循环农业中的农户行为研究
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摘要
20世纪以来,“石油农业”的出现极大地提高了农业生产力,增加了农产品的供给,却带来了土壤质量下降、水资源和大气污染等诸多环境问题。此外,物质投入的单向流动加剧了自然资源的消耗,使得我国原本相对短缺的资源储备更为捉襟见肘。为了解决“石油农业”带来的资源浪费和环境污染等问题,以提倡农用资源的高效和循环利用,鼓励清洁生产和节约投入,倡导减轻环境污染和生态破坏为导向的新型农业发展模式——循环农业便应运而生。在我国家庭联产承包责任制和农户分散经营的基本国情下,发展循环农业必须充分依靠农户主体,他们的主导作用能否发挥和发挥程度如何,以及他们对发展循环农业的认知、态度和行为方式,都对循环农业的健康和可持续发展具有重要而深远的影响。有鉴于此,本文在循环经济理论、农户行为理论、激励理论和博弈理论的指导下,运用定性与定量的分析方法,借助于计量经济学的分析工具,对农户在循环农业中的行为要求进行了实证研究,梳理了农户与政府、企业等相关主体的利益关系,辨识了农户对循环农业的认知、态度和参与动机,剖析了农户在循环农业中的生产投入行为、废弃物处理行为和技术选择行为以及影响农户这些行为发生的主要因素,在此基础上,给出了完善农户参与循环农业发展的激励机制和约束机制的基本思路,并就此提出了诱导农户参与循环农业发展的基本策略,以推动我国循环农业健康协调和可持续发展。论文通过分析得到以下结论：
(1)论文在梳理循环农业内涵和总结农户特征的基础上,对循环农业中的农户行为机理进行分析,从“积极参与循环农业建设、合理减少生产资料投入、循环利用废弃物、广泛应用循环农业相关技术”4个方面提出了循环农业中的农户行为基本要求；通过农户与政府、企业及其他农户的博弈分析,找到了农户在循环农业发展中与相关主体合作的切入点。
(2)通过对样本数据进行统计分析和计量分析,得出：农户对循环农业的认知程度较低,61.3%的样本农户对循环农业一无所知,影响农户认知的主要因素有农业生产决策者文化程度、农村协会组织数目和农户生活废弃物数量；农户对循环农业发展的态度比较积极,82.6%的农户支持循环农业发展,84.1%的农户愿意参与循环农业建设,实证分析表明影响农户态度的主要因素为农户对优质农产品的认知程度和农户对当地水资源的满意程度；“自发需求”和“全村统一实行”是农户参与循环农业建设的内外部驱动因素,在农户的自发需求中,“便利家庭生活”为优势驱动力,“改善周围环境”和“增加农业收入”为辅助驱动力。
(3)利用面板数据和调查数据,实证分析了农户在循环农业中的生产投入行为。分析表明：农户增量使用化肥和农药的现象比较普遍,有25.8%的农户倾向于增量使用农药,有52.4%的农户倾向于增量施用化肥；农户使用生物农药和有机肥等无公害生产资料的比例较低,仅有44.6%的农户使用过生物农药,仅有59.6%的农户使用过有机肥。变截距固定效应模型和二元逻辑回归模型的估计结果表明,影响农户生产投入行为的主要因素包括农户生产习惯、农户生产规模、农业生产决策者个体特征和外部环境4大类11个方面。
(4)实证分析表明：农户的废弃物处理行为现状与循环农业要求差距较大,农户对农作物秸秆、农药包装物、农用薄膜、生活垃圾和生活废水的价值认识不足,随意丢弃废弃物的现象比较严重,不发达农业省份的农户在废弃物处理行为上表现得更不合理。Panel data模型和Logistic模型的估计结果显示：影响农户废弃物处理行为的主要因素包括农业生产决策者个体特征、家庭生产经营情况、外部环境3大类和农业生产决策者文化程度、兼业程度、家庭液态生活垃圾量、农户对随意丢弃废弃物影响的认知程度、当地交通条件、政府对农村能源的经费投入6个方面。
(5)实地调查研究发现：循环农业中农户的技术需求比较强烈,种植业良种、高效农药、病虫害防治技术、沼气池建造技术、秸秆处理技术、科学施肥技术和畜禽养殖技术依次为当前农户在循环农业发展中最为急需的7种技术。通过构建两类多元逻辑回归模型并进行估计,得出影响农户技术需求的主要因素有农业生产决策者的受教育程度和兼业程度、农户对循环农业的认知程度、农户对优质农产品的认知程度；影响农户技术选择行为的主要因素有农业生产决策者的性别和受教育程度、家庭人均纯收入、政府技术支持力度、农户对循环农业的认知程度。
(6)根据理论分析和实证分析的结论,本文完善了激发农户发展循环农业的激励机制和约束机制,激励机制包括立法支持、信贷支持、财政支持、税收支持和科技支持等方面,约束机制主要包括法律约束、社会约束和经济约束等方面。在此基础上,提出了诱导农户参与循环农业发展的基本策略：正确定位农户在循环农业建设中的角色、努力提高农户的循环农业意识、切实加强对农户的科技培训和有效激励和规范农户在循环农业中的行为。
本文可能的创新点有以下3点：
(1)首次系统地提出了农户在循环农业发展中的基本行为要求。现有关于循环农业中农户行为的研究,基本没有涉及到农户的行为要求,最多只是在一些文献中零星而间接地提及,不够深入且缺乏系统性。本文在深入研究循环农业内涵和我国农户特征的基础上,从农户的念度、生产投入行为、废弃物处理行为和技术选择行为等角度出发,首次系统地提出了农户在循环农业发展中的行为要求,这对于充分发挥农户的主导作用和加速循环农业的健康发展具有一定意义。同时以农户的行为要求为标尺,衡量农户在循环农业中的行为现状与理想状念之间的差距,为设计农户行为激励机制和约束机制奠定了理论基础。
(2)设计了激发农户发展循环农业积极性的激励机制和约束机制。关于循环农业中农户行为的现有研究,对农户激励机制和约束机制的探讨不足,且缺乏令人信服的研究成果。本文在对农户的行为机理以及农户的认知、态度、动机和行为进行规范研究和实证研究的基础上,设计了一套农户发展循环农业的激励机制和约束机制。在激励机制方面,从立法、信贷、财政、税收和科技等方面对农户进行扶持；在约束机制方面,从法律制裁、经济处罚和社会道德约束等方面对农户行为进行规范。完善的激励机制和约束机制是充分发挥农户主导作用的重要手段,也是推动循环农业良性发展的必要的体制性要素。本文设计的农户行为激励机制和约束机制,可以视为是一种创新,更大程度上也是在循环农业研究领域的一次大胆的尝试。
(3)取得了一些有价值的研究结论。本文通过系统分析得出了一些结论：农户对循环农业的认知程度较低；农户对参与循环农业发展的念度比较积极；“自发需求”是农户参与循环农业建设的主要驱动力；农户在循环农业中的生产投入行为尚待规范；农户的废弃物处理行为现状与农户行为要求差距明显;农户在循环农业中的技术需求比较强烈；影响农户认知、念度、动机和行为的主要因素包括农业生产决策者个人特征、农户生产经营状况和外部环境等3大类19个方面。上述研究结论对激励和规范农户行为,充分发挥农户在循环农业发展中的作用具有一定的理论和实践指导价值。
The emergence of "petroleum agriculture" has greatly improved agricultural productivity and increases the supply of agricultural products since the 20th century; however, it also caused a series of environmental problems, such as the decline of soil quality, the water and air pollution, etc. Furthermore, one-way flow of material inputs has increased the consumption of natural resources and makes the already relatively scarce resources reserves in our country becoming more stretched. In order to solve the problems of resource waste and environmental pollution caused by the "petroleum agriculture", a new type of agricultural development model—circular agriculture comes into being, which is used to promote the efficient and recycling use of the agricultural resources, encourage cleaner production and save inputs, and advocate the reduction of environmental pollution and ecological damage as orientation. According to the Chinese conditions of household contract responsibility system and farmers decentralized management, the development of circular agriculture must fully relies on farmers. Whether fanners can play their leading role or how extent farmers can play, at the same time farmers'knowledge, attitude and behavior in the development of circular agriculture have important and far-reaching impact on the healthy and sustainable development of circular agriculture. In view of this, under the guidance of the theory of circular economy and farmers'behavior, motivation theory and game theory, the paper adopted the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods and the econometric analytical tools, made empirical study on the requirements of circular agriculture about the farmers' behavior, combed the interest relationship among farmers, governments, enterprises and other related subjects, made identification of farmers'awareness, attitude and motivation of circular agriculture, conducted in-depth analysis on the farmers'behaviors of production inputs, waste disposal and technology selection and the main factors affecting farmers' behaviors. On these bases, the paper gave the basic idea of improving the incentive and restraint mechanisms for farmers'participated in circular agriculture, putted forward the basic strategy to encourage farmers to participate in circular agriculture, aimed to promote the healthy, harmonious and sustainable development of circular agriculture. This paper drew the following conclusions by analyzing:
(i) On the basis of combing the content of circular agriculture and summarizing the farmers'characteristics, the paper analyzed the mechanism of farmers'behavior, and putted forward the basic requirements of circular agriculture on farmers'behavior from four aspects:"active participated in construction of circular agriculture, reasonable reduced of production inputs, recycled of waste, wide applied of the related technology of circular agriculture". Through conducting the game analysis among farmers, government, business and other farmers, the paper found out the entry point for farmers to cooperate with the relevant subjects in circular agriculture.
(ii) Through statistical and quantitative analyzed of sample data, the paper concluded that farmers'level of awareness on circular agriculture is relatively low in our country, that 61.3 percent of the sample farmers knew nothing about circular agriculture; the educational level of policy makers in agricultural production, the number of rural associations and the amount of farmers'domestic waste emissions are the main factors affecting farmers'awareness; farmers take a relatively positive attitude towards circular agriculture, in which,82.6 percent of the farmers support the development of circular agriculture and 84.1 percent of the farmers have the willing to participate in the construction of circular agriculture; the empirical analysis showed that the awareness of farmers on high-quality agricultural products and the satisfaction of farmers with local water resources are the main factors affecting the farmers'attitude; "spontaneous demand" and "uniform implementation of the village" are the internal and external drivers of farmers'participation, respectively, in the construction of circular agriculture, while for the spontaneous demand of farmers, "facilitating family's life" is the advantage driving force, and "improving the environment" and "increasing agricultural income" is the auxiliary driving force.
(iii) The paper conducted empirical analysis on the farmers'production inputs behavior in circular agriculture by using the panel data and survey data. The analysis showed that the phenomenon of farmers'incremental use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is quite common, in which,25.8 percent of farmers tend to incremental use pesticides,52.4 percent of farmers tend to incremental use chemical fertilizer; the proportion of farmers'using bio-pesticides, organic fertilizer and other pollution-free production is relatively low, only 44.6 percent of farmers used biological pesticide, only 59.6 percent of farmers used organic fertilizer. The estimation results of variable intercept fixed effects model and the binary logistic regression model showed that the main factors affecting production input behavior of farmers including four categories and eleven aspects, four categories are the farmers' production practices, the production scale of farmers, the individual characteristics and the external environment of decision-makers in agricultural production.
(iv) The empirical analysis showed that there is a relatively big gap between the status of farmers' waste disposal behavior and the requirements of circular agriculture; farmers lack enough knowledge about the value of crop residues, pesticide packaging, agricultural film, garbage and domestic wastewater; the phenomenon of arbitrary waste disposal is relatively serious; the fanners' performance of waste disposal behavior in undeveloped rural provinces is more irrational. The estimation results of Panel data model and the Logistic model showed that the main factors affecting waste disposal behavior of farmers including three categories: the individual characteristics of decision-makers in agricultural production, family's situation of production and operation, the external environment; these categories are divided into six aspects which including the educational level and the degree of part-time of agricultural policy makers, the amount of household liquid waste, the farmers' level of awareness on the impact of arbitrary waste disposal, the local traffic conditions, and the government funding for investment in rural energy.
(v) Through the field survey, the paper found that fanners' demand for technology in the circular agriculture is relatively strong; the seven kinds of technologies that farmers needed most urgently in the development of circular agriculture are the planting picked seeds, efficient pesticides and pest controlling technology, digester constructing technology, straw treatment technology, scientific fertilization and livestock cultivation. By constructed and estimated two types of multiple logistic regression model, the paper concluded that the factors affect agricultural technical requirement including: the educational level and the degree of part-time of agricultural policy makers, the farmers' awareness of circular agriculture, the farmers' awareness of quality agricultural products, and the factors affect technology selection behavior of farmers including: the gender and educational level of agricultural policy makers, the household's per capita net income of agricultural policy makers, the intensity of government technical support and the farmers' awareness on circular agriculture.
(vi) Based on the conclusions of theoretical and empirical analysis, this paper improved the incentive and restraint mechanisms that stimulate farmers to develop circular agriculture; the incentive mechanism including legislative support, credit support, financial support, tax support and technology support, etc; the restraint mechanism includes legally binding, social constraints and economic constraints, etc. On this basis, the paper proposed the basic strategy inducing farmers to participate in the development of circular agriculture; these basic strategies include:correctly positioning the fanners' role in construction of circular agriculture, making efforts to improve farmers'awareness in circular agriculture, feasibly strengthening the technology training for farmers, and effective encouraging and regulating farmers'behavior in circular agriculture.
The innovation of this paper has three points as follows:
(i) This paper made the first systematic presentation of the behavioral requirements on farmers in the development of circular agriculture. Currently, farmers' behavioral requirements are almost not invovled in the researches made on the farmers' behavior of circular agriculture, only referred in the literature sporadically and indirectly, not deep enough and lack of systematic. On the basis of in-depth study on the content of circular agriculture and characteristics of farmers in our country, this article made the first systematic presentation of the behavioral requirements on farmers in development of circular agriculture from the perspective of the attitude, production investment behavior, waste management behavior and technology choice behavior of farmers. This innovation points have great significance for the acceleration of the healthy development of circular agriculture and the full play to the leading role of farmers. At the same time, the paper took the fanners'behavioral requirements as the scale, and measured the gap between present situation and the ideal state of farmers' behavior in circular agriculture, laid the theoretical foundation for the design of farmers'behavior incentive and restraint mechanisms.
(ii) The paper designed the incentive and restraint mechanisms of the farmers' participation in the development of circular agriculture. Current study on the farmers' behavior of circular agriculture is insufficient on the issue of famer's incentive and restraint mechanisms, and lack of convincing research results. In this regard, based on the normative analysis and empirical analysis of the farmers'behavioral mechanism and farmers'knowledge, attitude, motivation and behavior, this paper designed a set of incentive and restraint mechanisms to encourage farmers to develop circular agriculture. In the respect of incentive mechanism, farmers should be given the support from legislation, credit, financial, tax, science and technology, and other aspects; in the respect of constraint mechanism, farmers' behavior should be regulated by the aspects of legal sanctions, economic sanctions, as well as social and moral constraints. The sound incentive and restraint mechanisms are not only a necessary institutional factor to promote the healthy development of circular agriculture, but also an important means to give full play to the leading role of farmers. The incentive and restraint mechanisms of farmers' behavior designed in the article can be regarded as an innovation in theoretical sense, and can also be seen as a bold attempt in the research field of circular agriculture,
(ⅲ) This paper made some valuable research findings. The paper reached a series of conclusions from the systematic analysis, such as that farmers have lower level of knowledge on circular agriculture, and take a more positive attitude toward the development of circular agriculture, "spontaneous demand" is the main driving force of farmers' participation in circular agriculture, farmers production inputs behavior in circular agriculture has yet to be standardized, there is a big gap between the farmers' waste disposal behavior status and behavioral requirements of farmers, the technology needs of farmers in circular agriculture is relatively strong, the main factors affecting waste disposal behavior of farmers including three aspects:the individual characteristics of decision-makers in agricultural production, family's situation of production and operation and the external environment, etc. These conclusions have some theoretical and practical value in encouraging and regulating the farmers' behavior and fully displaying farmers' role in circular agriculture.
(1)论文在梳理循环农业内涵和总结农户特征的基础上,对循环农业中的农户行为机理进行分析,从“积极参与循环农业建设、合理减少生产资料投入、循环利用废弃物、广泛应用循环农业相关技术”4个方面提出了循环农业中的农户行为基本要求；通过农户与政府、企业及其他农户的博弈分析,找到了农户在循环农业发展中与相关主体合作的切入点。
(2)通过对样本数据进行统计分析和计量分析,得出：农户对循环农业的认知程度较低,61.3%的样本农户对循环农业一无所知,影响农户认知的主要因素有农业生产决策者文化程度、农村协会组织数目和农户生活废弃物数量；农户对循环农业发展的态度比较积极,82.6%的农户支持循环农业发展,84.1%的农户愿意参与循环农业建设,实证分析表明影响农户态度的主要因素为农户对优质农产品的认知程度和农户对当地水资源的满意程度；“自发需求”和“全村统一实行”是农户参与循环农业建设的内外部驱动因素,在农户的自发需求中,“便利家庭生活”为优势驱动力,“改善周围环境”和“增加农业收入”为辅助驱动力。
(3)利用面板数据和调查数据,实证分析了农户在循环农业中的生产投入行为。分析表明：农户增量使用化肥和农药的现象比较普遍,有25.8%的农户倾向于增量使用农药,有52.4%的农户倾向于增量施用化肥；农户使用生物农药和有机肥等无公害生产资料的比例较低,仅有44.6%的农户使用过生物农药,仅有59.6%的农户使用过有机肥。变截距固定效应模型和二元逻辑回归模型的估计结果表明,影响农户生产投入行为的主要因素包括农户生产习惯、农户生产规模、农业生产决策者个体特征和外部环境4大类11个方面。
(4)实证分析表明：农户的废弃物处理行为现状与循环农业要求差距较大,农户对农作物秸秆、农药包装物、农用薄膜、生活垃圾和生活废水的价值认识不足,随意丢弃废弃物的现象比较严重,不发达农业省份的农户在废弃物处理行为上表现得更不合理。Panel data模型和Logistic模型的估计结果显示：影响农户废弃物处理行为的主要因素包括农业生产决策者个体特征、家庭生产经营情况、外部环境3大类和农业生产决策者文化程度、兼业程度、家庭液态生活垃圾量、农户对随意丢弃废弃物影响的认知程度、当地交通条件、政府对农村能源的经费投入6个方面。
(5)实地调查研究发现：循环农业中农户的技术需求比较强烈,种植业良种、高效农药、病虫害防治技术、沼气池建造技术、秸秆处理技术、科学施肥技术和畜禽养殖技术依次为当前农户在循环农业发展中最为急需的7种技术。通过构建两类多元逻辑回归模型并进行估计,得出影响农户技术需求的主要因素有农业生产决策者的受教育程度和兼业程度、农户对循环农业的认知程度、农户对优质农产品的认知程度；影响农户技术选择行为的主要因素有农业生产决策者的性别和受教育程度、家庭人均纯收入、政府技术支持力度、农户对循环农业的认知程度。
(6)根据理论分析和实证分析的结论,本文完善了激发农户发展循环农业的激励机制和约束机制,激励机制包括立法支持、信贷支持、财政支持、税收支持和科技支持等方面,约束机制主要包括法律约束、社会约束和经济约束等方面。在此基础上,提出了诱导农户参与循环农业发展的基本策略：正确定位农户在循环农业建设中的角色、努力提高农户的循环农业意识、切实加强对农户的科技培训和有效激励和规范农户在循环农业中的行为。
本文可能的创新点有以下3点：
(1)首次系统地提出了农户在循环农业发展中的基本行为要求。现有关于循环农业中农户行为的研究,基本没有涉及到农户的行为要求,最多只是在一些文献中零星而间接地提及,不够深入且缺乏系统性。本文在深入研究循环农业内涵和我国农户特征的基础上,从农户的念度、生产投入行为、废弃物处理行为和技术选择行为等角度出发,首次系统地提出了农户在循环农业发展中的行为要求,这对于充分发挥农户的主导作用和加速循环农业的健康发展具有一定意义。同时以农户的行为要求为标尺,衡量农户在循环农业中的行为现状与理想状念之间的差距,为设计农户行为激励机制和约束机制奠定了理论基础。
(2)设计了激发农户发展循环农业积极性的激励机制和约束机制。关于循环农业中农户行为的现有研究,对农户激励机制和约束机制的探讨不足,且缺乏令人信服的研究成果。本文在对农户的行为机理以及农户的认知、态度、动机和行为进行规范研究和实证研究的基础上,设计了一套农户发展循环农业的激励机制和约束机制。在激励机制方面,从立法、信贷、财政、税收和科技等方面对农户进行扶持；在约束机制方面,从法律制裁、经济处罚和社会道德约束等方面对农户行为进行规范。完善的激励机制和约束机制是充分发挥农户主导作用的重要手段,也是推动循环农业良性发展的必要的体制性要素。本文设计的农户行为激励机制和约束机制,可以视为是一种创新,更大程度上也是在循环农业研究领域的一次大胆的尝试。
(3)取得了一些有价值的研究结论。本文通过系统分析得出了一些结论：农户对循环农业的认知程度较低；农户对参与循环农业发展的念度比较积极；“自发需求”是农户参与循环农业建设的主要驱动力；农户在循环农业中的生产投入行为尚待规范；农户的废弃物处理行为现状与农户行为要求差距明显;农户在循环农业中的技术需求比较强烈；影响农户认知、念度、动机和行为的主要因素包括农业生产决策者个人特征、农户生产经营状况和外部环境等3大类19个方面。上述研究结论对激励和规范农户行为,充分发挥农户在循环农业发展中的作用具有一定的理论和实践指导价值。
The emergence of "petroleum agriculture" has greatly improved agricultural productivity and increases the supply of agricultural products since the 20th century; however, it also caused a series of environmental problems, such as the decline of soil quality, the water and air pollution, etc. Furthermore, one-way flow of material inputs has increased the consumption of natural resources and makes the already relatively scarce resources reserves in our country becoming more stretched. In order to solve the problems of resource waste and environmental pollution caused by the "petroleum agriculture", a new type of agricultural development model—circular agriculture comes into being, which is used to promote the efficient and recycling use of the agricultural resources, encourage cleaner production and save inputs, and advocate the reduction of environmental pollution and ecological damage as orientation. According to the Chinese conditions of household contract responsibility system and farmers decentralized management, the development of circular agriculture must fully relies on farmers. Whether fanners can play their leading role or how extent farmers can play, at the same time farmers'knowledge, attitude and behavior in the development of circular agriculture have important and far-reaching impact on the healthy and sustainable development of circular agriculture. In view of this, under the guidance of the theory of circular economy and farmers'behavior, motivation theory and game theory, the paper adopted the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods and the econometric analytical tools, made empirical study on the requirements of circular agriculture about the farmers' behavior, combed the interest relationship among farmers, governments, enterprises and other related subjects, made identification of farmers'awareness, attitude and motivation of circular agriculture, conducted in-depth analysis on the farmers'behaviors of production inputs, waste disposal and technology selection and the main factors affecting farmers' behaviors. On these bases, the paper gave the basic idea of improving the incentive and restraint mechanisms for farmers'participated in circular agriculture, putted forward the basic strategy to encourage farmers to participate in circular agriculture, aimed to promote the healthy, harmonious and sustainable development of circular agriculture. This paper drew the following conclusions by analyzing:
(i) On the basis of combing the content of circular agriculture and summarizing the farmers'characteristics, the paper analyzed the mechanism of farmers'behavior, and putted forward the basic requirements of circular agriculture on farmers'behavior from four aspects:"active participated in construction of circular agriculture, reasonable reduced of production inputs, recycled of waste, wide applied of the related technology of circular agriculture". Through conducting the game analysis among farmers, government, business and other farmers, the paper found out the entry point for farmers to cooperate with the relevant subjects in circular agriculture.
(ii) Through statistical and quantitative analyzed of sample data, the paper concluded that farmers'level of awareness on circular agriculture is relatively low in our country, that 61.3 percent of the sample farmers knew nothing about circular agriculture; the educational level of policy makers in agricultural production, the number of rural associations and the amount of farmers'domestic waste emissions are the main factors affecting farmers'awareness; farmers take a relatively positive attitude towards circular agriculture, in which,82.6 percent of the farmers support the development of circular agriculture and 84.1 percent of the farmers have the willing to participate in the construction of circular agriculture; the empirical analysis showed that the awareness of farmers on high-quality agricultural products and the satisfaction of farmers with local water resources are the main factors affecting the farmers'attitude; "spontaneous demand" and "uniform implementation of the village" are the internal and external drivers of farmers'participation, respectively, in the construction of circular agriculture, while for the spontaneous demand of farmers, "facilitating family's life" is the advantage driving force, and "improving the environment" and "increasing agricultural income" is the auxiliary driving force.
(iii) The paper conducted empirical analysis on the farmers'production inputs behavior in circular agriculture by using the panel data and survey data. The analysis showed that the phenomenon of farmers'incremental use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is quite common, in which,25.8 percent of farmers tend to incremental use pesticides,52.4 percent of farmers tend to incremental use chemical fertilizer; the proportion of farmers'using bio-pesticides, organic fertilizer and other pollution-free production is relatively low, only 44.6 percent of farmers used biological pesticide, only 59.6 percent of farmers used organic fertilizer. The estimation results of variable intercept fixed effects model and the binary logistic regression model showed that the main factors affecting production input behavior of farmers including four categories and eleven aspects, four categories are the farmers' production practices, the production scale of farmers, the individual characteristics and the external environment of decision-makers in agricultural production.
(iv) The empirical analysis showed that there is a relatively big gap between the status of farmers' waste disposal behavior and the requirements of circular agriculture; farmers lack enough knowledge about the value of crop residues, pesticide packaging, agricultural film, garbage and domestic wastewater; the phenomenon of arbitrary waste disposal is relatively serious; the fanners' performance of waste disposal behavior in undeveloped rural provinces is more irrational. The estimation results of Panel data model and the Logistic model showed that the main factors affecting waste disposal behavior of farmers including three categories: the individual characteristics of decision-makers in agricultural production, family's situation of production and operation, the external environment; these categories are divided into six aspects which including the educational level and the degree of part-time of agricultural policy makers, the amount of household liquid waste, the farmers' level of awareness on the impact of arbitrary waste disposal, the local traffic conditions, and the government funding for investment in rural energy.
(v) Through the field survey, the paper found that fanners' demand for technology in the circular agriculture is relatively strong; the seven kinds of technologies that farmers needed most urgently in the development of circular agriculture are the planting picked seeds, efficient pesticides and pest controlling technology, digester constructing technology, straw treatment technology, scientific fertilization and livestock cultivation. By constructed and estimated two types of multiple logistic regression model, the paper concluded that the factors affect agricultural technical requirement including: the educational level and the degree of part-time of agricultural policy makers, the farmers' awareness of circular agriculture, the farmers' awareness of quality agricultural products, and the factors affect technology selection behavior of farmers including: the gender and educational level of agricultural policy makers, the household's per capita net income of agricultural policy makers, the intensity of government technical support and the farmers' awareness on circular agriculture.
(vi) Based on the conclusions of theoretical and empirical analysis, this paper improved the incentive and restraint mechanisms that stimulate farmers to develop circular agriculture; the incentive mechanism including legislative support, credit support, financial support, tax support and technology support, etc; the restraint mechanism includes legally binding, social constraints and economic constraints, etc. On this basis, the paper proposed the basic strategy inducing farmers to participate in the development of circular agriculture; these basic strategies include:correctly positioning the fanners' role in construction of circular agriculture, making efforts to improve farmers'awareness in circular agriculture, feasibly strengthening the technology training for farmers, and effective encouraging and regulating farmers'behavior in circular agriculture.
The innovation of this paper has three points as follows:
(i) This paper made the first systematic presentation of the behavioral requirements on farmers in the development of circular agriculture. Currently, farmers' behavioral requirements are almost not invovled in the researches made on the farmers' behavior of circular agriculture, only referred in the literature sporadically and indirectly, not deep enough and lack of systematic. On the basis of in-depth study on the content of circular agriculture and characteristics of farmers in our country, this article made the first systematic presentation of the behavioral requirements on farmers in development of circular agriculture from the perspective of the attitude, production investment behavior, waste management behavior and technology choice behavior of farmers. This innovation points have great significance for the acceleration of the healthy development of circular agriculture and the full play to the leading role of farmers. At the same time, the paper took the fanners'behavioral requirements as the scale, and measured the gap between present situation and the ideal state of farmers' behavior in circular agriculture, laid the theoretical foundation for the design of farmers'behavior incentive and restraint mechanisms.
(ii) The paper designed the incentive and restraint mechanisms of the farmers' participation in the development of circular agriculture. Current study on the farmers' behavior of circular agriculture is insufficient on the issue of famer's incentive and restraint mechanisms, and lack of convincing research results. In this regard, based on the normative analysis and empirical analysis of the farmers'behavioral mechanism and farmers'knowledge, attitude, motivation and behavior, this paper designed a set of incentive and restraint mechanisms to encourage farmers to develop circular agriculture. In the respect of incentive mechanism, farmers should be given the support from legislation, credit, financial, tax, science and technology, and other aspects; in the respect of constraint mechanism, farmers' behavior should be regulated by the aspects of legal sanctions, economic sanctions, as well as social and moral constraints. The sound incentive and restraint mechanisms are not only a necessary institutional factor to promote the healthy development of circular agriculture, but also an important means to give full play to the leading role of farmers. The incentive and restraint mechanisms of farmers' behavior designed in the article can be regarded as an innovation in theoretical sense, and can also be seen as a bold attempt in the research field of circular agriculture,
(ⅲ) This paper made some valuable research findings. The paper reached a series of conclusions from the systematic analysis, such as that farmers have lower level of knowledge on circular agriculture, and take a more positive attitude toward the development of circular agriculture, "spontaneous demand" is the main driving force of farmers' participation in circular agriculture, farmers production inputs behavior in circular agriculture has yet to be standardized, there is a big gap between the farmers' waste disposal behavior status and behavioral requirements of farmers, the technology needs of farmers in circular agriculture is relatively strong, the main factors affecting waste disposal behavior of farmers including three aspects:the individual characteristics of decision-makers in agricultural production, family's situation of production and operation and the external environment, etc. These conclusions have some theoretical and practical value in encouraging and regulating the farmers' behavior and fully displaying farmers' role in circular agriculture.
引文
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5农户生活废弃物一般包括固体废弃物和液体废弃物两部分,固体废弃物主要有厨余、纸张、织物、竹木、塑料、金属、玻璃、灰渣等,液体废弃物主要指农村居民生活污水及人的粪便等。
6农业生产废弃物一般包括秸秆、残株、杂草、落叶、果实外壳、藤蔓、树枝等农田和果园废弃物,以及牲畜和家禽粪便、栏圈铺垫物等牧业废弃物。
7全国平均数据来源于中国统计年鉴2008。
8全国数据来源于中国农村统计年鉴2008,计算公式为：全国人均耕地面积=耕地面积/乡村人口数。
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11数据来源于中国农村统计年鉴1989。
12数据来源于中国农村统计年鉴2009。
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23农户生产投入行为、废弃物处理行为和技术选择行为的微观样本量均为375份。
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5农户生活废弃物一般包括固体废弃物和液体废弃物两部分,固体废弃物主要有厨余、纸张、织物、竹木、塑料、金属、玻璃、灰渣等,液体废弃物主要指农村居民生活污水及人的粪便等。
6农业生产废弃物一般包括秸秆、残株、杂草、落叶、果实外壳、藤蔓、树枝等农田和果园废弃物,以及牲畜和家禽粪便、栏圈铺垫物等牧业废弃物。
7全国平均数据来源于中国统计年鉴2008。
8全国数据来源于中国农村统计年鉴2008,计算公式为：全国人均耕地面积=耕地面积/乡村人口数。
9引自：米红,张文璋.实用现代统计分析方法及SPSS应用[M].北京：当代中国出版社,2004
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11数据来源于中国农村统计年鉴1989。
12数据来源于中国农村统计年鉴2009。
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23农户生产投入行为、废弃物处理行为和技术选择行为的微观样本量均为375份。
24样本区的循环农业项日主要包括以下方面：沼气工程、乡村清洁工程、生态农业示范丁程、生态家园富民计划以及与循环农业有关的其他项目。
25注：北京、天津、上海、重庆为直辖市,城市化程度较高,农业生产规模较小；西藏自治区的部分年份数据缺失,故研究范围不包括以上5省区。
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