计及靶体宏细观结构影响的低速侵彻响应
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摘要
简化弹／层状靶体的侵彻问题是弹与靶相互作用的瞬态接触问题,涉及应力波的传播、弹靶的变形、损伤和破坏及其演化的相互耦合,有限元数值分析方法是侵彻分析的重要工具之一。但现有的有限元分析中缺乏较完整的混凝土宏细观数值本构模型以及宏细观失效准则,缺乏高效的计及细观结构特征的建模方法。本文提出了计及靶体细观结构特征的高效率建模方法和较完整的混凝土的宏细观数值本构模型以及宏细观失效准则；同时基于单点积分的非线性显式有限元LS-DYNA软件构建有限元数值分析平台,研究了简化弹低速侵彻层状靶体的弹靶动力学响应规律。本文获得了以下的主要研究成果。
采用应变、加速度测试技术并结合高速摄影技术,建立了弹、混凝土靶侵彻过程中靶体动力学响应的测试系统,并应用于简化弹低速分别正侵彻单层混凝土靶和土体,以及斜侵彻层状靶体的试验中,获得了低速侵彻过程中靶体的响应规律。单层混凝土正侵彻试验的测试结果表明,简化弹碰撞单层混凝土靶后,着靶面的变形特征是径向受压和环向受拉；受出靶面自由边界的影响,在反射拉伸应力波的作用下出靶面混凝土发生飞溅、开裂和崩落；在撞击下单层混凝土靶体的动力学响应主要分三个阶段,初期主要是应力波的传播,中期是应力波和结构振动效应的耦合作用,后期主要是结构的振动。单层土体受球形弹侵彻后,土体的破坏特征为着靶面出现漏斗坑、土体内部形成直线通道,其漏斗坑直径、开坑深度及侵深随球形弹侵彻速度的增加而增加。层状靶体受截锥形简化弹斜侵彻后,面层内的径向和轴向加速度脉冲经历多次振荡后迅速衰减；靶体面层表面形成类似椭圆的破坏区域、内部形成类似喇叭口的破坏模式,基层、压实层和天然地基层内形成直线通道。
依据混凝土三轴试验的结果分析,提出了较完整的混凝土宏观本构模型和失效准则,同时基于靶体侵彻响应测试结果,确定了混凝土和土的相关参数；在此基础上建立了简化弹正侵彻土体、单层混凝土和斜侵彻层状靶体的有限元分析模型,并分别进行了相应的计算,结合试验结果分别对相应的模型进行了考评,结果表明该有限元分析模型是有效的和比较可靠的。在此基础上较系统地研究了简化弹低速侵彻层状靶体的响应,考察了简化弹着速、倾角、攻角和层状靶体的基层强度对弹体偏转角、加速度和速度等侵彻响应的影响,揭示了以下新的相关规律。弹体在侵彻层状靶体过程中发生偏转,最大偏转出现在压实层和天然地基层中；在不同着速、倾角和攻角情况下,碰撞后的弹体速度和加速度响应与每层厚度和强度密切相关,其中加速度-时间曲线均呈台阶式下降；揭示了引信位置或起爆时间与弹体倾角、着速和攻角的权重排序关系,即定深引信的排序依次为弹体入射的倾角、着速和攻角,而延时引信的排序依次为弹体的着速、倾角和攻角。
在级配“数值混凝土”的建模过程中,首先提出了空间离散占位法,实现了高容积率大量骨料的高效率投放,利用Patran中的PCL编制了数值混凝土的离散程序,实现了大尺寸数值混凝土的网格离散,采用可失效的接触算法模拟了骨料和砂浆的过渡带,建立了包含骨料和砂浆的两相数值混凝土模型,并进行了相应的计算,结合混凝土材料试验对该模型进行了考评。在此基础上研究了随机分布的骨料对简化弹侵彻响应的影响,初步揭示了相关规律。相对于均质化混凝土模型,随机分布的骨料对弹体的侵彻姿态有明显影响；在同一着靶点,弹体着速对不同弹径下弹体偏转角的影响规律相近,出现最大偏转角的速度均在385m/s附近；在相同的着速下,随着弹径的增加,偏转角逐渐减小；同一弹从不同的着靶点侵入后,在靶中经历的侵彻路径不同,骨料对弹体的作用也不尽相同,于是对弹体偏转角的影响规律也出现差异,如：出现最大偏转角时的着速不同；即使在相同的着速下,弹体偏转角也不相同。
The projectile/target penetration is a transient contact problem, coupling with the propagation of stress waves, the deformation, damage and its evolution of the projectile and target. Finite element analysis is a useful method to solve such complex penetration problem. However, the existing macroscopic and mesoscopic constitutive models and failure criterions are difficult to completely describe the mechanical responses of concretes. Furthermore, there are no efficient methods to model the mesoscopic structure of concrete. In the present dissertation, an improved failure criterion for concrete and a new modeling method incorporating the microscopic structure of concrete are proposed. The penetration responses of simplified projectiles into layered targets are numerically investigated using the nonlinear explicit FEM software Ls-Dyna based on the single point integral. The conclusions are presented as follows.
The testing system for dynamic response measurement is set up using the strain-gage technique, accelerometer technique and high-speed photography technique. The experiments for projectiles normal penetration into the concrete target and the earth target and the oblique penetration into the layered target are performed. The experimental results indicate that the concrete plate is destroyed by compressive load in radius direction and tensile load in circumference direction. Due to the effect of tension stress wave reflected at the back side of the target, the phenomenon of target splash, crack and fragment is observed during penetration process. The dynamic response process of the concrete plate can be divided into three stages, namely the initial wave-propagation stage, the penetration, wave-propagation and structure-vibration coupling stage and the final structure-vibration stage. The destruction pattern of soil subjected to the steel-ball penetration is like a funnel. The funnel size of soil and the penetration depth of steel ball increase with the increase of impact velocity. After the oblique penetration of the cone-shaped penetrator into the layered target, a cup tunnel with an elliptical fracture contour line is produced in the surface layer of the target and a straight tunnel in the base, compacted and natural base layers.
Based on the triaxial test results of concretes, an improved failure criterion is proposed. The material parameters of concretes and soils are determined by the corresponding penetration tests. The finite element models are constructed to simulate the normal penetration into the earth target and concrete target and the oblique penetration into the layered target. The models are verified by test results. The effects of the impact velocity, obliquity angle, yaw angle of the simplified penetrator and the strength of the base layer on the penetration responses such as the acceleration, velocity and deflection angle of the projectile are numerically investigated. The numerical results indicate that the projectile deflects in the layered target and the maximum deflection emerges in the compacted earth layer and the natural earth base layer. The responses of projectile acceleration and velocity depend on the thickness and strength of layers. The values of acceleration decrease with penetration time as an obvious step pattern. The relation between the fuse depth and igniting time and the oblique angle, impact velocity and yaw angle of penetrator is revealed. The sequence of factors sorted by weight for depth setting fuze is obliquity, impact velocity and yaw angle. The factor sequence for delay fuse is impact velocity, obliquity and yaw angle.
For grated numerical concrete model, a new method of random aggregate arrangements called "space meshed and taken-in" is developed to high-efficiently arrange number of aggregates with high volume fraction. A PCL program of Patran is developed to mesh the geometric model. The bonding strength of the transition band between the aggregate and the mortar is modeled using failure strength of tied-contact in LS-DYNA. Consequently, a numerical concrete model with aggregates and mortars is constructed and the validity of the model is verified by the concrete material tests. The effect of randomly distributed aggregates on the penetration responses of penetrators is numerically investigated. It can be found that the penetrator gesture is apparently affected by the randomly-distributed aggregates. The deflection angle decreases with increasing the projectile diameter; when the projectile penetrates from different points on the target, the aggregate effect on the projectile deflection is different due to the difference of the penetration trace.
采用应变、加速度测试技术并结合高速摄影技术,建立了弹、混凝土靶侵彻过程中靶体动力学响应的测试系统,并应用于简化弹低速分别正侵彻单层混凝土靶和土体,以及斜侵彻层状靶体的试验中,获得了低速侵彻过程中靶体的响应规律。单层混凝土正侵彻试验的测试结果表明,简化弹碰撞单层混凝土靶后,着靶面的变形特征是径向受压和环向受拉；受出靶面自由边界的影响,在反射拉伸应力波的作用下出靶面混凝土发生飞溅、开裂和崩落；在撞击下单层混凝土靶体的动力学响应主要分三个阶段,初期主要是应力波的传播,中期是应力波和结构振动效应的耦合作用,后期主要是结构的振动。单层土体受球形弹侵彻后,土体的破坏特征为着靶面出现漏斗坑、土体内部形成直线通道,其漏斗坑直径、开坑深度及侵深随球形弹侵彻速度的增加而增加。层状靶体受截锥形简化弹斜侵彻后,面层内的径向和轴向加速度脉冲经历多次振荡后迅速衰减；靶体面层表面形成类似椭圆的破坏区域、内部形成类似喇叭口的破坏模式,基层、压实层和天然地基层内形成直线通道。
依据混凝土三轴试验的结果分析,提出了较完整的混凝土宏观本构模型和失效准则,同时基于靶体侵彻响应测试结果,确定了混凝土和土的相关参数；在此基础上建立了简化弹正侵彻土体、单层混凝土和斜侵彻层状靶体的有限元分析模型,并分别进行了相应的计算,结合试验结果分别对相应的模型进行了考评,结果表明该有限元分析模型是有效的和比较可靠的。在此基础上较系统地研究了简化弹低速侵彻层状靶体的响应,考察了简化弹着速、倾角、攻角和层状靶体的基层强度对弹体偏转角、加速度和速度等侵彻响应的影响,揭示了以下新的相关规律。弹体在侵彻层状靶体过程中发生偏转,最大偏转出现在压实层和天然地基层中；在不同着速、倾角和攻角情况下,碰撞后的弹体速度和加速度响应与每层厚度和强度密切相关,其中加速度-时间曲线均呈台阶式下降；揭示了引信位置或起爆时间与弹体倾角、着速和攻角的权重排序关系,即定深引信的排序依次为弹体入射的倾角、着速和攻角,而延时引信的排序依次为弹体的着速、倾角和攻角。
在级配“数值混凝土”的建模过程中,首先提出了空间离散占位法,实现了高容积率大量骨料的高效率投放,利用Patran中的PCL编制了数值混凝土的离散程序,实现了大尺寸数值混凝土的网格离散,采用可失效的接触算法模拟了骨料和砂浆的过渡带,建立了包含骨料和砂浆的两相数值混凝土模型,并进行了相应的计算,结合混凝土材料试验对该模型进行了考评。在此基础上研究了随机分布的骨料对简化弹侵彻响应的影响,初步揭示了相关规律。相对于均质化混凝土模型,随机分布的骨料对弹体的侵彻姿态有明显影响；在同一着靶点,弹体着速对不同弹径下弹体偏转角的影响规律相近,出现最大偏转角的速度均在385m/s附近；在相同的着速下,随着弹径的增加,偏转角逐渐减小；同一弹从不同的着靶点侵入后,在靶中经历的侵彻路径不同,骨料对弹体的作用也不尽相同,于是对弹体偏转角的影响规律也出现差异,如：出现最大偏转角时的着速不同；即使在相同的着速下,弹体偏转角也不相同。
The projectile/target penetration is a transient contact problem, coupling with the propagation of stress waves, the deformation, damage and its evolution of the projectile and target. Finite element analysis is a useful method to solve such complex penetration problem. However, the existing macroscopic and mesoscopic constitutive models and failure criterions are difficult to completely describe the mechanical responses of concretes. Furthermore, there are no efficient methods to model the mesoscopic structure of concrete. In the present dissertation, an improved failure criterion for concrete and a new modeling method incorporating the microscopic structure of concrete are proposed. The penetration responses of simplified projectiles into layered targets are numerically investigated using the nonlinear explicit FEM software Ls-Dyna based on the single point integral. The conclusions are presented as follows.
The testing system for dynamic response measurement is set up using the strain-gage technique, accelerometer technique and high-speed photography technique. The experiments for projectiles normal penetration into the concrete target and the earth target and the oblique penetration into the layered target are performed. The experimental results indicate that the concrete plate is destroyed by compressive load in radius direction and tensile load in circumference direction. Due to the effect of tension stress wave reflected at the back side of the target, the phenomenon of target splash, crack and fragment is observed during penetration process. The dynamic response process of the concrete plate can be divided into three stages, namely the initial wave-propagation stage, the penetration, wave-propagation and structure-vibration coupling stage and the final structure-vibration stage. The destruction pattern of soil subjected to the steel-ball penetration is like a funnel. The funnel size of soil and the penetration depth of steel ball increase with the increase of impact velocity. After the oblique penetration of the cone-shaped penetrator into the layered target, a cup tunnel with an elliptical fracture contour line is produced in the surface layer of the target and a straight tunnel in the base, compacted and natural base layers.
Based on the triaxial test results of concretes, an improved failure criterion is proposed. The material parameters of concretes and soils are determined by the corresponding penetration tests. The finite element models are constructed to simulate the normal penetration into the earth target and concrete target and the oblique penetration into the layered target. The models are verified by test results. The effects of the impact velocity, obliquity angle, yaw angle of the simplified penetrator and the strength of the base layer on the penetration responses such as the acceleration, velocity and deflection angle of the projectile are numerically investigated. The numerical results indicate that the projectile deflects in the layered target and the maximum deflection emerges in the compacted earth layer and the natural earth base layer. The responses of projectile acceleration and velocity depend on the thickness and strength of layers. The values of acceleration decrease with penetration time as an obvious step pattern. The relation between the fuse depth and igniting time and the oblique angle, impact velocity and yaw angle of penetrator is revealed. The sequence of factors sorted by weight for depth setting fuze is obliquity, impact velocity and yaw angle. The factor sequence for delay fuse is impact velocity, obliquity and yaw angle.
For grated numerical concrete model, a new method of random aggregate arrangements called "space meshed and taken-in" is developed to high-efficiently arrange number of aggregates with high volume fraction. A PCL program of Patran is developed to mesh the geometric model. The bonding strength of the transition band between the aggregate and the mortar is modeled using failure strength of tied-contact in LS-DYNA. Consequently, a numerical concrete model with aggregates and mortars is constructed and the validity of the model is verified by the concrete material tests. The effect of randomly distributed aggregates on the penetration responses of penetrators is numerically investigated. It can be found that the penetrator gesture is apparently affected by the randomly-distributed aggregates. The deflection angle decreases with increasing the projectile diameter; when the projectile penetrates from different points on the target, the aggregate effect on the projectile deflection is different due to the difference of the penetration trace.
引文
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