用户名: 密码: 验证码:
西安市地下水开采—地面沉降数值模拟及防治方案研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
西安位于关中平原中部,是世界著名的文化古都之一。自上个世纪70年代至90年代末,由于地下水尤其是承压水的超采,造成了地下水位的急剧下降,从而引发和加剧了严重的地面沉降。地面沉降已成为困扰着西安的城市建设的地质灾害之一,如何对其进行防治是迫切需要解决的一个问题。地面沉降是一个复杂的流固耦合问题,研究地面沉降的一个重要的手段就是建立地下水一地面沉降数值模型来进行定量地分析和计算,前人对西安地面沉降~*的研究,虽然取得了一定的成果,但是大部分都停留在定性分析上,少数的定量分析也是建立在相对简单的灰色动态关联模型或者简单的生物生长模型上,到目前为止尚未建立一个真正的地下水流和沉降的水土耦合数值模型。
     本文从Leake提出的含水层内的“夹层”理论出发,在Terzaghi有效应力原理的基础上,分析了地下水流方程和土体变形方程耦合的机理,建立了由三维地下水流模型和垂向一维土体变形模型耦合得到的地面沉降模型。在该模型中,用夹层的骨架弹性储水系数进行地下水流模型和土体变形模型的耦合,用不同的弹性储水系数来计算夹层和含水层内的储水量变化,用夹层的骨架弹性储水系数和非弹性储水系数来体现夹层的弹性和非弹性变形,用扩散方程来描述滞后夹层内的水头分布,从而使模型能够很好地体现夹层的弹性和非弹性压缩,并能同时考虑夹层变形的滞后现象。另外,本文依据大量钻孔等资料、采用地质体切片方法建立的三维地质模型比传统的地质模型更能代表实际的地质体结构,更有利于分析和计算地面沉降。该模型是西安市地面沉降研究以来的第一个地面沉降的耦合数值模型,对西安市地面沉降的防治、实现地下水的可持续开采利用具有十分重要的理论和实际意义。
     本文利用所建的模型预测了现状开采条件下未来20年的地下水位和地面沉降的变化,在此基础上,提出了防治西安市地面沉降的五个地下水开采(回灌)方案,利用所建的地面沉降模型对各个设计方案其进行了模拟和预报(方案三除外),对预测结果的分析表明:
     ①封停自备井是防治地面沉降最为直接和最有效的对策,对防治地面沉降起着最为积极的作用;
     ②采用人工回灌方法使被压缩的土层得到的恢复是非常有限的,对地面沉降不能起到根治作用,只有回灌量明显大于开采量时才能有一定的效果;
     ③“调整开采层次,在浅层取水”对防治地面沉降的效果十分明显;
     ④布设“砂井”可以增加对承压含水层的越流补给量,从而可以有效地缓解和控制地面沉降的发生和发展;
     ⑤对西安市的地下水开采,可在河流阶地区、冲洪积扇区和黄土塬区分别采用1600m、2000m、1600m的井间距布置应急自备井,分别采用2500m~3/d、1500 m~3/d和200 m~3/d的单井开采量,开采第一承压水,在平水年或者丰水年不开采,涵养地下水源,在枯水年启动这些应急自备井开采,在输出分析范围内共可获得162000 m~3/d(5913万m~3/a)开采量,可以有效地补充西安市的供水水源,缓解供水紧张局面,开采年(干旱年)开采导致的下降的水位可在停采3~4年后得到基本恢复,同时,这种开采方式不会造成大的地面沉降量。
Xi'an is one of the four major ancient civilization capitals, locating in the center of Guanzhong Plain. From the 70s to late 90s of last century, the overdraft of groundwater especially the confined water led to rapid decline of groundwater table, which consequently triggered and aggravated serious land subsidence. Land subsidence is one of the most prominent geological disasters which are troubling the city construction of Xi'an. So how to prevent the occurrence and development of the land subsidence is a pressing problem needs to resolve. Land subsidence is a complex problem relating to the coupling of liquid and solid. A main method of studying land subsidence is to build a groundwater- subsidence model for quantificational analysis and calculation. Former research on the land subsidence of Xi'an, though have got some achievements, was still on the qualitative analysis, some quantitative analysis was based on the relative simple gray models or biology growth model. Till now, there is no real coupling model of groundwater and land subsidence for Xi'an.
     Orienting directed from the theory of "interbed" put forward by Leake, based on the Terzaghi's effective stress principle, the principle of coupling groundwater flow equation and soil deformation equation is analyzed in this paper. And the land subsidence model coupled by three dimensional groundwater flow model and one dimensional soil deformation model was built. In this model, the skeletal storage coefficient was used for coupling, different storage coefficient were used for the calculation of storage change of aquifer and interbeds, the elastic and inelastic skeletal coefficients were used to account for the elastic and inelastic deformation, a one-dimensional diffusion equation was used for describing the delayed dissipation of unequilibrated heads within the interbeds, these make the model not only be able to simulate the elastic and inelastic deformation of soil, but also the delay phenomenon. In addition, the three dimensional geological model built according to a lot drill data with the method of slicing can represent the actual structure of the geology body much better than the traditional geological model, and is much more befitting for the analysis and calculation of land subsidence in this paper.
     With the land subsidence model built in this paper, the change of land subsidence and groundwater level in the next 20 years was forecasted under present groundwater exploitation. On this base, five schemes of preventing the land subsidence were put forward. For each strategy, a corresponding exploitation (or recharge) plan of groundwater was designed. Then each designed exploitation plan (except scheme 3) was put into the model for calculation and simulation. The analysis on the forecasting results every plan indicates that:
     (1) Shuting down the self-provided wells is the most direct and effective method, playing an important role in the land subsidence prevention.
     (2) The resumption of compressed soil by groundwater artificial recharge is limited. So the artificial recharge can't provide essential effect for the resumption of land subsidence, unless the artificial recharge is much more than the groundwater withdrawal.
     (3) The method of "adjusting the exploitation stratum of groundwater to the shallow" has an obvious effect on the land subsidence prevention.
     (4) "Sand wells" can increase the leakage recharge for confined aquifer, and thus can slow and prevent the development of the land subsidence.
     (5) For the groundwater exploitation in Xi'an, emergency self-provided wells should be managed according to the well spacing of 1600m, 2000m and 1600m, respectively, in the river terrace area, alluvial-proluvial fan area and loess tableland area to exploit the first confined groundwater. Corresponding individual well yield can be set as 2500m~3/d, 1500 m~3/d and 200 m~3/d. Make emergency self-provided wells pump in the dry year and stop pumping groundwater to restore and conserve underground water sources in average years and wet years. In this way, groundwater withdrawal of 162000m~3/d can be obtained to provide for the supplement of water supply in Xi'an. As a result, the water supply stress can be released in dry years. The groundwater depression formed in the exploiting year can resume in 3-4 years. At the same time, this exploitation manner will not lead to obvious land subsidence.
引文
[1]刘洁.西安市区地下水开发与地质环境协调性研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2000.
    [2]刘毅.地面沉降研究的新进展与面临的新问题[J].地学前缘,2001,8(2):273-278.
    [3]BERTOLDI G.L..Where do we go from here:a new initiative for subsidence research in the United States[A].Hyatt Regency,Sacramento,California:AEG.GRA 1995 Annual Meeting[Z].1995.
    [4]郑铣鑫,武强,侯艳声,等.城市地面沉降研究进展及其发展趋势[J].地质论评,2002,48(6):612-618.
    [5]肖和平等,潘芳喜.地质灾害与防御[M].北京:地震出版社,2000:139-147.
    [6]殷跃平,张作辰,张开军.我国地面沉降现状及防治对策研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,16(2):1-7.
    [7]刘玉海,陈志新,倪万魁.西安地裂缝与地面沉降致灾机理及防治对策研讨67-74.
    [8]吴在宝,缪祥生,杨国强.西安地面沉降与地裂缝的关系[J].西安地质学院学报.1986,8(4):118-128.
    [9]杨国强.西安市地面沉降探讨[J].西安地质学院学报,1989,11(3):49-56.
    [10]沈景文.西安市地下水资源枯竭与地面沉降[J].资源开发与保护杂志,1987,3(3):27-31.
    [11]刘玉海,陈志新,倪万魁.西安地裂缝与地面沉降致灾机理及防治对策研讨[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1994,5(增刊):67-74.
    [12]撒利伟.基于GIS的西安市地面沉降与地裂缝空间分布特征研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2006.
    [13]姜规模.西安市地面沉降与地裂缝研究[J].城市勘测,2005,(3):53-56.
    [14]陈崇希.关于地下水开采引发地面沉降灾害的思考[J].水文地质工程地质,2000,27(1):45-48.
    [15]郑铣鑫,武强,侯艳声,等.城市地面沉降研究进展及其发展趋势[J].地质论评,2002,48(6): 612-618.
    [16]赵其华,王兰生.西安地面沉降与地裂缝关系的量化分析[J].地质灾害与环境保护.1994,5(1):18-25.
    [17]李新生.西安地面沉裂环境问题研究[D].西安:西安地质学院,1994.
    [18]董国凤.地面沉降预测模型及其应用研究[D].天津:天津大学,2006
    [19]阎世骏,刘长礼.城市地面沉降研究现状与展望[J].地学前缘,1996,3(1~2):93-98.
    [20]亓军强,施斌,蔡奕,等.美国的地面沉降及其对策[J].西安工程学院学报,2002,24(4):58-62.
    [21]段永侯.我国地面沉降研究现状与21世纪可持续发展[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1998,9(2):1-5.
    [22]刘毅,地面沉降加重了1998年中国大洪灾[J].中国地质,1999,28(1):30-32.
    [23]徐曙光,刘树臣.国外地面沉降研究的动向[A].全国地面沉降学术研讨会论文集[C].上海:上海市地质调查研究院,2002:433-447.
    [24]第五届土力学及基础工程学术会议论文选集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1989.
    [25]杨健.工程降水引发的地面沉降研究[D].北京:中国地质大学,2005.
    [26]Poland,J.F.,Davis G.H..Land subsidence due to withdrawals of fluids[A],Reviews in Engineering Geology[C],Boulder,Colorado,Geological Society of America,1996,Volume 2:187-269.
    [27]Poland J.F..关于含水层组压密的研究现状及需进一步研究的问题[A].上海市地质处编选, 国外地面沉降论文选译[C].北京:地质出版社,1978:19-30.
    [28]宫部直巳.地面沉降的研究方向[A].上海市地质处编选,国外地面沉降论文选译[C].北京:地质出版社,1978:1-12.
    [29]Helm D.C..One-dimensional simulateion of aquifer-system compaction near Pixley,Califomia[J].Water Resources Research,11 (3):465-478.
    [30]Poland J.F..Guidebook to Studies of Land Subsidence Due to Ground-water Withdrawal[M].Book Crafters Press,1984:37-54.
    [31]Leake S.A.,Prudic,D.E.,Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model[R].U.S.Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations,book 6,1991.
    [32]张阿根,刘毅,龚士良.国际地面沉降研究综述[A].Laura Carbognin,Giuseppe Gambolati,A.Ivan Johnson,地面沉降—第六届地面沉降国际讨论会论文选(张阿根等编译)[C].北京:地质出版社,2001:1-8.
    [33]李成柱,周志芳.地面沉降的数值计算模型与流固耦合理论综述[J].勘察科学技术,2006,(6):14-20.
    [34]Terzaghi K.Principles of Soil Mechanics IV;Settlement and consolidation of clay[J].Engineering News-Record,1925,95:874-878.
    [35]赵全.地面沉降数学模拟及其应用的研究[D].天津:天津大学,2005.
    [36]Gibson R.E.,England G.L.,Hussey M.L..The theory of one- dimensional consolidation of saturated clays.I.finite non-linear consolidation of thin homogeneous layers[J].Geotechnique.1967,17(3):261-273.
    [37]Jacob Bear著.多孔介质流体动力学.李竞生,等译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1983.
    [38]Biot MA.General theory of three-dimensional consolidation[J].Joumal ofApplied Physics.1941,12:155-164.
    [39]Riley F.S..Analysis of borehole extensometer data from central California[A].In:Tison L J ed.Land Subsidence:Proceedings of the International Symposium on Land Subsidence[C].Tokyo:IAHS,1969,423-431.
    [40]马军.地下水开采—地面沉降机理研究现状及进展[J].水利学报,2005,增刊:175-179.
    [41]Jorgensen D.G..Relationships between basic soils-engineering equations and basic ground-water flow equations[A].In:US Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2064[C].Washington:US Geological Survey,1980.
    [42]牛修俊.地层的固结特性与地面沉降临界水位控沉[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报.1998,9(2):68-73.
    [43]赵慧,冉兴龙,李渊.根据地面沉降与地下水头的关系求地面沉降临界水位[J].勘察科学技术.2005,(2):19-24.)
    [44]冉兴龙.抽注地下水引起地层形变的机理及相关灾害分析研究[D].西安:长安大学,2002.
    [45]晏同珍.地面沉降规律预测新模式[J].地球科学—中国地质大学学报.1989,14(2):181-188.
    [46]徐洪钟,施斌,李雪红.全过程沉降量预测的Logistic生长模型及其适用性研究[J].2005,26(3):387-391.
    [47]许烨霜,余恕国,沈水龙.地下水开采引起地面沉降预测方法的现状与未来[J].防灾减灾工程学报.2006,26(3):352-357.
    [48]刘毅,龚士良.地面沉降泊松旋回预测方法—以上海地面沉降长期预测为例[J].上海地质.1997,(3):10-15.
    [49]Gambolati G.,Freeze R.A..Mathematical simulation of the subsidence of Venice.Theory. Water Resource Resource Research,1973,9(3):721-733.
    [50]陈崇希,裴顺平.地下水开采—地面沉降数值模拟及防治对策研究[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,2001.
    [51]崔小东.MODFLOW和IDP在天津地面沉降数值计算中的应用与开发[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报.1998,9(2):122-128.
    [52]薛禹群,谢春红.地下水数值模拟[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
    [53]Kasmarek M.C.and Strom E.W..Hydrogeology and Simulation of Ground-Water Flow and Land-Surface Subsidence in the Chicot and Evangeline Aquifers,Houston Area,Texas[R].Denver:U.S.Geological Survey,2001.
    [54]徐曾和.二维应力场下承压地层中渗流的流固耦合问题[J].岩石力学与工程学报.1992,(12):645-650
    [55]陈崇希,裴顺平.地下水开采—地面沉降模型研究[J].水文地质工程地质.2001,(2):5-8.
    [56]冉启全,顾小芸.考虑流变特性的流固耦合地面沉降计算模型[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报.1998,9(2):99-104.
    [57]Tam J.Q.and C.C.Lu.Analysis of Subsidence Due to a Point Sink in an Anisotropic Porous Elastic Half Space[J].Int.J.Numer.Anal.Methods Geomech.,1991,15 (8):573-592.
    [58]叶淑君.区域地面沉降模型的研究与应用[D].南京:南京大学,2004.
    [59]Lewis R.W.,Schrefler B..A fully coupled consolidation model of the subsidence of Venice[J].Water Resource Research.1978,14(2).
    [60]His J.P.,Carter J.P.,Small J.P..Surface subsidence and drawdown of the water table due to pumping.Geotechnique 44.1994,(3):381-396.
    [61]Mian B Su,C.L.Su,C.J.Chang,et al.A numerical model of ground deformation induced by single well pumping.Computer and Geptechnics,1998(2):39-60.
    [62]陈杰,朱国荣,顾阿明.Biot固结理论在地面沉降计算中的应用[J].水文地质工程地质.2003,(2):28-31.
    [63]骆祖江,刘金宝,李朗.深基坑降水与地面沉降变形三维全耦合模型及其数值模拟[J].水动力研究及进展A辑.2006,2l(4):479-485
    [64]薛禹群,张云,叶淑君,等.我国地面沉降若干问题研究[J].高校地质学报.2006,12(2):153-160.
    [65]刘秀英,牛琪瑛,邸国平.城市地面沉降防治措施的现状及展望[J].2003,29(7):4445.
    [66]牛修俊,应耀明,白晋娬.对“用调整地下水开采层次方法控制地面沉降”的质疑[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报.16(4):69-73.
    [67]Nieuw enhuis H.S.,Preparing An Anticipatory Policy on Land Subsidence Induced Changes in Surface and Groundwater Systems in Friesland[A].In:Land Subsidence,Natural Causes,Measuring Technique[C],The Groningen Gasfields,Ed.by Barends F.B.J.,et al,1995.
    [68]Kunciaki Sato,Nguyen Van Hoang.Recent Countermeasures for Land Subsidence and Groundwater Resources in Japanl In:Land Subsidence (Proc.of V ISOLS),IAHS Publ,No.234.1995,
    [69]Wesley R.Danskin,Mark C.Kasmarek,Eric W.Strom.OPTIMAL IDENTIFICATION OF ELASTICALLY STORED WATER IN AN AREA OF PREVIOUS LAND SUBSIDENCE[A].GSA Annual Meeting,2001.
    [70]Gu X.Y.,Tsien S.I.,Huang H.C.,et al.Analysis of Shanghai Land Subsidence,In:Land Subsidence (Proc.of IV ISOLS),IAHS Publ.No.200,1991.
    [71]顾小芸,冉启全.地面沉降预测和防治措施研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报.1998,9(增刊):7-13.
    [72]张卫,覃小群,易连兴,等. 以控制地面沉降为约束的地下水资源评价[J].中国岩溶.2004,23(3):196-205.
    [73]王家兵,王亚斌,张海涛.控制地面沉降条件下天津深层地下水资源持续利用[J].水文地质工程地质.2007,(4):74-78.
    [74]索传郿,王德潜,刘祖植.西安地裂缝地面沉降与防治对策[J].第四纪研究.2005,25(1):23-28.
    [75]赵振才,王辛.西安市南郊地裂缝初探[J].地震.1981,(4):41-44.
    [76]刘国昌.西安市区地裂缝问题初议[J].西安地质学院学报.1982,(2):64-67.
    [77]易学发.西安铁炉庙地裂缝与地下水的动态变化[J].西北地震学报.1981,3(4):83-85.
    [78]易学发.西安市地面沉降及地裂缝成因的讨论[J].地震.1984,(6):50-53.
    [79]王辛,赵振才.西安地区的地壳形变及构造运动[J].地震.1984,(6):43-49.
    [80]王满厚.西安地区的地面裂缝与沉降[J].大自然.1985,(4):29-30.
    [81]晏同珍.西安地面沉降及地裂缝阶段预测[J].现代地质.1990,4(3):101-109
    [82]徐光黎,佟永贺,张家明.地下水抽汲对西安地面沉降和地裂缝活动的影响程度分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报.1992,3(4):1-6.
    [83]索传郿.西安地沉发育特征及承压水资源管理模型中约束条件的确定[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报.1994,5(增刊):82-87.
    [84]贾思吉,索传郿.西安地裂缝活动数学模型研究[R].西安:陕西省地矿局第一水文地质工程地质队,陕西省地质环境监测总站,1995.
    [85]毛新虎,魏海茹,王青玉.西安局部地区地裂差异沉降量灰色模型分析[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版).2002,25(3):265-269.
    [86]毛新虎,胡夏嵩.地裂差异沉降的泊松旋回过程分析[J].青海大学学报(自然科学版).2003,21(4):21-24.
    [87]吴富春,方炜,宋立胜.西安市地热水开采与地面沉降、地裂缝关系的分析[J].地震地质.2002,24(2):234-240.
    [88]李宗平,张战锋.西安市热水资源开采对地面形变的影响分析[J].地质灾害与环境保护.2006,17(1):35-38.
    [89]J.Hoffmann,S.A.Leake.MODFLOW-2000 Ground-Water Model-User Guide to the Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction (SUB) Package[R].U.S.Geological Survey Ground-Water Resources Program,Open-File Report 03-233,2003.
    [90]郭东屏.地下水动力学基础[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1994.
    [91]冉兴龙,曹海东,夏斌,等.Jacob假定下含水层的储水率及其地面沉降机理意义[J].水动力学研究与进展(A辑).2005,20(3):393-399.
    [92]郭东屏,张石峰.渗流理论基础[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1994.
    [93]冉兴龙.储水层质量守恒方程的简化及在垂向弹性形变假定下与水流方程的耦合[J].长安大学学报(地球科学版).2003,25(4):55-59.
    [94]陕西省地矿局第一水文工程地质队.西安地区地下水资源勘察报告[R].西安:1988.
    [95]彭建兵,张骏,苏生瑞,等.渭河盆地活动断裂与地质灾害[M].西安:西北大学出版社,1992.
    [96]陕西省地质环境监测总站.西安地区地下水动态报告(1986-1995)[R].西安:1997.
    [97]陕西省地质环境监测总站.西安地区地下水动态报告(1996)[R].西安:1997.
    [98]陕西省地质环境监测总站.西安地区地下水动态报告(1998)[R].西安:2000.
    [99]陕西省地质环境监测总站.西安地区地下水动态报告(1999)[R].西安:2000.
    [100]陕西省地质环境监测总站.西安地区地下水动态报告(2000)[R].西安:2001.
    [101]陕西省地质环境监测总站.西安地区地下水动态报告(2001)[R].西安:2002.
    [102]陕西省地质环境监测总站.西安地区地下水动态报告(2002)[R].西安:2003.
    [103]陕西省地质环境监测总站.西安地区地下水动态报告(2003)[R].西安:2004.
    [104]陕西省地质环境监测总站.西安地区地下水动态报告(2004)[R].西安:2005.
    [105]陕西省地质环境监测总站.西安地区地下水动态报告(2005)[R].西安:2006.
    [106]西安市地下水资源管理办公室.西安地区1995-1997年地下水动态综合报告[R].西安:1998.
    [107]陕西省地质环境监测总站.西安地区地裂缝与地面沉降调查报告[R].西安:2007.
    [108]陕西省地矿局第一水文工程地质队.西安地裂缝勘察研究综合报告[R].西安:1990.
    [109]陈立伟.地裂缝扩展机理研究[D].西安:长安大学,2007.
    [110]陕西省地矿局第一水文工程地质队.陕西省地质环境监测总站.西安地裂缝活动数学模型研究[R].西安:1995
    [111]万伟锋,王玮,李云峰等.陕北南梁白豹地区地下水合理开发利用方式研究[J].中国地质,2007,34(5):915-919.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700