基于规则和相似性的分类过程在复杂视知觉分类任务中的作用
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摘要
分类研究一直是认知心理学中最为关注、投入精力最多的重大课题之一。尤其是在当前,分类研究越来越成为国际心理学研究的热点。以往的理论主要是基于类别学习的单系统理论的假设,把分类过程分为基于规则的分类过程和基于相似性的分类过程。而近十多年来概念和类别的研究关注类别学习中的多重系统理论问题。多重系统理论模型不仅得到了行为学实验的支持,更重要的是得到了临床神经心理以及认知神经研究的广泛支持,但是由于实验研究中采用的是两种不同的类别结构材料,还是受到了单一系统理论的质疑。
目前多重表征和多重加工过程的观点逐渐被多数人接受,但是对于基于规则和基于相似性的加工是如何出现在同一分类任务中?两者是如何交互作用的?哪些因素会影响两者的交互作用?对这些问题研究还处于起始阶段,尤其是对于两种不同加工过程交互的条件、机制等许多方面都存在争论,还没有形成共识。
针对这些问题,本研究通过比较基于规则和基于相似性的两种不同分类学习在相同的复杂视知觉分类任务中的差异,来探察基于规则的和基于相似性的加工过程之间的交互作用和机制,以期对分类加工过程和机制有更深入、全面的了解。
本研究由四个实验研究组成。研究一,比较了不同感知难度的刺激对基于规则的和基于相似性的分类过程的影响。研究二,考察高低不同的知觉负载在增加工作记忆负荷的条件下,对基于规则的和基于相似性的两种不同分类过程的影响。研究三,采用感知难度最大的刺激,考察了意识和无意识加工分别在基于规则的和基于相似性的分类过程中的作用和贡献。研究四,采用感知难度最大的刺激,考察了被试在基于规则的和基于相似性的分类过程中的分类策略。
研究结果表明：
1.基于规则和基于相似性的加工是两种不同的认知加工过程。
2.基于规则和基于相似性的加工过程可以同时存在同一分类过程中并且互相作用。
3.同一分类任务中,基于规则和基于相似性的加工力量的变化受到规则的复杂性、知觉负载、刺激的显著性、注意,分类策略等因素的影响。
4.从本研究的结果来看,基于规则和基于相似性的加工过程之间的交互机制更符合多重系统理论的解释。本研究结果支持了多重系统理论,不支持单一系统理论。
Category research is one of the most important aspects of cognitive psychology. Especially nowadays, category research plays an important role in international psychology research. Traditional theories of category research are based on single-system model which can be divided into two categories:rule-based category versus similarity-based category. But in the past decade, category study has focused on multiple-system Model which was supported not only by behavioral experiments but also by cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology. Because of the two different category structures used in experimental research, the multiple-system theory has been criticized by the single-system theory.
Nowadays multiple-system theory has been gradually accepted by most people. However, there are some questions which are not clear and are still in early research, such as how the processes of rule-based and similarity-based are in one category task, how the two processes interact, and what the factors which may influence the interaction. There are debate on the condition and mechanism in which the two processes interact.
Focusing on these questions, this paper compares the differences of rule-based process and similarity-based process in the same complex visual categorization task, and studies the interaction and mechanism of the two category processes, in order to investigate categorization process and mechanism more deeply and globally.
This research consists of four experiments. Firstly, we compare the influences of different stimulus on the rule-based category process and similarity-based category process. Secondly, under the working memory load, we study the influence of different perceptual load on the two category processes. Thirdly, using the most difficult perceptual stimulus, we study the contributions of consciousness and unconsciousness in the two category processes. Fourthly, using the most difficult perceptual stimulus, we study the category strategy of participants in the two category processes.
The main results are elaborated as follows:
1. The rule-based category process and similarity-based category process are two different cognition processes.
2. The rule-based process and similarity-based process can exist and interact in one category task.
3. In one category task, the two processes of rule-based and similarity-based are influenced by many factors such as the rule complexity, the perceptual load, the perceptual saliency, the attention, and the category strategy, et al.
4. The multiple-system theory, not the single-system theory, is supported by the interaction mechanism of the two category processes.
目前多重表征和多重加工过程的观点逐渐被多数人接受,但是对于基于规则和基于相似性的加工是如何出现在同一分类任务中?两者是如何交互作用的?哪些因素会影响两者的交互作用?对这些问题研究还处于起始阶段,尤其是对于两种不同加工过程交互的条件、机制等许多方面都存在争论,还没有形成共识。
针对这些问题,本研究通过比较基于规则和基于相似性的两种不同分类学习在相同的复杂视知觉分类任务中的差异,来探察基于规则的和基于相似性的加工过程之间的交互作用和机制,以期对分类加工过程和机制有更深入、全面的了解。
本研究由四个实验研究组成。研究一,比较了不同感知难度的刺激对基于规则的和基于相似性的分类过程的影响。研究二,考察高低不同的知觉负载在增加工作记忆负荷的条件下,对基于规则的和基于相似性的两种不同分类过程的影响。研究三,采用感知难度最大的刺激,考察了意识和无意识加工分别在基于规则的和基于相似性的分类过程中的作用和贡献。研究四,采用感知难度最大的刺激,考察了被试在基于规则的和基于相似性的分类过程中的分类策略。
研究结果表明：
1.基于规则和基于相似性的加工是两种不同的认知加工过程。
2.基于规则和基于相似性的加工过程可以同时存在同一分类过程中并且互相作用。
3.同一分类任务中,基于规则和基于相似性的加工力量的变化受到规则的复杂性、知觉负载、刺激的显著性、注意,分类策略等因素的影响。
4.从本研究的结果来看,基于规则和基于相似性的加工过程之间的交互机制更符合多重系统理论的解释。本研究结果支持了多重系统理论,不支持单一系统理论。
Category research is one of the most important aspects of cognitive psychology. Especially nowadays, category research plays an important role in international psychology research. Traditional theories of category research are based on single-system model which can be divided into two categories:rule-based category versus similarity-based category. But in the past decade, category study has focused on multiple-system Model which was supported not only by behavioral experiments but also by cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology. Because of the two different category structures used in experimental research, the multiple-system theory has been criticized by the single-system theory.
Nowadays multiple-system theory has been gradually accepted by most people. However, there are some questions which are not clear and are still in early research, such as how the processes of rule-based and similarity-based are in one category task, how the two processes interact, and what the factors which may influence the interaction. There are debate on the condition and mechanism in which the two processes interact.
Focusing on these questions, this paper compares the differences of rule-based process and similarity-based process in the same complex visual categorization task, and studies the interaction and mechanism of the two category processes, in order to investigate categorization process and mechanism more deeply and globally.
This research consists of four experiments. Firstly, we compare the influences of different stimulus on the rule-based category process and similarity-based category process. Secondly, under the working memory load, we study the influence of different perceptual load on the two category processes. Thirdly, using the most difficult perceptual stimulus, we study the contributions of consciousness and unconsciousness in the two category processes. Fourthly, using the most difficult perceptual stimulus, we study the category strategy of participants in the two category processes.
The main results are elaborated as follows:
1. The rule-based category process and similarity-based category process are two different cognition processes.
2. The rule-based process and similarity-based process can exist and interact in one category task.
3. In one category task, the two processes of rule-based and similarity-based are influenced by many factors such as the rule complexity, the perceptual load, the perceptual saliency, the attention, and the category strategy, et al.
4. The multiple-system theory, not the single-system theory, is supported by the interaction mechanism of the two category processes.
引文
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