城市公交系统网络运能计算与优化整合理论及方法研究
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摘要
随着经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高,出行需求的多样性以及城市公交系统优先发展,对整个公交系统的网络布局、运能配置和枢纽体系规划提出了更高的要求。为了避免单一方式、单一线路运能配置的片面性和局限性,有必要整合各公交方式的资源,辨识公交系统各线路的功能配置,构建换乘体系,分析影响公交系统整体运能的瓶颈线路与站点,建立科学合理的公交系统网络运能计算和优化整合理论体系和方法,为公交系统服务水平的改善提供决策支持,这不仅对我国公交系统规划理论的不断完善和发展起到积极的作用,也是我国公交优先发展理论体系的必要补充和完善。此外,建设和发展多种公交方式有效衔接的公交系统是解决城市交通问题的关键,尤其是在我国目前经济发展迅速,而公交建设资金较匮乏的情况下,提高公共交通的运行效率和运行质量,更有目标性地对基础设施建设进行投资是行之有效的措施,可有效整合现有的系统资源,避免投资的盲目追加造成的资源浪费。
本文首先提出了城市公交系统网络运能的概念,通过对城市公交系统网络运能的界定分析得出其相关影响因素,这些影响因素包括:外部环境、乘客需求模式、公交运营网络、公交服务水平、线路能力、站点和枢纽能力,并分别对这些因素进行分析。
其次,根据对公交系统网络运能概念的界定,将城市公交系统网络运能计算模型分为常规公交系统网络运能计算模型和多式公交系统网络运能计算模型;根据公交系统的网络特性,采用双层规划方法构建了考虑服务水平的常规公交系统网络运能模型和多式公交系统网络运能模型,结合模型特点设计了基于邻域搜索的混合遗传算法,通过相关算例验证了模型和算法的可行性和收敛性。
第三,在城市公交系统线网拓扑结构基础上,提出城市公交系统网络运能优化整合多目标模型;由城市公交的规划实践扩展得到了基于需求满足要求的城市公交系统网络运能优化整合模型和基于总成本限制的城市公交系统网络运能优化整合模型;鉴于城市公交系统网络运能优化整合模型为NP-hard问题,本文采用启发式方法将数学优化方法和交通运输规划新理念和新方法相结合,提出了“宏观整合,微观调整”的规划理念以及网络运能优化整合的总体规划框架;通过城市公交系统网络宏观定性和定量分析方法得到的规划结果作为微观调整的主要规划依据;根据所需基本数据,提出微观调整的规划步骤,这些步骤主要包括了基于区域功能等级的城市公交线路的微观调整、基于阶段化路径层级的城市公交系统网络分配以及基于质量互补策略的城市公交线网运能配置分析,并通过配置成本的对比分析得到线网运能优化配置结果。
最后,通过北京市海淀区山后地区公交系统网络运能优化整合的实证研究,对公交运能优化整合的规划方法进行验证。
With the progress of economics and standards of living, the configuration of transit network, the transportation capacity allocation and the planning of hub system are highly required due to the variety of demand and the development of transit system priority. The theory and method of the calculation and optimal integration to network transportation capacity for urban transit system is presented in order to avoid the limit of separate modal and line capacity planning. The theory could integrate resources for multi-modal. And it could analyze the allocation of functions for urban transit networks and the conformation of hub systems and the bottleneck of lines and stops for the capacity of transit system. The theory and method are studied for the supporting decision to improve level of service, the improvement and the development to the theory of transit system planning, and the complement and the advancement to the theory of transit priority. Furthermore, the development of intermodal transit system is the key for solving the problem of urban traffic. Especially, under the progress of economics and the fund deficiency for transit, the operation efficiency and operation quality of transit and the investment for target infrastructures should be evenly improved, which is an effective measure for integrating existing resources and avoiding the waste of blindly increasing investments.
Firstly, the concept of network transportation capacity for urban transit system is presented by the theory and method of system science in this paper. According to the definition of network transportation capacity for urban transit system, the influence factors are analyzed, which include external environment, passenger demand mode, transit operation network, level of service, line capacity, stop and hub capacity.
Secondly, according to the definition of transit network capacity, the theory for urban transit network capacity is divided to bus transit network capacity modal and intermodal transit network capacity modal. Bus transit network capacity modal and intermodal transit network capacity modal based on level of service are established by bi-level programming in term of network characteristic for transit system. And the heuristic method based on hybrid genetic algorithm with local search is designed and an example is computed to display the feasibility and the convergence of the modal and the algorithm.
Thirdly, based on network topology for urban transit system, multi-objective modal of integrated optimization for urban transit network capacity is presented. The modal is extended to integrated optimization modals for urban transit network capacity based on demand satisfied and based on total cost limited in term of practical planning of urban transit. The combinatorial complexity of the solution is analyzed according to the conformation of the modal, which belongs to NP-hard problem.
Furthermore, the idea of "integrated in macro plan, adjusted in micro plan" and the general frame of optimal integration for transit network transportation capacity are presented by a heuristic method which combines mathematic optimization and new idea of transportation planning in this paper. The results are planned by macro qualitative and quantitative planning for urban transit network as the primary foundation for micro adjustment. Adjusted procedures in micro plan are presented according to basic data, which include transit line adjustment based on regional function ranks, intermodal transit network assignment based on levels of path phases, and transit line capacity allocation based on complement strategies of quality and quantity, and the comparison of allocation costs is analyzed.
Finally, the method of optimal integration for transit network capacity is tested by optimal itegration of transit network transportation capacity of shanhou district in Beijing.
本文首先提出了城市公交系统网络运能的概念,通过对城市公交系统网络运能的界定分析得出其相关影响因素,这些影响因素包括:外部环境、乘客需求模式、公交运营网络、公交服务水平、线路能力、站点和枢纽能力,并分别对这些因素进行分析。
其次,根据对公交系统网络运能概念的界定,将城市公交系统网络运能计算模型分为常规公交系统网络运能计算模型和多式公交系统网络运能计算模型;根据公交系统的网络特性,采用双层规划方法构建了考虑服务水平的常规公交系统网络运能模型和多式公交系统网络运能模型,结合模型特点设计了基于邻域搜索的混合遗传算法,通过相关算例验证了模型和算法的可行性和收敛性。
第三,在城市公交系统线网拓扑结构基础上,提出城市公交系统网络运能优化整合多目标模型;由城市公交的规划实践扩展得到了基于需求满足要求的城市公交系统网络运能优化整合模型和基于总成本限制的城市公交系统网络运能优化整合模型;鉴于城市公交系统网络运能优化整合模型为NP-hard问题,本文采用启发式方法将数学优化方法和交通运输规划新理念和新方法相结合,提出了“宏观整合,微观调整”的规划理念以及网络运能优化整合的总体规划框架;通过城市公交系统网络宏观定性和定量分析方法得到的规划结果作为微观调整的主要规划依据;根据所需基本数据,提出微观调整的规划步骤,这些步骤主要包括了基于区域功能等级的城市公交线路的微观调整、基于阶段化路径层级的城市公交系统网络分配以及基于质量互补策略的城市公交线网运能配置分析,并通过配置成本的对比分析得到线网运能优化配置结果。
最后,通过北京市海淀区山后地区公交系统网络运能优化整合的实证研究,对公交运能优化整合的规划方法进行验证。
With the progress of economics and standards of living, the configuration of transit network, the transportation capacity allocation and the planning of hub system are highly required due to the variety of demand and the development of transit system priority. The theory and method of the calculation and optimal integration to network transportation capacity for urban transit system is presented in order to avoid the limit of separate modal and line capacity planning. The theory could integrate resources for multi-modal. And it could analyze the allocation of functions for urban transit networks and the conformation of hub systems and the bottleneck of lines and stops for the capacity of transit system. The theory and method are studied for the supporting decision to improve level of service, the improvement and the development to the theory of transit system planning, and the complement and the advancement to the theory of transit priority. Furthermore, the development of intermodal transit system is the key for solving the problem of urban traffic. Especially, under the progress of economics and the fund deficiency for transit, the operation efficiency and operation quality of transit and the investment for target infrastructures should be evenly improved, which is an effective measure for integrating existing resources and avoiding the waste of blindly increasing investments.
Firstly, the concept of network transportation capacity for urban transit system is presented by the theory and method of system science in this paper. According to the definition of network transportation capacity for urban transit system, the influence factors are analyzed, which include external environment, passenger demand mode, transit operation network, level of service, line capacity, stop and hub capacity.
Secondly, according to the definition of transit network capacity, the theory for urban transit network capacity is divided to bus transit network capacity modal and intermodal transit network capacity modal. Bus transit network capacity modal and intermodal transit network capacity modal based on level of service are established by bi-level programming in term of network characteristic for transit system. And the heuristic method based on hybrid genetic algorithm with local search is designed and an example is computed to display the feasibility and the convergence of the modal and the algorithm.
Thirdly, based on network topology for urban transit system, multi-objective modal of integrated optimization for urban transit network capacity is presented. The modal is extended to integrated optimization modals for urban transit network capacity based on demand satisfied and based on total cost limited in term of practical planning of urban transit. The combinatorial complexity of the solution is analyzed according to the conformation of the modal, which belongs to NP-hard problem.
Furthermore, the idea of "integrated in macro plan, adjusted in micro plan" and the general frame of optimal integration for transit network transportation capacity are presented by a heuristic method which combines mathematic optimization and new idea of transportation planning in this paper. The results are planned by macro qualitative and quantitative planning for urban transit network as the primary foundation for micro adjustment. Adjusted procedures in micro plan are presented according to basic data, which include transit line adjustment based on regional function ranks, intermodal transit network assignment based on levels of path phases, and transit line capacity allocation based on complement strategies of quality and quantity, and the comparison of allocation costs is analyzed.
Finally, the method of optimal integration for transit network capacity is tested by optimal itegration of transit network transportation capacity of shanhou district in Beijing.
引文
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