3种垂直绿化植物对污染物的富集及生理响应
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摘要
垂直绿化植物是城市园林绿化和植物造景的重要组成部分,以爬山虎(Parthenocissus tricuspidata)、云南黄馨(Jasminum mesnyi)和野蔷薇(Rosa multiflora)3种植物作为研究对象,对爬山虎和云南黄馨在自然污染状态下的叶片硫含量、全氮含量及生理生化的月动态变化进行了研究,并对盆栽条件下,3种植物在不同地点叶片硫含量、重金属(锌、铜、铅、镉、铬)含量的季节变化以及不同浓度S02和N02胁迫下3种植物的吸收能力与生理生化响应进行了研究。主要结论如下：
(1)自然条件下叶片硫含量的大小是：云南黄馨>爬山虎嫩叶>爬山虎成熟叶。硫含量在不同地点的月动态变化趋势是先降后升,工业区和交通枢纽区高于相对清洁区。盆栽条件下叶片硫含量大小为：云南黄馨>爬山虎>野蔷薇；硫含量的季节变化与自然条件下采样所测定的结果相一致；不同地点云南黄馨和爬山虎叶片的硫含量与大气污染指数变化基本一致。SO2胁迫下3种植物对SO2的平均净化能力大小是：野蔷薇>云南黄馨>爬山虎,3种植物对大气S02均有一定的吸收净化能力。
(2)自然条件下各植物叶片平均全氮含量差异不显著,不同地点的平均月动态变化规律相似,均呈现先上升再下降又上升的趋势。NO2胁迫下3种植物的吸氮量随N02浓度的增加呈先升后降的趋势,3种植物的平均净化率均超过60%,属净化N02能力极强的种类。
(3)3种植物叶片5种重金属元素含量大小依次均为Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Cd,3种植物对重金属的吸收净化能力依重金属的种类而异。Zn、Cr元素的季节变化规律基本一致,均呈先下降再上升又下降的趋势；爬山虎叶片的Cu含量呈下降趋势,云南黄馨和野蔷薇叶片Cu富集量呈上升再下降趋势；爬山虎的Pb和Cd含量在各月间均无显著性差异,云南黄馨和野蔷薇的Pb和Cd含量分别在6月显著上升,而后变化幅度较小。
(4)自然条件下云南黄馨的叶绿素总量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、抗坏血酸、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶显著高于爬山虎嫩叶和爬山虎成熟叶,但游离氨基酸与此相反,丙二醛显著低于爬山虎成熟叶。2种植物的叶绿素总量、可溶性蛋白均为交通枢纽区和工业区低于相对清洁区,而可溶性糖、游离氨基酸及抗坏血酸与此相反；在工业区和交通枢纽区的爬山虎嫩叶和成熟叶的丙二醛、超氧化物岐化酶及过氧化氢酶显著高于相对清洁区,而云南黄馨差异不显著。4月至9月各生理生化指标的动态变化主要依植物种类而有所不同。
(5)随着S02或N02胁迫浓度的增加,3种植物的叶绿素总量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、过氧化物酶、脯氨酸总体上呈先升后降的趋势。但SO2胁迫下,抗坏血酸、游离氨基酸、过氧化氢酶呈先降后升趋势,超氧化物歧化酶呈下降趋势,丙二醛呈先上升—下降—上升趋势。而在N02胁迫下,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶呈下降—上升的趋势,丙二醛、游离氨基酸呈上升趋势,可溶性蛋白呈下降—上升—下降的趋势。
(6)采用主成分分析法对3种植物的抗性进行综合评价,大气污染下其抗性强弱依次为：云南黄馨>爬山虎成熟叶>爬山虎嫩叶。对S02和N02的抗性次序均为云南黄馨>野蔷薇>爬山虎。
Vertical greening plant is an important part of the urban landscape and plant landscape. The most widely used plants---- Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Jasminum mesnyi, Rosa multiflora were chosed as the subjects. The effect of air pollution on monthly dynamic changes of sulfur contents, total nitrogen and physio-biochemical indices of P. tricuspidata and J. mesnyi in natural state were investigated, and discussions on seasonal variation of leaf sulfur content, heavy metals (zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, chromium) were carried out with three kinds of potted plants in different locations. The absorption capacity, physio-biochemical responses of three plant species were also studied under different stress concentrations of SO2 and NO2. Here are the conclusions below:
(1) Sulfur content in leaves under natural conditions was as follows:J. mesnyi>young leaves of P. tricuspidata>mature leaves of P. tricuspidata. The sulfur content in different locations showed a dynamic month change of decrease then increase. The measurement results of different locations showed that industrial and traffic areas were higher than relatively clean areas. The sulfur content of 3 vertical greening plant species under potted conditions was in order of J. mesnyi>P. tricuspidata>R. multiflora. Seasonal changes of sulfur content were consistent with results of natural condition. Sulfur contents of P. tricuspidata and J. mesnyi in different places were closely consistent with air pollution index. Average purification ability of three plant species to SO2 under SO2 stress was as follows:R. multiflora>J. mesnyi>P. tricuspidata. This three vertical plant species can absorb SO2 in atmosphere at a certain extent.
(2) The average total nitrogen contents of J. mesnyi, young and mature leaves of P. tricuspidata had no significant difference under natural condition, with similar dynamic monthly change which rised firstly and then declined and rised again in different locations. Under NO2 stress, the absorption of nitrogen was first increased and then decreased with the increase of NO2 concentration. They were species with strong ability of purifying NO2, with average purification rates of more than 60%.
(3) The order of content of five heavy mental elements in leaves of three plant species was:Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Cd. The absorption and purification abilities of three plants varied by the type of heavy metals. Seasonal changes of Zn and Cr content of three plant species were approximately consistent, with the trend of a decrease-increase-decrease. The Cu content of P. tricuspidata present a downward trend. The Cu accumulation of J. mesnyi and R. multiflora got a up-down trend. There was no significant difference in the Pb and Cd content of P. tricuspidata among the months, but R. multiflora and J. mesny showed a considerable increase in June and then decrease slowly.
(4) In natural state, comparisoned to young and mature leaves of P. tricuspidata, the content of total chlorophyll, soluble sugar, soluble protein, ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase and catalase of J. mesnyi were significantly higher, while free amino acid was on the contrary. MDA of J. mesnyi was considerablely lower than mature leaves of P. tricuspidata. Transport hub areas and industrial areas were inferior to the relatively clean areas in terms of total chlorophyll and soluble protein, but superior to the relatively clean areas in soluble sugar, free amino acid and ascorbic acid. MDA, superoxide dismutase and catalase of young and mature leaves of P. tricuspidata in transport hub areas and industrial areas were higher than that in relatively clean areas. While there were no significant difference in those three indices of J. mesnyi in different sampling locations.From April to September, the dynamic changes of physio-biochemistry indices of P. tricuspidata and J. mesnyi varied according to plant species and different indices.
(5) With the increase of SO2 or NO2 stress, the total chlorophyll, soluble sugar, soluble protein, peroxidase, proline of three vertical plant species got up then down trend. But with the increasing concentration of SO2 stress, ascorbic acid, free amino acid, catalase decreased and then increased. Superoxide dismutase present a descending trend and MDA had a down-up-down trend. With the increasing concentration of NO2 stress, superoxide dismutase and catalase declined first and then rised. MDA and free amino acid showed an ascending trend. Soluble protein got down-up-slowly down trend.
(6) Using principal component analysis method to analyse the resistance of three vertical plant species. The order of plant resistance under air pollution was:J. mesnyi>mature leaves of P. tricuspidata>young leaves of P. tricuspidata. The resistance to SO2 or to NO2 was all as follows:J. mesnyi>R. multiflora>P. tricuspidata.
(1)自然条件下叶片硫含量的大小是：云南黄馨>爬山虎嫩叶>爬山虎成熟叶。硫含量在不同地点的月动态变化趋势是先降后升,工业区和交通枢纽区高于相对清洁区。盆栽条件下叶片硫含量大小为：云南黄馨>爬山虎>野蔷薇；硫含量的季节变化与自然条件下采样所测定的结果相一致；不同地点云南黄馨和爬山虎叶片的硫含量与大气污染指数变化基本一致。SO2胁迫下3种植物对SO2的平均净化能力大小是：野蔷薇>云南黄馨>爬山虎,3种植物对大气S02均有一定的吸收净化能力。
(2)自然条件下各植物叶片平均全氮含量差异不显著,不同地点的平均月动态变化规律相似,均呈现先上升再下降又上升的趋势。NO2胁迫下3种植物的吸氮量随N02浓度的增加呈先升后降的趋势,3种植物的平均净化率均超过60%,属净化N02能力极强的种类。
(3)3种植物叶片5种重金属元素含量大小依次均为Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Cd,3种植物对重金属的吸收净化能力依重金属的种类而异。Zn、Cr元素的季节变化规律基本一致,均呈先下降再上升又下降的趋势；爬山虎叶片的Cu含量呈下降趋势,云南黄馨和野蔷薇叶片Cu富集量呈上升再下降趋势；爬山虎的Pb和Cd含量在各月间均无显著性差异,云南黄馨和野蔷薇的Pb和Cd含量分别在6月显著上升,而后变化幅度较小。
(4)自然条件下云南黄馨的叶绿素总量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、抗坏血酸、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶显著高于爬山虎嫩叶和爬山虎成熟叶,但游离氨基酸与此相反,丙二醛显著低于爬山虎成熟叶。2种植物的叶绿素总量、可溶性蛋白均为交通枢纽区和工业区低于相对清洁区,而可溶性糖、游离氨基酸及抗坏血酸与此相反；在工业区和交通枢纽区的爬山虎嫩叶和成熟叶的丙二醛、超氧化物岐化酶及过氧化氢酶显著高于相对清洁区,而云南黄馨差异不显著。4月至9月各生理生化指标的动态变化主要依植物种类而有所不同。
(5)随着S02或N02胁迫浓度的增加,3种植物的叶绿素总量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、过氧化物酶、脯氨酸总体上呈先升后降的趋势。但SO2胁迫下,抗坏血酸、游离氨基酸、过氧化氢酶呈先降后升趋势,超氧化物歧化酶呈下降趋势,丙二醛呈先上升—下降—上升趋势。而在N02胁迫下,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶呈下降—上升的趋势,丙二醛、游离氨基酸呈上升趋势,可溶性蛋白呈下降—上升—下降的趋势。
(6)采用主成分分析法对3种植物的抗性进行综合评价,大气污染下其抗性强弱依次为：云南黄馨>爬山虎成熟叶>爬山虎嫩叶。对S02和N02的抗性次序均为云南黄馨>野蔷薇>爬山虎。
Vertical greening plant is an important part of the urban landscape and plant landscape. The most widely used plants---- Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Jasminum mesnyi, Rosa multiflora were chosed as the subjects. The effect of air pollution on monthly dynamic changes of sulfur contents, total nitrogen and physio-biochemical indices of P. tricuspidata and J. mesnyi in natural state were investigated, and discussions on seasonal variation of leaf sulfur content, heavy metals (zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, chromium) were carried out with three kinds of potted plants in different locations. The absorption capacity, physio-biochemical responses of three plant species were also studied under different stress concentrations of SO2 and NO2. Here are the conclusions below:
(1) Sulfur content in leaves under natural conditions was as follows:J. mesnyi>young leaves of P. tricuspidata>mature leaves of P. tricuspidata. The sulfur content in different locations showed a dynamic month change of decrease then increase. The measurement results of different locations showed that industrial and traffic areas were higher than relatively clean areas. The sulfur content of 3 vertical greening plant species under potted conditions was in order of J. mesnyi>P. tricuspidata>R. multiflora. Seasonal changes of sulfur content were consistent with results of natural condition. Sulfur contents of P. tricuspidata and J. mesnyi in different places were closely consistent with air pollution index. Average purification ability of three plant species to SO2 under SO2 stress was as follows:R. multiflora>J. mesnyi>P. tricuspidata. This three vertical plant species can absorb SO2 in atmosphere at a certain extent.
(2) The average total nitrogen contents of J. mesnyi, young and mature leaves of P. tricuspidata had no significant difference under natural condition, with similar dynamic monthly change which rised firstly and then declined and rised again in different locations. Under NO2 stress, the absorption of nitrogen was first increased and then decreased with the increase of NO2 concentration. They were species with strong ability of purifying NO2, with average purification rates of more than 60%.
(3) The order of content of five heavy mental elements in leaves of three plant species was:Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Cd. The absorption and purification abilities of three plants varied by the type of heavy metals. Seasonal changes of Zn and Cr content of three plant species were approximately consistent, with the trend of a decrease-increase-decrease. The Cu content of P. tricuspidata present a downward trend. The Cu accumulation of J. mesnyi and R. multiflora got a up-down trend. There was no significant difference in the Pb and Cd content of P. tricuspidata among the months, but R. multiflora and J. mesny showed a considerable increase in June and then decrease slowly.
(4) In natural state, comparisoned to young and mature leaves of P. tricuspidata, the content of total chlorophyll, soluble sugar, soluble protein, ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase and catalase of J. mesnyi were significantly higher, while free amino acid was on the contrary. MDA of J. mesnyi was considerablely lower than mature leaves of P. tricuspidata. Transport hub areas and industrial areas were inferior to the relatively clean areas in terms of total chlorophyll and soluble protein, but superior to the relatively clean areas in soluble sugar, free amino acid and ascorbic acid. MDA, superoxide dismutase and catalase of young and mature leaves of P. tricuspidata in transport hub areas and industrial areas were higher than that in relatively clean areas. While there were no significant difference in those three indices of J. mesnyi in different sampling locations.From April to September, the dynamic changes of physio-biochemistry indices of P. tricuspidata and J. mesnyi varied according to plant species and different indices.
(5) With the increase of SO2 or NO2 stress, the total chlorophyll, soluble sugar, soluble protein, peroxidase, proline of three vertical plant species got up then down trend. But with the increasing concentration of SO2 stress, ascorbic acid, free amino acid, catalase decreased and then increased. Superoxide dismutase present a descending trend and MDA had a down-up-down trend. With the increasing concentration of NO2 stress, superoxide dismutase and catalase declined first and then rised. MDA and free amino acid showed an ascending trend. Soluble protein got down-up-slowly down trend.
(6) Using principal component analysis method to analyse the resistance of three vertical plant species. The order of plant resistance under air pollution was:J. mesnyi>mature leaves of P. tricuspidata>young leaves of P. tricuspidata. The resistance to SO2 or to NO2 was all as follows:J. mesnyi>R. multiflora>P. tricuspidata.
引文
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