预应力碳纤维板（CFRP）加固钢板受拉静力及疲劳性能试验研究
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摘要
预应力碳纤维(CFRP)板加固钢结构技术结合CFRP板加固技术与预应力技术各自的优势,能克服传统钢结构加固技术的缺点,更有效的改善钢结构的静力与疲劳性能及耐久性能,提高受损钢结构的使用性能和承载能力,是一项很有发展前途的加固技术。本文对预应力CFRP板加固钢结构的静力与疲劳行为,从理论和试验两个方面进行研究和分析。
首先总结钢结构疲劳损伤问题的研究背景和基本方法,综述现有钢结构加固技术的研究成果。研究非预应力CFRP板加固钢结构的静力,疲劳和耐久性能,结果发现：CFRP材料利用率低是其应用的瓶颈,施加预应力是有效的解决方法。
通过一维线弹性理论和三维实体单元有限元模型分析预应力CFRP板加固钢板在轴心受拉情况下应力分布,获得的应力理论值和相应的静力试验应力平均值基本吻合。分析结果表明：CFRP板在高应力条件下蠕变很小,力学性质稳定。因钢板不平直和定位偏差导致的预应力偏心作用会产生弯曲应力,影响钢板厚度方向上的应力分布。施加预应力后CFRP材料利用率大大提高,钢板的拉应力水平降低很多,加固后试件的承载能力有很大提高,刚度没有明显提高。
从整体加固效应和局部加固效应两方面来分析预应力CFRP板加固钢板构件的疲劳行为,采用考虑有效应力强度因子幅的修正Pairs公式,简单方便,但偏于保守。通过Bassti中心缺口钢板加固试件疲劳试验对循环荷载应力比,CFRP板刚度预应力及粘结胶等参数的分析,结果表明：预应力及循环荷载应力比对疲劳寿命都有很大影响,试件在预应力CFRP板加固后疲劳寿命提高16倍以上,调整CFRP板中预应力水平来阻止疲劳裂纹扩展,提高疲劳寿命是很有潜力的。
对粘贴不同预应力水平CFRP板加固的双边缺口钢板进行静力和疲劳试验,结果表明：预应力水平成为影响加固结构应力分布和疲劳寿命的主要因素,其他因素如CFRP板刚度,粘结胶性能成为次要因素。采用修正的Pairs公式计算出的加固前后相对疲劳寿命值与疲劳试验结果基本吻合。
从整体加固效应上分析,预应力CFRP板加固钢板后循环应力状态发生很大变化,最大最小应力及应力比都有大幅度的降低,疲劳寿命也延长很多倍。疲劳荷载是裂纹扩展的动力,因此对疲劳荷载的正确评估是获得理想加固效果的重要前提之一
从局部加固效应上分析,引入的预压应力对试件裂纹裂尖区域产生重要影响：1)减小裂尖前缘屈服区域及脱胶面积；2)因预应力偏心作用产生的弯曲应力导致厚度方向裂纹扩展的不均匀性；3)其他应力集中点处次要裂纹的萌生和扩展。
在疲劳试验中采用热成相技术和疲劳断口分析技术来探测裂纹扩展过程取得很好的效果,分析结果表明：疲劳裂纹的扩展可分表面裂纹扩展和穿透裂纹扩展两个阶段,表面裂纹扩展阶段裂纹扩展长度很小(小于5mm),但消耗掉总疲劳寿命的50%以上,因此对加固效果影响很大。表面裂纹的扩展主要取决于初始裂纹,因此对初始裂纹的合理评估和处理是非常重要的,如钻孔后再粘贴CFRP板加固效果会更好。
预应力CFRP板的锚固与预应力损失分析是非常重要的,研究发现：机械夹持粘结型锚具结合机械夹持式锚具和粘结型锚具的优点,安全可靠,适合预应力CFRP板的锚固。预应力损失分为预加应力阶段损失和长期损失。预加应力阶段损失主要是锚固装置变形和结构弹性压缩造成的。试验结果表明：CFRP材料力学性质稳定,在疲劳循环荷载作用作用下预应力长期损失值很小,因此预应力损失主要是预加应力阶段的短期损失。粘结型锚具锚固CFRP板预应力损失因为较大的锚固装置变形可达张拉预应力的30%-50%。机械夹持粘结型锚具锚固的CFRP板预应力损失主要是结构弹性压缩造成,一般是张拉预应力的10%左右,锚固效率比粘结型锚具高。
在裂纹理论分析的基础上建立CFRP板加固钢板实体单元三维有限元断裂力学模型,分别分析了预应力水平,粘结胶性能及CFRP板弹性模量等参数对应力强度因子的影响,结果表明：对于粘贴预应力CFRP板的裂纹钢板,预应力水平是主要的影响加固结构疲劳性能的因素,粘结胶性能及CFRP板刚度的影响相对很小。
采用经典梁理论分析预应力CFRP板加固的工字钢梁静力行为,如正应力,挠度及破坏模式。粘贴预应力CFRP板加固受损钢梁疲劳试验结果表明加固后疲劳寿命提高达10倍,比传统方法有效得多。根据修正Pairs公式提出预应力CFRP板加固简化计算方法和设计程序,可以很方便的估计加固所需的预应力值。
Bonding prestressed CFRP plates to old steel structures is an innovative and effective reinforcement technique, and it provides a higher static and fatigue strength as well as a non-corroding alternative to other traditional rehabilitative methods. This specialized application combines the benefits of passively bonded CFRP laminates systems with advantages associated with external prestressing, to improve the serviceability and ultimate load of the damaged steel structure. This dissertation focused theoretically and experimentally on the static and fatigue behavior of the pre-crack steel structure strengthened with prestressed CFRP laminates.
Firstly the research significance on fatigue damages of steel structure was presented and the existing reinforcement technologies were also investigated. And an attempt was made to analyze the static and fatigue performance, and durability of steel structure strengthened with non-prestressed CFRP laminates. It was noted that un-efficient use of CFRP material limits its wide application, and introduce of prestress is an excellent solution.
Secondly the tension steel plate strengthened with pre-stressed CFRP laminates was investigated based on one-dimensional linear elastic theory and a three-dimensional element finite element method (FEM) model. These theoretical results are in a good agreement with the value of the static test. The results show that, the mechanical property of CFRP material is relatively stable with lower creep under high stress state. The prestress eccentricities lead to the bending effect which affects the stress distribution across the steel thickness. By applying a prestress of the laminate, the material is used much more efficiently and the ultimate capacity and stiffness of the reinforced structure increase.
Then a modification of Pairs'law, which considers both the global and local reinforcement effect, was used to analysis the fatigue behaviour of central-cracked tension steel plates strengthened with single-prestress-level CFRP laminates in Basseti's test series. Test results show that depending on the ratio of the applied load, reinforcement and prestress level, the application of CFRP laminates results in an increase in the fatigue life by more than 16 times. The application of a high prestress level is a promising method to achieve a significant improvement in term of remaining fatigue life of the damaged structure.
The author conducted experimental studies of static and fatigue behaviour of double-edge-notched tension steel plates reinforced by multi-prestress-level CFRP laminates. The test results indicate that the static and fatigue performance depends on stiffness of CFRP laminate and, largely, the prestress level. The relative fatigue life predicted by the modified Paris law is in a reasonable agreement with test results.
From the view of the global reinforcement effect, introduce of prestress prolongs significantly the remaining fatigue life of reinforced structure since a greater portion of reduction of cyclic stress and stress ratio is engaged. The fatigue loading, as the driving force for crack propagation, is an important factor for estimation of the fatigue life.
From the view of the local reinforcement effect, the prestress influences the local behaviours of crack propagation in the following aspects:1) decrease of the steel plastic zone and the adhesive debonding area in crack front; 2) the crack non-uniform propagation across steel thickness due to bending stress caused by prestress eccentricity; 3) initiation and propagation of the secondary fatigue crack.
Two different crack growth measurements, infrared thermography testing and Fractographic approach, were used to detect the crack in the fatigue test. The results show that the crack propagation can be defined as surface-crack propagation and through-crack propagation, and the surface crack propagation consumes a major part (more than 50%) of total fatigue life with short crack length (less than 5mm). Surface-crack propagation depends on the size and shape of the initial crack, and therefore the pretreatment of the initial crack is necessary for the reinforcement, for example, the use of stop holes prior to CFRP application will give a better result.
The anchor system and estimation of pre-stress loss in application of prestressed CFRP laminate are highly significant. It was found that mechanical gripping bond-type anchor combines the benefits of Mechanical gripping anchor and bond-type anchor, and it is more reliable and efficient for the anchorage of prestressed CFRP laminates. The prestress losses related to different anchor systems were also investigated. The total prestress loss of CFRP laminate is consist of not only the short-term prestress losses due to elastic deformations and anchorage set, but also the long-term loss in service stage. Fatigue test results shows that the long-term prestress loss under cyclic load is slight and can be neglected. Hence the estimation of the pre-stress losses relies on the short-term prestress losses. The prestress losses of CFRP laminate with bond-type anchor were 30%-50% of the initial prestress because of the large deformation of anchorage set. The slight prestress losses of CFRP laminate with mechanical gripping bond-type anchor are mainly due to elastic deformations. The mechanical gripping and bond-type anchor was proved to be much more efficient than bond-type anchor in the test.
Based on the theory of crack analysis, three-dimensional element FEM fracture model was presented to do parameter study on the stress intensity factor, and the effects of the factors such as the stiffness of CFRP laminates, the prestress level and adhesive properties were discussed. The results show that the prestress level becomes the dominated parameter to improve the fatigue behavior of the reinforced structure.
In the end the classic beam theories were used to analysis the static flexural behavior of steel girder strengthened with prestressed CFRP laminates, including the flexural stress, deflection and failure modes. The fatigue test results indicate that the application of CFRP laminates results in a significant increase of the fatigue life by more than 10 times. Furthermore, a simplified design and calculation method was presented to estimate the demanding prestress level in reinforcement.
首先总结钢结构疲劳损伤问题的研究背景和基本方法,综述现有钢结构加固技术的研究成果。研究非预应力CFRP板加固钢结构的静力,疲劳和耐久性能,结果发现：CFRP材料利用率低是其应用的瓶颈,施加预应力是有效的解决方法。
通过一维线弹性理论和三维实体单元有限元模型分析预应力CFRP板加固钢板在轴心受拉情况下应力分布,获得的应力理论值和相应的静力试验应力平均值基本吻合。分析结果表明：CFRP板在高应力条件下蠕变很小,力学性质稳定。因钢板不平直和定位偏差导致的预应力偏心作用会产生弯曲应力,影响钢板厚度方向上的应力分布。施加预应力后CFRP材料利用率大大提高,钢板的拉应力水平降低很多,加固后试件的承载能力有很大提高,刚度没有明显提高。
从整体加固效应和局部加固效应两方面来分析预应力CFRP板加固钢板构件的疲劳行为,采用考虑有效应力强度因子幅的修正Pairs公式,简单方便,但偏于保守。通过Bassti中心缺口钢板加固试件疲劳试验对循环荷载应力比,CFRP板刚度预应力及粘结胶等参数的分析,结果表明：预应力及循环荷载应力比对疲劳寿命都有很大影响,试件在预应力CFRP板加固后疲劳寿命提高16倍以上,调整CFRP板中预应力水平来阻止疲劳裂纹扩展,提高疲劳寿命是很有潜力的。
对粘贴不同预应力水平CFRP板加固的双边缺口钢板进行静力和疲劳试验,结果表明：预应力水平成为影响加固结构应力分布和疲劳寿命的主要因素,其他因素如CFRP板刚度,粘结胶性能成为次要因素。采用修正的Pairs公式计算出的加固前后相对疲劳寿命值与疲劳试验结果基本吻合。
从整体加固效应上分析,预应力CFRP板加固钢板后循环应力状态发生很大变化,最大最小应力及应力比都有大幅度的降低,疲劳寿命也延长很多倍。疲劳荷载是裂纹扩展的动力,因此对疲劳荷载的正确评估是获得理想加固效果的重要前提之一
从局部加固效应上分析,引入的预压应力对试件裂纹裂尖区域产生重要影响：1)减小裂尖前缘屈服区域及脱胶面积；2)因预应力偏心作用产生的弯曲应力导致厚度方向裂纹扩展的不均匀性；3)其他应力集中点处次要裂纹的萌生和扩展。
在疲劳试验中采用热成相技术和疲劳断口分析技术来探测裂纹扩展过程取得很好的效果,分析结果表明：疲劳裂纹的扩展可分表面裂纹扩展和穿透裂纹扩展两个阶段,表面裂纹扩展阶段裂纹扩展长度很小(小于5mm),但消耗掉总疲劳寿命的50%以上,因此对加固效果影响很大。表面裂纹的扩展主要取决于初始裂纹,因此对初始裂纹的合理评估和处理是非常重要的,如钻孔后再粘贴CFRP板加固效果会更好。
预应力CFRP板的锚固与预应力损失分析是非常重要的,研究发现：机械夹持粘结型锚具结合机械夹持式锚具和粘结型锚具的优点,安全可靠,适合预应力CFRP板的锚固。预应力损失分为预加应力阶段损失和长期损失。预加应力阶段损失主要是锚固装置变形和结构弹性压缩造成的。试验结果表明：CFRP材料力学性质稳定,在疲劳循环荷载作用作用下预应力长期损失值很小,因此预应力损失主要是预加应力阶段的短期损失。粘结型锚具锚固CFRP板预应力损失因为较大的锚固装置变形可达张拉预应力的30%-50%。机械夹持粘结型锚具锚固的CFRP板预应力损失主要是结构弹性压缩造成,一般是张拉预应力的10%左右,锚固效率比粘结型锚具高。
在裂纹理论分析的基础上建立CFRP板加固钢板实体单元三维有限元断裂力学模型,分别分析了预应力水平,粘结胶性能及CFRP板弹性模量等参数对应力强度因子的影响,结果表明：对于粘贴预应力CFRP板的裂纹钢板,预应力水平是主要的影响加固结构疲劳性能的因素,粘结胶性能及CFRP板刚度的影响相对很小。
采用经典梁理论分析预应力CFRP板加固的工字钢梁静力行为,如正应力,挠度及破坏模式。粘贴预应力CFRP板加固受损钢梁疲劳试验结果表明加固后疲劳寿命提高达10倍,比传统方法有效得多。根据修正Pairs公式提出预应力CFRP板加固简化计算方法和设计程序,可以很方便的估计加固所需的预应力值。
Bonding prestressed CFRP plates to old steel structures is an innovative and effective reinforcement technique, and it provides a higher static and fatigue strength as well as a non-corroding alternative to other traditional rehabilitative methods. This specialized application combines the benefits of passively bonded CFRP laminates systems with advantages associated with external prestressing, to improve the serviceability and ultimate load of the damaged steel structure. This dissertation focused theoretically and experimentally on the static and fatigue behavior of the pre-crack steel structure strengthened with prestressed CFRP laminates.
Firstly the research significance on fatigue damages of steel structure was presented and the existing reinforcement technologies were also investigated. And an attempt was made to analyze the static and fatigue performance, and durability of steel structure strengthened with non-prestressed CFRP laminates. It was noted that un-efficient use of CFRP material limits its wide application, and introduce of prestress is an excellent solution.
Secondly the tension steel plate strengthened with pre-stressed CFRP laminates was investigated based on one-dimensional linear elastic theory and a three-dimensional element finite element method (FEM) model. These theoretical results are in a good agreement with the value of the static test. The results show that, the mechanical property of CFRP material is relatively stable with lower creep under high stress state. The prestress eccentricities lead to the bending effect which affects the stress distribution across the steel thickness. By applying a prestress of the laminate, the material is used much more efficiently and the ultimate capacity and stiffness of the reinforced structure increase.
Then a modification of Pairs'law, which considers both the global and local reinforcement effect, was used to analysis the fatigue behaviour of central-cracked tension steel plates strengthened with single-prestress-level CFRP laminates in Basseti's test series. Test results show that depending on the ratio of the applied load, reinforcement and prestress level, the application of CFRP laminates results in an increase in the fatigue life by more than 16 times. The application of a high prestress level is a promising method to achieve a significant improvement in term of remaining fatigue life of the damaged structure.
The author conducted experimental studies of static and fatigue behaviour of double-edge-notched tension steel plates reinforced by multi-prestress-level CFRP laminates. The test results indicate that the static and fatigue performance depends on stiffness of CFRP laminate and, largely, the prestress level. The relative fatigue life predicted by the modified Paris law is in a reasonable agreement with test results.
From the view of the global reinforcement effect, introduce of prestress prolongs significantly the remaining fatigue life of reinforced structure since a greater portion of reduction of cyclic stress and stress ratio is engaged. The fatigue loading, as the driving force for crack propagation, is an important factor for estimation of the fatigue life.
From the view of the local reinforcement effect, the prestress influences the local behaviours of crack propagation in the following aspects:1) decrease of the steel plastic zone and the adhesive debonding area in crack front; 2) the crack non-uniform propagation across steel thickness due to bending stress caused by prestress eccentricity; 3) initiation and propagation of the secondary fatigue crack.
Two different crack growth measurements, infrared thermography testing and Fractographic approach, were used to detect the crack in the fatigue test. The results show that the crack propagation can be defined as surface-crack propagation and through-crack propagation, and the surface crack propagation consumes a major part (more than 50%) of total fatigue life with short crack length (less than 5mm). Surface-crack propagation depends on the size and shape of the initial crack, and therefore the pretreatment of the initial crack is necessary for the reinforcement, for example, the use of stop holes prior to CFRP application will give a better result.
The anchor system and estimation of pre-stress loss in application of prestressed CFRP laminate are highly significant. It was found that mechanical gripping bond-type anchor combines the benefits of Mechanical gripping anchor and bond-type anchor, and it is more reliable and efficient for the anchorage of prestressed CFRP laminates. The prestress losses related to different anchor systems were also investigated. The total prestress loss of CFRP laminate is consist of not only the short-term prestress losses due to elastic deformations and anchorage set, but also the long-term loss in service stage. Fatigue test results shows that the long-term prestress loss under cyclic load is slight and can be neglected. Hence the estimation of the pre-stress losses relies on the short-term prestress losses. The prestress losses of CFRP laminate with bond-type anchor were 30%-50% of the initial prestress because of the large deformation of anchorage set. The slight prestress losses of CFRP laminate with mechanical gripping bond-type anchor are mainly due to elastic deformations. The mechanical gripping and bond-type anchor was proved to be much more efficient than bond-type anchor in the test.
Based on the theory of crack analysis, three-dimensional element FEM fracture model was presented to do parameter study on the stress intensity factor, and the effects of the factors such as the stiffness of CFRP laminates, the prestress level and adhesive properties were discussed. The results show that the prestress level becomes the dominated parameter to improve the fatigue behavior of the reinforced structure.
In the end the classic beam theories were used to analysis the static flexural behavior of steel girder strengthened with prestressed CFRP laminates, including the flexural stress, deflection and failure modes. The fatigue test results indicate that the application of CFRP laminates results in a significant increase of the fatigue life by more than 10 times. Furthermore, a simplified design and calculation method was presented to estimate the demanding prestress level in reinforcement.
引文
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