不同土岩比复合介质地表沉陷规律及预测研究
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摘要
大量的开采沉陷观测实践表明,不同的表土层厚度、基岩厚度、或者表土层和基岩层的厚度比(或称土岩比)开采条件下,煤矿开采岩层及地表沉陷规律表现不尽相同,地表移动变形量的大小也不同,对地面造成的损害差异性较大。本文在总结已有研究成果的基础之上,选择具备了不同土岩比地质特征的大型煤炭企业潞安集团司马矿区、屯留矿区和五阳矿区作为实验基地,通过现场调研、地表移动变形观测、相似材料物理模拟、计算机数值模拟、地面现场实测和理论预测、理论分析等大量工作,系统研究了土岩比复合介质煤矿开采条件下岩层及地表移动变形规律,提出了基于土岩比参数的地表变形预测方法。
论文的创新点如下：
(1)根据岩层移动的理论研究和分析,提出了基岩和松散层厚度分级标准,将基岩层分为薄基岩和厚基岩,将松散层也区分为薄松散和厚松散层。
(2)根据各煤矿开采区的地质体特征进行了分区研究,将不同的开采地质条件分为厚表土薄基岩(司马煤矿)、厚表土厚基岩(屯留煤矿)和薄表土厚基岩(五阳煤矿)三个模式。
(3)首次引入土岩比参数,分析了不同土岩比开采条件下预测方法研究,对常规的概率积分方法进行了改进,建立了基于土岩比特征参数的概率积分法预测预计模型。
取得了以下主要成果与结论：
(1)按照松散层厚度和基岩厚度的不同,根据潞安矿区的开采特点,将矿区分为不同土岩复合介质的三种类型：①薄表土厚基岩②厚表土薄基岩③厚表土厚基岩,通过对具有典型特征矿区的开采沉陷观测站观测结果表明：基岩厚度决定了地表塌陷的程度及地表破坏的延续时间,在中硬覆岩情况下,基岩层厚度越薄,地表移动破坏的时间越短；采深采厚一定时松散层厚度决定了地表的影响范围及破坏程度；
(2)开采沉陷角量参数和概率积分预测基本参数与松散层和基岩层厚度比密切相关,现场观测结果表明,随松散层厚度的增加,其下沉系数偏大,边界角及拐点偏移距较小,而基岩层厚度,则表示出较为相反的特性,因此可以说明在一定的开采深度条件下地表移动变形参数与土岩比(松散层厚度与基岩厚度比)密切相关。
(3)通过相似材料和数值模拟分析,揭示了基岩和松散层间的变形耦合关系。当基岩薄、松散层厚时,基岩内部难以形成阻止松散层大幅沉降的控制层,且松散层作为载荷紧压基岩层,整个上覆岩土体表现为松散层紧密基岩层,整体跟随的一体模式。当基岩较厚时才能在自身内部形成承载结构,控制松散层对基岩的载荷破断作用。
(4)基岩与松散层岩移机理上存在差异,基岩移动变形主要因地下开采向上传播引起的,而松散层由采动影响引起其自身压缩造成的；厚松散层内部测点的移动轨迹表明松散层随基岩层呈整体移动特性,开采影响下近似为垂直向上传播。基岩面移动盆地最大下沉值小于松散层地表的最大下沉值,基岩面移动盆地移动边界明显小于松散层地表下沉盆地边界,且收敛性存在显著差异。
(5)首次提出土岩比参量,将土岩比参量引入概率积分法,提出了基于土岩比特征的概率积分实用预计方法,针对不同土岩比地质特征进行计算检验,经对司马、屯留和五阳等矿实测结果和预测结果对比分析表明,具有较好的吻合性。
A large number of mining subsidence observation practices show that subsidence regularity of coal mining rock strata and the surface does not have the same performance, the surface movement deformation values are also different and the surface damage causes larger difference under different mining conditions due to loose thickness, bedrock thickness, or thickness ratios of loose and bedrock.
In this paper, based on the summarization of existing research results, sima mining area, tunliu mining area and wuyang mining area which belong to the large coal enterprise luan group are selected as experimental bases having geological features on different thickness ratios of loose and bedrock. Through lots of work such as field investigation, surface movement deformation observation, similar material physical simulation, computer numerical simulation, ground field measurement and theoretical prediction, theoretical analysis and so on, the rock strata and surface movement-deformation regularity caused by coal mining under the mining condition of composite mediums with different thickness ratios of loose and bedrock are studied and mining subsidence prediction method is presented based on thickness ratios of loose and bedrock coefficient, providing the theory basis for the prevention and recovery of coal mining damage.
Innovations in the paper are as follows:(1) According to the theoretical analysis of rock strata movement, classification standards of thickness on loose and bedrock are proposed, dividing bedrock into thin bedrock and thick bedrock and also dividing loose into thin loose and thick loose.
(2) According to geological mining features of mining areas in Luan, zoning study is conducted to mining conditions and different mining geological conditions are divided into three kinds:thick loose and thin bedrock (sima coal mine), thick loose and thick bedrock (tunliu coal mine), thin loose and thick bedrock (wuyang coal mine).
(3) Parameters on thickness ratios of loose and bedrock are introduced for the first time. Forecasting methods on different thickness ratios of loose and bedrock soil are analyzed. The conventional probability integral method is improved. The prediction model of probability integral method containing parameters on thickness ratios of loose and bedrock is established.
The main achievements and conclusions are obtained as follows:
(1) According to different thickness of loose and bedrock and mining characteristics of Luan group, mining areas are divided into three types on different composite mediums with loose and bedrock:①thin loose and thick bedrock②thick loose and thin bedrock③thick loose and thick bedrock, observations through to mining subsidence observing stations in typical feature mining areas show that:Bedrock thickness determines the duration of surface damage and the degree of surface subsidence. As medium-hard overburden rocks, the thinner of bedrock thickness, the shorter of surface movement destruction of the time; when mining depth and mining thickness are constant, loose thickness determines influence scope and destroy degree of the surface. With the increase of loose thickness, surface influence scope becomes larger, the curvature of surface horizontal deformation has also increased;
(2) No matter what basic parameters or angle parameters of mining subsidence probability integral, the changes of value are closely related to thickness of loose and bedrock. The observation results show:loose thickness is thicker, subsidence coefficient is larger, and boundary angle and inflexion offset are smaller, while bedrock thickness shows opposite characteristics. So when mining depth is constant, surface movement deformation parameters and thickness ratios of loose and bedrock have close relationship.
(3) Through similar material and numerical simulation analysis, it reveals the coupling deformation relationship between bedrock and loose. Since thin bedrock and thick loose, it is hard to form control layer for stopping loose substantial subsidence inside the bedrock, and loose as loads compresses bedrock, the whole overlying bedrock and loose shows integration model on loose compressed and closely followed bedrock. When the bedrock is thicker, bearing structure is shaped inside itself which controls loose role in load breakage of bedrock.
(4) Rock strata movement mechanism on bedrock and loose are different, bedrock movement deformation mainly causes by spread upward through underground mining, loose movement deformation causes by its own compression through mining influence; Observation points trajectory inside the thick loose shows that bedrock with loose appears whole moving characteristic, mining influence be approximated into vertical upwards spread. The different between subsidence basins of loose and bedrock under mining influence shows:the mining degree of bedrock is higher than surface mining degree of loose, the maximum subsidence value of bedrock movement basin is lower than it of loose surface, the moving boundary of bedrock movement basin is obviously smaller than it of loose surface subsidence basin and there is significant difference in convergence.
(5) Parameters on thickness ratios of loose and bedrock are proposed for the first time and introduced into probability integral method. The probability integral prediction method based on characteristics of thickness ratios of loose and bedrock is put forward. In view of characteristics on different thickness ratios of loose and bedrock, measured and prediction results are well coincident which are compared and analyzed by sima, tunliu and wangzhuang, ect.
论文的创新点如下：
(1)根据岩层移动的理论研究和分析,提出了基岩和松散层厚度分级标准,将基岩层分为薄基岩和厚基岩,将松散层也区分为薄松散和厚松散层。
(2)根据各煤矿开采区的地质体特征进行了分区研究,将不同的开采地质条件分为厚表土薄基岩(司马煤矿)、厚表土厚基岩(屯留煤矿)和薄表土厚基岩(五阳煤矿)三个模式。
(3)首次引入土岩比参数,分析了不同土岩比开采条件下预测方法研究,对常规的概率积分方法进行了改进,建立了基于土岩比特征参数的概率积分法预测预计模型。
取得了以下主要成果与结论：
(1)按照松散层厚度和基岩厚度的不同,根据潞安矿区的开采特点,将矿区分为不同土岩复合介质的三种类型：①薄表土厚基岩②厚表土薄基岩③厚表土厚基岩,通过对具有典型特征矿区的开采沉陷观测站观测结果表明：基岩厚度决定了地表塌陷的程度及地表破坏的延续时间,在中硬覆岩情况下,基岩层厚度越薄,地表移动破坏的时间越短；采深采厚一定时松散层厚度决定了地表的影响范围及破坏程度；
(2)开采沉陷角量参数和概率积分预测基本参数与松散层和基岩层厚度比密切相关,现场观测结果表明,随松散层厚度的增加,其下沉系数偏大,边界角及拐点偏移距较小,而基岩层厚度,则表示出较为相反的特性,因此可以说明在一定的开采深度条件下地表移动变形参数与土岩比(松散层厚度与基岩厚度比)密切相关。
(3)通过相似材料和数值模拟分析,揭示了基岩和松散层间的变形耦合关系。当基岩薄、松散层厚时,基岩内部难以形成阻止松散层大幅沉降的控制层,且松散层作为载荷紧压基岩层,整个上覆岩土体表现为松散层紧密基岩层,整体跟随的一体模式。当基岩较厚时才能在自身内部形成承载结构,控制松散层对基岩的载荷破断作用。
(4)基岩与松散层岩移机理上存在差异,基岩移动变形主要因地下开采向上传播引起的,而松散层由采动影响引起其自身压缩造成的；厚松散层内部测点的移动轨迹表明松散层随基岩层呈整体移动特性,开采影响下近似为垂直向上传播。基岩面移动盆地最大下沉值小于松散层地表的最大下沉值,基岩面移动盆地移动边界明显小于松散层地表下沉盆地边界,且收敛性存在显著差异。
(5)首次提出土岩比参量,将土岩比参量引入概率积分法,提出了基于土岩比特征的概率积分实用预计方法,针对不同土岩比地质特征进行计算检验,经对司马、屯留和五阳等矿实测结果和预测结果对比分析表明,具有较好的吻合性。
A large number of mining subsidence observation practices show that subsidence regularity of coal mining rock strata and the surface does not have the same performance, the surface movement deformation values are also different and the surface damage causes larger difference under different mining conditions due to loose thickness, bedrock thickness, or thickness ratios of loose and bedrock.
In this paper, based on the summarization of existing research results, sima mining area, tunliu mining area and wuyang mining area which belong to the large coal enterprise luan group are selected as experimental bases having geological features on different thickness ratios of loose and bedrock. Through lots of work such as field investigation, surface movement deformation observation, similar material physical simulation, computer numerical simulation, ground field measurement and theoretical prediction, theoretical analysis and so on, the rock strata and surface movement-deformation regularity caused by coal mining under the mining condition of composite mediums with different thickness ratios of loose and bedrock are studied and mining subsidence prediction method is presented based on thickness ratios of loose and bedrock coefficient, providing the theory basis for the prevention and recovery of coal mining damage.
Innovations in the paper are as follows:(1) According to the theoretical analysis of rock strata movement, classification standards of thickness on loose and bedrock are proposed, dividing bedrock into thin bedrock and thick bedrock and also dividing loose into thin loose and thick loose.
(2) According to geological mining features of mining areas in Luan, zoning study is conducted to mining conditions and different mining geological conditions are divided into three kinds:thick loose and thin bedrock (sima coal mine), thick loose and thick bedrock (tunliu coal mine), thin loose and thick bedrock (wuyang coal mine).
(3) Parameters on thickness ratios of loose and bedrock are introduced for the first time. Forecasting methods on different thickness ratios of loose and bedrock soil are analyzed. The conventional probability integral method is improved. The prediction model of probability integral method containing parameters on thickness ratios of loose and bedrock is established.
The main achievements and conclusions are obtained as follows:
(1) According to different thickness of loose and bedrock and mining characteristics of Luan group, mining areas are divided into three types on different composite mediums with loose and bedrock:①thin loose and thick bedrock②thick loose and thin bedrock③thick loose and thick bedrock, observations through to mining subsidence observing stations in typical feature mining areas show that:Bedrock thickness determines the duration of surface damage and the degree of surface subsidence. As medium-hard overburden rocks, the thinner of bedrock thickness, the shorter of surface movement destruction of the time; when mining depth and mining thickness are constant, loose thickness determines influence scope and destroy degree of the surface. With the increase of loose thickness, surface influence scope becomes larger, the curvature of surface horizontal deformation has also increased;
(2) No matter what basic parameters or angle parameters of mining subsidence probability integral, the changes of value are closely related to thickness of loose and bedrock. The observation results show:loose thickness is thicker, subsidence coefficient is larger, and boundary angle and inflexion offset are smaller, while bedrock thickness shows opposite characteristics. So when mining depth is constant, surface movement deformation parameters and thickness ratios of loose and bedrock have close relationship.
(3) Through similar material and numerical simulation analysis, it reveals the coupling deformation relationship between bedrock and loose. Since thin bedrock and thick loose, it is hard to form control layer for stopping loose substantial subsidence inside the bedrock, and loose as loads compresses bedrock, the whole overlying bedrock and loose shows integration model on loose compressed and closely followed bedrock. When the bedrock is thicker, bearing structure is shaped inside itself which controls loose role in load breakage of bedrock.
(4) Rock strata movement mechanism on bedrock and loose are different, bedrock movement deformation mainly causes by spread upward through underground mining, loose movement deformation causes by its own compression through mining influence; Observation points trajectory inside the thick loose shows that bedrock with loose appears whole moving characteristic, mining influence be approximated into vertical upwards spread. The different between subsidence basins of loose and bedrock under mining influence shows:the mining degree of bedrock is higher than surface mining degree of loose, the maximum subsidence value of bedrock movement basin is lower than it of loose surface, the moving boundary of bedrock movement basin is obviously smaller than it of loose surface subsidence basin and there is significant difference in convergence.
(5) Parameters on thickness ratios of loose and bedrock are proposed for the first time and introduced into probability integral method. The probability integral prediction method based on characteristics of thickness ratios of loose and bedrock is put forward. In view of characteristics on different thickness ratios of loose and bedrock, measured and prediction results are well coincident which are compared and analyzed by sima, tunliu and wangzhuang, ect.
引文
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