轨道客车碰撞被动安全性研究
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摘要
铁路运输以其独特的优势在我国交通运输中扮演了重要角色,是国民经济发展的先导,随着城市化进程的加快和人民物质文化水平的提高,旅客运输正向着高速、安全、舒适的方向发展。然而,高速行驶的列车一旦发生碰撞事故,将导致旅客生命、财产的巨大损失,时有发生的碰撞事故给人们敲醒了警钟,向人们昭示着研究车辆被动安全防护技术的必要性。本文在总结国内外研究现状的基础上,讨论了耐碰撞轨道车辆设计及仿真中的关键技术,研究了轨道客车的被动安全防护系统及乘员安全。
论文首先对轨道车辆碰撞动态非线性有限元基本原理进行了介绍,主要包括基本力学方程和求解算法；对动态非线性有限元中显示中心差分法、质量缩放、沙漏问题的控制及刚性墙的处理等关键技术问题进行了系统得说明。
其次以某200km/h卧铺客车为基体,研究设计了其被动安全防护系统。通过采用LS-DYNA中离散梁单元并配以119#材料,对钩缓装置的特性进行了真实的模拟；通过调研相关文献吸能装置,设计了6种不同结构、形状的吸能元件,选取性能最好的作为最终方案；通过合理得削弱客车端部结构的板厚及加开减载孔,使得客车纵向刚度呈现“弱-强-弱”分布,将车体端部弱刚度结构设计为吸能区域。
然后针对目前轨道车辆碰撞仿真中对轮、轨及车体与转向架连接关系模拟高度简化的现状,提出建立实际的、详细的轮、轨有限元模型来更真实得模拟轮轨接触关系；建立中心销、牵引拉杆实际有限元模型,通过做接触来模拟车体与转向架的牵引装置；采用LS-DYNA中离散梁单元并配以66#材料来模拟空气弹簧的特性。
最后根据欧洲标准EN12663,选取13个常见的、恶劣的静强度工况对200km/h卧铺客车进行强度验证；根据标准EN15227及参考相关文献,设计6个典型的碰撞工况,验证客车被动安全防护系统的耐撞性,重点考察其加速度、变形及吸能特性；借鉴汽车领域成熟的乘员安全评价方法,建立卧铺车厢的详细结构,对典型工况下的乘员二次碰撞进行研究,重点讨论比较了不同姿态、不同位置、不同性别的乘员受伤情况。
Rail transport with its unique advantages plays an important role in China's transportation, which is a pilot of the national economy development. With the acceleration of urbanization process and the improvement of people's material and cultural level, passenger transport is developing towards to direction of high-speed, more safe and comfort. However, once the train with high speed involved in a collision accident, it would result in a great loss of passengers' lives and properties. Occasional train collision accidents hit the alarm to people, reminding people of the need for researching the vehicle's passive safety technologies. Based on the present research status at home and abroad, key technologies for design and simulation of crashworthy railway vehicles is discussed and the passive safety system for railway passenger vehicle and occupant safety are studied in this paper.
Firstly, the basic theories of dynamic nonlinear finite element for railway vehicle collision are introduced, which mainly include the basic mechanical equations and algorithms. Specially, key technical issues in the dynamic nonlinear finite element are described such as the explicit central difference method, mass scaling, the hourglass of control and the rigid wall treatment and so on.
Secondly, regarding a200km/h sleeper vehicle as the object, its passive safety system is designed. By using the discrete beam with Matl19in LS-DYNA, the characteristics of coupler-buffer is realistically simulated. On the basis of literature research,6kinds of energy-absorbing devices with different structures and shapes are designed. The best one is selected as the finial case. By reasonably weaken the thickness of board and plug lighting holes in the end structure of car-body, it makes the longitudinal stiffness of passenger railway vehicle distribute as manner of "weak-strong-weak". So the car-body's end structures are designed to be energy-absorbing areas.
Thirdly, aimed at the status that the connect relationship of wheel and track, the connection between car-body and bogie are highly simplified, it is proposed to simulated the connection relationship by establishing the actual and detailed finite element modals of wheel and track. By setting up the actual structural finite element of center pin and traction rod, the connect segments are making between them to simulate the traction device. By using the discrete beam with Mat66in LS-DYNA, the feature of air spring is well modeling.
Finally, according to the standard EN12663, thirteen common and harsh static strength conditions are selected to verify the structure strength of200km/h sleeper vehicle. According to the standard EN15227and other related reference literatures, six typical collision conditions are designed to verify the crashworthiness of the vehicle's passive safety system, which chiefly viewing the acceleration, deformation and energy-absorbing. Draw lessons from mature occupant safety evaluation method in automobile industry, by building the detail structure of sleeper compartment, passengers' secondary collision in six typical collision conditions are researched, which focus on comparing the occupant injuries of different postures, different positions and different genders.
论文首先对轨道车辆碰撞动态非线性有限元基本原理进行了介绍,主要包括基本力学方程和求解算法；对动态非线性有限元中显示中心差分法、质量缩放、沙漏问题的控制及刚性墙的处理等关键技术问题进行了系统得说明。
其次以某200km/h卧铺客车为基体,研究设计了其被动安全防护系统。通过采用LS-DYNA中离散梁单元并配以119#材料,对钩缓装置的特性进行了真实的模拟；通过调研相关文献吸能装置,设计了6种不同结构、形状的吸能元件,选取性能最好的作为最终方案；通过合理得削弱客车端部结构的板厚及加开减载孔,使得客车纵向刚度呈现“弱-强-弱”分布,将车体端部弱刚度结构设计为吸能区域。
然后针对目前轨道车辆碰撞仿真中对轮、轨及车体与转向架连接关系模拟高度简化的现状,提出建立实际的、详细的轮、轨有限元模型来更真实得模拟轮轨接触关系；建立中心销、牵引拉杆实际有限元模型,通过做接触来模拟车体与转向架的牵引装置；采用LS-DYNA中离散梁单元并配以66#材料来模拟空气弹簧的特性。
最后根据欧洲标准EN12663,选取13个常见的、恶劣的静强度工况对200km/h卧铺客车进行强度验证；根据标准EN15227及参考相关文献,设计6个典型的碰撞工况,验证客车被动安全防护系统的耐撞性,重点考察其加速度、变形及吸能特性；借鉴汽车领域成熟的乘员安全评价方法,建立卧铺车厢的详细结构,对典型工况下的乘员二次碰撞进行研究,重点讨论比较了不同姿态、不同位置、不同性别的乘员受伤情况。
Rail transport with its unique advantages plays an important role in China's transportation, which is a pilot of the national economy development. With the acceleration of urbanization process and the improvement of people's material and cultural level, passenger transport is developing towards to direction of high-speed, more safe and comfort. However, once the train with high speed involved in a collision accident, it would result in a great loss of passengers' lives and properties. Occasional train collision accidents hit the alarm to people, reminding people of the need for researching the vehicle's passive safety technologies. Based on the present research status at home and abroad, key technologies for design and simulation of crashworthy railway vehicles is discussed and the passive safety system for railway passenger vehicle and occupant safety are studied in this paper.
Firstly, the basic theories of dynamic nonlinear finite element for railway vehicle collision are introduced, which mainly include the basic mechanical equations and algorithms. Specially, key technical issues in the dynamic nonlinear finite element are described such as the explicit central difference method, mass scaling, the hourglass of control and the rigid wall treatment and so on.
Secondly, regarding a200km/h sleeper vehicle as the object, its passive safety system is designed. By using the discrete beam with Matl19in LS-DYNA, the characteristics of coupler-buffer is realistically simulated. On the basis of literature research,6kinds of energy-absorbing devices with different structures and shapes are designed. The best one is selected as the finial case. By reasonably weaken the thickness of board and plug lighting holes in the end structure of car-body, it makes the longitudinal stiffness of passenger railway vehicle distribute as manner of "weak-strong-weak". So the car-body's end structures are designed to be energy-absorbing areas.
Thirdly, aimed at the status that the connect relationship of wheel and track, the connection between car-body and bogie are highly simplified, it is proposed to simulated the connection relationship by establishing the actual and detailed finite element modals of wheel and track. By setting up the actual structural finite element of center pin and traction rod, the connect segments are making between them to simulate the traction device. By using the discrete beam with Mat66in LS-DYNA, the feature of air spring is well modeling.
Finally, according to the standard EN12663, thirteen common and harsh static strength conditions are selected to verify the structure strength of200km/h sleeper vehicle. According to the standard EN15227and other related reference literatures, six typical collision conditions are designed to verify the crashworthiness of the vehicle's passive safety system, which chiefly viewing the acceleration, deformation and energy-absorbing. Draw lessons from mature occupant safety evaluation method in automobile industry, by building the detail structure of sleeper compartment, passengers' secondary collision in six typical collision conditions are researched, which focus on comparing the occupant injuries of different postures, different positions and different genders.
引文
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