西安地裂缝形成的区域稳定动力学背景研究
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摘要
西安地裂缝是西安市主要的地质灾害之一。目前,西安地裂缝形成的深部地球动力学背景研究较少,深部地球物理场与深部构造的关系也不够明确。笔者依托参加的国家自然科学基金重点项目“汾渭盆地地裂缝灾害成因机理与大陆动力学”等科研项目,采用地震层析成像的方法,得到了渭河断陷盆地及邻区上、中地壳和莫霍面的速度分布图像,利用震源机制解、地震矩张量反演应变率主方向等方法研究了渭河盆地及邻区的区域应力场,计算了汾渭断裂带主应变率和应变率主方向,得到了渭河盆地及邻区环境剪应力和Q值分布,研究了渭河盆地及邻区的地震活动性,利用西安地裂缝最新勘察成果分析研究了西安地裂缝的展布等特征及其与下伏断层的关系,结合对收集的最新地震活断层勘察和其它地球物理资料的综合分析,在前人工作的基础上,以彭建兵教授倡导的“区域稳定动力学”理论为指导,对西安地裂缝形成的区域稳定动力学背景进行了系统的研究,提出了西安地裂缝形成的区域非稳定动力学模型。
研究结果表明,西安地裂缝的群发是由特殊地质环境所孕生的：①西安地区的地壳厚度较周围的秦岭山地和鄂尔多斯台地薄近十公里,深部的热拱作用和流展作用为地壳浅部的拉张变形提供了动力源。②西安地区的基底被众多伸展断层所分割,断块发育,结构破碎,断块的掀斜活动和断层的伸展活动为地裂缝的形成提供了发育空间和应力条件。其中,口镇—关山断裂、礼泉—合阳断裂、泾河—浐河断裂、渭河断裂、临潼—长安断裂、余下—铁炉子断裂和秦岭北缘断裂是影响和控制着西安地裂缝形成与发展的七条主干活动断裂,口镇—关山断裂、礼泉—合阳断裂、渭河断裂和临潼—长安断裂的蠕滑活动伴生或派生着地裂缝,是西安及邻区的主要控裂构造。③第四纪时期,盆地继承性伸展和断层的同生伸展位错,在第四系中形成多级多组破裂,为地裂缝的形成提供了构造破裂面原型。④现今在印度板块持续向北推挤作用下,甘青块体持续向汾渭地区挤出,NNW—SSE向的区域引张应力持续作用于西安地区,为地裂缝的活动提供了区域动力。⑤广覆的易湿陷、易流变、易崩解、易破裂的黄土层,为地裂缝的形成提供了合适的土层条件。⑥梁洼相间的构造地貌格局,为地裂缝的形成提供了有利的边界条件。⑦西安地区历史地震每每伴随着地裂缝的出现,二者有一定的同步性,但地裂缝一般是同震或震后破裂,不是地震前兆。
可见,在西安地裂缝的形成过程中,构造因素是主导,西安地裂缝在本质上是“构造地裂缝”,西安地裂缝的形成具有如下机理：深部构造孕育地裂缝、盆地伸展萌生地裂缝、断层蠕动形成地裂缝、应力活动扩展地裂缝、地震活动诱发地裂缝、超采地下水和地表水强渗透则可重新开启地裂缝和加剧地裂缝的活动。
As one of the main geological disasters in Xi'an city, ground fissures are meancing the engineering field of Xi'an city. At present, researches on the geodynamical background of the ground fissures in Xi'an city are few at present, and the relationship between the geophysical background and the geological structures in the deep is also indefinite. In this paper, under the significant project "the formational mechanism of the ground fissures in Fenwei Basin and its continental geodynamics" supportted by National Science Foundation, by using travel time data of P wave and Pn wave of earthquakes recorded by the seismic stations in Shaanxi Province and its adjacent areas, the velocities of crust in depth of 10 and 20 kilometers and the velocity image of Moho discontinuity in Weihe fault depression and its adjacent areas are determined by means of seismic tomography, the tectonic stress field in Weihe fault depression and its adjacent areas are determined by analyzing the focal mechanisms of earthquakes and by inversing the main strain rate and its direction of Fenwei Basin through analyzing the earthquake moment tensors, by using the broad-band digital seismic data recorded by Shaanxi digital seismic network, the distribution of Q values and the ambient shear stress field in Weihe fault depression and its adjacent areas are determined through coda wave analyzing and spectra analyzing, the earthquake activity is also studied in Weihe fault depression and its adjacent areas through wavelet analysis and other methods. The characteristics of ground fissures' distribution in Xi'an city and their relationship with the deep faults are also studied through the systemic analysis of the recent reconnaissance of ground fissures in Xi'an city. Under the direction of the dynamics of the regional stability theory sparkplugged by Professor Peng Jian-bing, based on the previous researches about ground fissures, combining with analysis of the results of the reconnaissance of the active faults in Xi'an city and other geophysical data, the dynamical background of the forming of Xi'an ground fissures is studied systematically, and the regional unstabilized dynamical model of the forming of Xi'an ground fissures is put forward finally.
The results show that the occurrence of Xi'an ground fissures in large number is rooted in special geological environments, those are:the crust depth of the Weihe fault depression is about 10km thinner than its adjacent tectonic units such as Ordos massif and Qinling Mountains uplift, the forces from upper mantle's thermal up welling and its expanding are the dynamical sources of the tensile deformation in shallow part of the crust.②The basement in Xi'an region is separated into many block structures by numerous extensional faults, so the geological structures are broken into many parts. The developing space and stress conditions for the forming of ground fissures are provided by the movement of the tilted blocks and the extension of these faults.Among the faults, Kouzhen-GuanShan fault, Liquan-Heyang fault, Jinghe-Chanhe fault, Weihe fault, Lintong-Chang'an fault, Yuxia-Tieluzi fault and the northern border fault of Qingling, are the main faults controlling and influencing the formation and development of ground fissures in Xi'an city. Kouzhen-GuanShan fault,Liquan-Heyang fault, Weihe fault and Lintong-Chang'an fault, are the main controlling tectonics in this region, and the ground fissures are concomitant or derived with the creeping slip of these four faults.③In Quaternary period, multilevel and many-group fractures are formed in Quaternary system owing to the successive extension of Weihe basin and the coexistent extensional dislocations of these faults, and the tectonic prototypes of the tectonic fractured surface are formed then.④At present, under the durative jostling northward of the Indian plate, Gansu-Qinghai land block is crushing into the FenWei region, so a successive tensile field in the direction of NNW-SSE in Xi'an region has formed. This field is just the driving force for the movement of ground fissures.⑤The broad covering loess in this region, with collapsibility, rheology, disintegration and fracture, provides suitable solum for the forming fo ground fissures.⑥The morphosturcture separated altermatively by ridges and swales provides favorable boundary conditions for the forming of ground fissures.⑦When earthquakes occurred in Xi'an in the history, ground fissures often emerged concomitantly, these two phenomena have contemporary at a certain extent, but the ground fissures are usually coseismic or postseismic ruptures, so they are not earthquake precursor.
On the whole, in the formation of ground fissures in Xi'an city, tectonic factor is dominant, so ground fissures in Xi'an city are essentially tectonic ground fissures. The mechanisms of the formation of ground fissures in Xi'an city are listed below. The ground fissures in xi'an city are pregnant from deep tectonic, they germinated with the extension of the Weihe fault depression, they are formed by the creeping of the faults, they are enlarged with the activity of regional tectonic stress, they are induced by earthquakes and they can be reopend and increased by over-extraction of groundwater and intense infiltration of surface water.
研究结果表明,西安地裂缝的群发是由特殊地质环境所孕生的：①西安地区的地壳厚度较周围的秦岭山地和鄂尔多斯台地薄近十公里,深部的热拱作用和流展作用为地壳浅部的拉张变形提供了动力源。②西安地区的基底被众多伸展断层所分割,断块发育,结构破碎,断块的掀斜活动和断层的伸展活动为地裂缝的形成提供了发育空间和应力条件。其中,口镇—关山断裂、礼泉—合阳断裂、泾河—浐河断裂、渭河断裂、临潼—长安断裂、余下—铁炉子断裂和秦岭北缘断裂是影响和控制着西安地裂缝形成与发展的七条主干活动断裂,口镇—关山断裂、礼泉—合阳断裂、渭河断裂和临潼—长安断裂的蠕滑活动伴生或派生着地裂缝,是西安及邻区的主要控裂构造。③第四纪时期,盆地继承性伸展和断层的同生伸展位错,在第四系中形成多级多组破裂,为地裂缝的形成提供了构造破裂面原型。④现今在印度板块持续向北推挤作用下,甘青块体持续向汾渭地区挤出,NNW—SSE向的区域引张应力持续作用于西安地区,为地裂缝的活动提供了区域动力。⑤广覆的易湿陷、易流变、易崩解、易破裂的黄土层,为地裂缝的形成提供了合适的土层条件。⑥梁洼相间的构造地貌格局,为地裂缝的形成提供了有利的边界条件。⑦西安地区历史地震每每伴随着地裂缝的出现,二者有一定的同步性,但地裂缝一般是同震或震后破裂,不是地震前兆。
可见,在西安地裂缝的形成过程中,构造因素是主导,西安地裂缝在本质上是“构造地裂缝”,西安地裂缝的形成具有如下机理：深部构造孕育地裂缝、盆地伸展萌生地裂缝、断层蠕动形成地裂缝、应力活动扩展地裂缝、地震活动诱发地裂缝、超采地下水和地表水强渗透则可重新开启地裂缝和加剧地裂缝的活动。
As one of the main geological disasters in Xi'an city, ground fissures are meancing the engineering field of Xi'an city. At present, researches on the geodynamical background of the ground fissures in Xi'an city are few at present, and the relationship between the geophysical background and the geological structures in the deep is also indefinite. In this paper, under the significant project "the formational mechanism of the ground fissures in Fenwei Basin and its continental geodynamics" supportted by National Science Foundation, by using travel time data of P wave and Pn wave of earthquakes recorded by the seismic stations in Shaanxi Province and its adjacent areas, the velocities of crust in depth of 10 and 20 kilometers and the velocity image of Moho discontinuity in Weihe fault depression and its adjacent areas are determined by means of seismic tomography, the tectonic stress field in Weihe fault depression and its adjacent areas are determined by analyzing the focal mechanisms of earthquakes and by inversing the main strain rate and its direction of Fenwei Basin through analyzing the earthquake moment tensors, by using the broad-band digital seismic data recorded by Shaanxi digital seismic network, the distribution of Q values and the ambient shear stress field in Weihe fault depression and its adjacent areas are determined through coda wave analyzing and spectra analyzing, the earthquake activity is also studied in Weihe fault depression and its adjacent areas through wavelet analysis and other methods. The characteristics of ground fissures' distribution in Xi'an city and their relationship with the deep faults are also studied through the systemic analysis of the recent reconnaissance of ground fissures in Xi'an city. Under the direction of the dynamics of the regional stability theory sparkplugged by Professor Peng Jian-bing, based on the previous researches about ground fissures, combining with analysis of the results of the reconnaissance of the active faults in Xi'an city and other geophysical data, the dynamical background of the forming of Xi'an ground fissures is studied systematically, and the regional unstabilized dynamical model of the forming of Xi'an ground fissures is put forward finally.
The results show that the occurrence of Xi'an ground fissures in large number is rooted in special geological environments, those are:the crust depth of the Weihe fault depression is about 10km thinner than its adjacent tectonic units such as Ordos massif and Qinling Mountains uplift, the forces from upper mantle's thermal up welling and its expanding are the dynamical sources of the tensile deformation in shallow part of the crust.②The basement in Xi'an region is separated into many block structures by numerous extensional faults, so the geological structures are broken into many parts. The developing space and stress conditions for the forming of ground fissures are provided by the movement of the tilted blocks and the extension of these faults.Among the faults, Kouzhen-GuanShan fault, Liquan-Heyang fault, Jinghe-Chanhe fault, Weihe fault, Lintong-Chang'an fault, Yuxia-Tieluzi fault and the northern border fault of Qingling, are the main faults controlling and influencing the formation and development of ground fissures in Xi'an city. Kouzhen-GuanShan fault,Liquan-Heyang fault, Weihe fault and Lintong-Chang'an fault, are the main controlling tectonics in this region, and the ground fissures are concomitant or derived with the creeping slip of these four faults.③In Quaternary period, multilevel and many-group fractures are formed in Quaternary system owing to the successive extension of Weihe basin and the coexistent extensional dislocations of these faults, and the tectonic prototypes of the tectonic fractured surface are formed then.④At present, under the durative jostling northward of the Indian plate, Gansu-Qinghai land block is crushing into the FenWei region, so a successive tensile field in the direction of NNW-SSE in Xi'an region has formed. This field is just the driving force for the movement of ground fissures.⑤The broad covering loess in this region, with collapsibility, rheology, disintegration and fracture, provides suitable solum for the forming fo ground fissures.⑥The morphosturcture separated altermatively by ridges and swales provides favorable boundary conditions for the forming of ground fissures.⑦When earthquakes occurred in Xi'an in the history, ground fissures often emerged concomitantly, these two phenomena have contemporary at a certain extent, but the ground fissures are usually coseismic or postseismic ruptures, so they are not earthquake precursor.
On the whole, in the formation of ground fissures in Xi'an city, tectonic factor is dominant, so ground fissures in Xi'an city are essentially tectonic ground fissures. The mechanisms of the formation of ground fissures in Xi'an city are listed below. The ground fissures in xi'an city are pregnant from deep tectonic, they germinated with the extension of the Weihe fault depression, they are formed by the creeping of the faults, they are enlarged with the activity of regional tectonic stress, they are induced by earthquakes and they can be reopend and increased by over-extraction of groundwater and intense infiltration of surface water.
引文
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