-12.
[3]李丽萍,黄静纯.汕头市小工业社区职业卫生服务现况分析[J].中国全科医学.2005,8(19).
[4]隋少峰,李士雪,孔凡玲,王燕.工业企业工人职业卫生服务需求现状调查[J].中国卫生事业管理.2008,25(7)：494--496.
[5]Pingle S. Basic occupational health services[J]. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2009,13(1):1-2.
[6]卫生部食品安全综合协调与卫生监督局.基本职业卫生服务正在全国展开[J].劳动保护.2010,(2)：92-93.
[7]以人为本科学规划宝安区积极探索基本职业卫生服务模式[J].特区经济.2009,(7).
[8]Chen Y, Chen J, Sun Y et al. Basic occupational health services in Baoan, China[J]. J Occup Health.2010,52(1):82-88.
[9]李德鸿.为最广泛的劳动力人群提供基本职业卫生服务[J].中华劳动卫生职业病杂志.2004,22(5)：321-322.
[10]Lu Wei WS-d. Occupational health management and service for small-scale industries in Shanghai[J]. Toxicology.2004,198(1-3):55-61.
[11]Manothum A, Rukijkanpanich J, Thawesaengskulthai D et al. A participatory model for improving occupational health and safety:improving informal sector working conditions in Thailand[J]. Int J Occup Environ Health.2009, 15(3):305-314.
[12]俞文兰,周安寿,姜绪胜.社区职业卫生培训的初步探讨[J].中国工业医学杂志.2007,20(2)：136.
[13]隋少峰,孔凡玲,王燕,王德军.山东省疾控机构职业卫生服务人力资源调查[J].环境与职业医学.2010,27(3)：162-164.
[14]张龙连 卢玲,白韶英,林英.北京丰台区一级以下医疗卫生机构开展基本职业卫生服务现有条件调查[J].职业与健康.2009,25(16)：1693-1695.
[15]李涛,张敏,苏志,陈锐,贺青华,张勇.我国职业卫生机构和队伍现状分析[J].工业卫生与职业病.2003,29(4)：201-202.
[16]刘雨,耿石.聊城市焊接作业危害现状及对健康的损害[J].实用预防医学.2004,12(25)：189-190.
[17]吴世达,佘明熹.小型木家具制造企业职业健康教育效果评价[J].中国工业医学杂志.2000,13(5)：307-308.
[18]吴英,朱国平.家具制造业、制鞋业职业危害监督前后调查分析[J].中国卫生监督杂志.2004,11(2)：65-66.
[19]杨惠芬,蔡金宝,徐惠芳,顾春,周颖,何丽芸,徐瑞芳.开展基本职业卫生服务后上海市青浦区职业卫生现况杨[J].环境与职业医学.2009, 6(26)：271-274.
[20]吴萍 孙东红，周万里，董路燕,胡尔玮,史济峰.上海市浦东新区企业职业卫生管理人员的调查和思考[J].职业与健康.2010,2(26)：343-345.
[21]张胜年.新世纪上海职业卫生服务改革与发展的思考[J].劳动医学.2001,3(18)：1-3.
[22]吴世达 佘明熹,顾小平,陈惠忠,陈纪刚.小工业社区职业卫生服务模式效果评估[J].劳动医学.2001,12(18)：331-333.
[23]刘萍,黄慧芳.58家乡镇企业流动上人职业卫生状况调查[J].上海预防医学杂志.2003,15(7)：349-354.
[24]林振华 顾浩,黄虹,黄慧芳,徐祖骏,高晓俊.上海普陀区基本职业卫生现状分析[J].中国公共卫生.2009,25(3)：228-231.
[25]徐群,盛丽霞,吴玉霞,黄威,张兰德,吴世达.上海桃浦地区小工业企业职业卫生技术服务的初步效果评价[J].环境与职业医学.2005,2(22)：1：58-59.
[26]Gudmarsdottir A TK. Health promotion in day-care centres in Reykjavik--intervention and result of actions[J]. Laeknabladid.2007,93(3): 189-198.
[27]Kishchuk N AF, O'Loughlin J, Masson P, Sacks-Silver G. Efficiency of printed materials in worksite health promotion[J]. Am J Health Promot.1991,5(5): 355-359.
[28]王杰.浙江省工业企业及工人职业卫生现状调查.杭州：浙江大学；2010.
[29]牟祎.深圳制造加工业从业人员职业危害的“知、信、行”现状及其干预.成都：四川大学；2007.
[30]唐国成,宾海华,陈夏明.深圳市松岗街道基本职业卫牛服务状况调查[J].中国热带医学.2007,7(4)：630-648.
[31]张蓓蕾.用人单位如何规范自主选择职业卫生服务[J].职业卫生与应急救援.2009,2(27)：1：20-22.
[32]高耘.不同经济类型乡镇工业企业职业卫生状况分析[J].中国卫生监督杂志.2007,5(1)：6-8.
[33]王玉新,王俊丽.乡镇企业职业卫生管理中存在的问题[J].职业与健康.2005,9(21)：1296-1297.
[34]柴树锋.企业改制对基层职业卫生监督工作的影响与对策[J].公共卫生与预防医学.2007,18(4)：99-100.
[35]尹江伟,肖惠贞.基本职业卫生服务中的检测能力建设探讨[J].职业与健康.2009,11(25)：2444-2447.
[36]Manothum A. Rukijkanpanich J, Thawesaengskulthai D et al. A participatory model for improving occupational health and safety:improving informal sector working conditions in Thailand[J]. Int J Occup Environ Health.2009, 15(3):305-314.
[37]刘双喜,陆州,古小明等.我国推行BOHS政策可行性分析[J].职业与健康.2009,25(22)：2448-2449.
1 WHO. Global Strategy on Occupational Health for All. The Way to Health at Work. Geneva:WHO,1995.
2 Rantanen J. Basic occupational health services. Helsiniki Finland:ILO/WHO committee. Afr Newslett on Occup Health and Safety 2005; 15:34-37.
3 Alii BO. Fundamental principles of occupational health and safety. Geneva:ILO, 2001:154.
4 Rantancn J, Lehtinen S, Mikheev M. Health protection and health promotion in small-scale enterprises. Proceedings of the Joint WHO/ILO Task Group 1-3 November 1993. Helsinki Finland:WHO, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health,1994:178.
5 International Labour Conference. Convention concerning occupational health services. Convention No.161. Geneva:ILO,1985.
6 International Labour Conference. Recommendation concerning occupational health services. Recommendation No.171. Geneva:ILO,1985.
7 Eijkemans G. Occupational health services as a part of primary health care. Helsinki:Finnish Institute of Occupational Health,2005.
8吴世达，佘明熹,陆隽,等.小工业社区职业卫生服务模式研究.劳动医学.2000,17(3)：138-141.
9 Lu Wei, Wu Shi-da. Occupational health management and service for small-scale industries in Shanghai. Toxicology.2004,198:55-61.
10林振华,顾浩,黄虹,等.上海普陀区基本职业卫生现状分析.中国公共卫生管理.2009,25(3)：228-231.
11顾学其,梁友信,李枫.乡镇工业职业卫生服务结合农村初级卫生保健的探索.中华劳动卫生职业病杂志.1992,(2)：109-110.
12吴礼康,彭巨成,陈永文.宝安区基本职业卫生服务工作的探索.中华劳动卫生职业病杂志.2009,27(4)：255-257.
13余晨,李德鸿，齐放.基本职业卫生服务简介.中华劳动卫生职业病杂志.2006,24(3)：189-191.
14张龙连,卢玲,白韶英,林英.北京丰台区一级以下医疗卫生机构开展基本职业卫生服务现有条件调查.职业与健康.2009,25(16)：1693-1695.
15沙焱,何家禧.基本职业卫生服务探讨.中国职业医学.2008,35(2)：971-972.