利用地震噪声调查华北平原场地作用和浅层结构
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摘要
华北平原是现今构造仍然非常活跃的沉积盆地,盆地内发育有多条交错的隐伏活动断裂,并历史上曾发生过如三河-平谷M-8和唐山M7.8地震,具有较高的潜在强震危险性。受断裂构造运动影响,盆地沉积结构相对比较复杂,可能会产生强烈的场地作用；但由于现今地震活动相对平静和地震台网分布稀疏等原因,该地区缺乏强震资料,目前对场地作用和与之相关的浅层结构缺乏比较系统的研究。
由于不依赖于地震事件、可以灵活和廉价地流动观测覆盖研究区,采用地震噪声研究地震场地作用和浅层结构的方法在最近几年发展迅速并被广泛应用。本论文将主要基于地震噪声数据开展华北平原地区的场地作用和浅层结构相关研究。除了收集已有的华北地震台阵数据,我们还在平原区内的保定、沧州和北京等地开展了比较密集的地震噪声观测。利用单台三分量数据,采用噪声水平向和垂直向谱比法(NHVSR)得到峰值频率作为观测点浅层结构的基阶共振频率,研究华北地区浅层共振频率的横向变化特征和与之相关的浅层界面结构特征。利用台阵观测数据,反演浅层速度结构,并利用这些速度结构拟合限定共振频率和相应界面厚度的经验关系。此外,还对多种主动和被动地震面波勘探方法在数据采集和数据处理方面进行了实验和测试,以探讨快速和廉价探测浅层速度结构的观测模式和处理方法。
研究结果表明,华北平原地区普遍存在着显著的浅层共振。北京-唐山-天津一带燕山山前平原区以NHVSR显示单个显著共振波峰特征为主。该区域共振频率横向变化非常突出,分布范围在十几Hz到0.2Hz之间。共振频率可能对应晚第三纪(N)以来形成的盆地底界面,厚度在0-lkm之间起伏。NHVSR或界面厚度剖面在经过一些断裂带时有明显的错断迹象。北京-唐山-天津以南平原地区NHVSR结果出现两个显著共振波峰。高频共振频率主要在1Hz附近变化,反映了沉积层内有显著波阻抗分层界面的存在。该共振频率可能对应晚更新世(Q3)底界面,厚度主要在100-300m之间变化,横向起伏和冀中坳陷和沧县隆起有对应关系。低频共振频率在0.5Hz以下,可能对应晚第三纪底界面。由于低频NHVSR相对不稳定,该频率和相关的界面特征有待下一步深入研究。
总体而言,本研究进一步说明地震噪声能够有效应用于地震场地作用和浅层结构研究,可能探测盆地内垂直错距显著的隐伏断裂。本研究结果对地震工程和盆地结构研究具有一定的参考意义。
Northern China Plain (NCP) is a sedimentary basin that still has strong tectonic activities in current stage. Several staggered hidden active faults that had occurred large earthquakes in history such as the M-8Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake and M7.8Tangshan earthquake indicate that strong potential earthquake hazards in this area. Controlled by the tectonic faulting, the basin has relative complex structures that would produce strong site effects during the strong earthquakes. But systematical researches about site effects and associate shallow structures are lack in this area mainly because of shortage stromg motion data limited by relative low seismicity and sparse seismic station distributions in region.
Using seismic noise data to investigate site effects and shallow structures has been fast developed and applied world wide in recent years for the noise surveys do not depend on seismic events and can cover the whole study region with cheap and flexible temporary observation. In this paper, I intend to investigate the site effects and shallow structures in NCP mainly using seismic noise data. Besides the noise data collecting from North China Seismic array, densely noise measurements were also carried out in several cities in NCP, i.e Baoding, Cangzhou and Beijing. Large three-component datasets were processed with noise horizontal to vertical spectral ratios method (NHVSR). The fundamental resonant frequencies were retrieved from the NHVSR peak frequencies, and further the lateral characters of resonant frequencies and associate shallow interfaces were discussed. With the seismic noise arrays datasets, the shallow velocity structures were inverted and were used to fit or confine the experiment relationship between resonant frequency and interface thickness. To find cheap and fast ways to retrieving shallow velocity structures, more active or passive surface wave exploration methods were experimented and tested in both data collection and data processing.
The results show significant shallow resonances commonly exist in NCP. The NHVSRs in mountain front plain belt from Beijing to Tangshan/Tianjing have the characters of single prominent NHVSR peak. The peak frequencies have strong lateral change varying from tens to0.2Hz. The interfaces corresponding to the peak frequencies, with thicknesses fluctuating from near zero to about1km, are probably the base of lately developed basin that started subsiding from Neogene period. Some profiles of NHVSR or interface thickness have obvious clues that connect with the faulting effects of some major seismic faults. The NHVSRs in plain south to Beijing-Tangshan belt have characters with two major NHVSR peaks. The higher peak frequencies mainly around1Hz indicate high impedance contrast existing in sedimentary layer. These interfaces probably correspond to the base of late Pleistocene layer (Q3) with the thicknesses varying chiefly from100-300m and change synchronizing with Jizhong Depression and Cangxian Rift. The lower peak frequencies are below0.5Hz and probably also correspond to the base of Neogene layer. The low frequency peaks are fully discussed in this paper as they are hard to be recognized and more future investigations are need.
In total, the results shown in this paper further confirm the possibilities to investigate site effects and relative shallow structures with seismic noise, and also show the feasibilities to identify hidden active faults in basin with large vertical displacement with noise surveys. The study in NCP provides useful information for both seismic engineering and basin research.
由于不依赖于地震事件、可以灵活和廉价地流动观测覆盖研究区,采用地震噪声研究地震场地作用和浅层结构的方法在最近几年发展迅速并被广泛应用。本论文将主要基于地震噪声数据开展华北平原地区的场地作用和浅层结构相关研究。除了收集已有的华北地震台阵数据,我们还在平原区内的保定、沧州和北京等地开展了比较密集的地震噪声观测。利用单台三分量数据,采用噪声水平向和垂直向谱比法(NHVSR)得到峰值频率作为观测点浅层结构的基阶共振频率,研究华北地区浅层共振频率的横向变化特征和与之相关的浅层界面结构特征。利用台阵观测数据,反演浅层速度结构,并利用这些速度结构拟合限定共振频率和相应界面厚度的经验关系。此外,还对多种主动和被动地震面波勘探方法在数据采集和数据处理方面进行了实验和测试,以探讨快速和廉价探测浅层速度结构的观测模式和处理方法。
研究结果表明,华北平原地区普遍存在着显著的浅层共振。北京-唐山-天津一带燕山山前平原区以NHVSR显示单个显著共振波峰特征为主。该区域共振频率横向变化非常突出,分布范围在十几Hz到0.2Hz之间。共振频率可能对应晚第三纪(N)以来形成的盆地底界面,厚度在0-lkm之间起伏。NHVSR或界面厚度剖面在经过一些断裂带时有明显的错断迹象。北京-唐山-天津以南平原地区NHVSR结果出现两个显著共振波峰。高频共振频率主要在1Hz附近变化,反映了沉积层内有显著波阻抗分层界面的存在。该共振频率可能对应晚更新世(Q3)底界面,厚度主要在100-300m之间变化,横向起伏和冀中坳陷和沧县隆起有对应关系。低频共振频率在0.5Hz以下,可能对应晚第三纪底界面。由于低频NHVSR相对不稳定,该频率和相关的界面特征有待下一步深入研究。
总体而言,本研究进一步说明地震噪声能够有效应用于地震场地作用和浅层结构研究,可能探测盆地内垂直错距显著的隐伏断裂。本研究结果对地震工程和盆地结构研究具有一定的参考意义。
Northern China Plain (NCP) is a sedimentary basin that still has strong tectonic activities in current stage. Several staggered hidden active faults that had occurred large earthquakes in history such as the M-8Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake and M7.8Tangshan earthquake indicate that strong potential earthquake hazards in this area. Controlled by the tectonic faulting, the basin has relative complex structures that would produce strong site effects during the strong earthquakes. But systematical researches about site effects and associate shallow structures are lack in this area mainly because of shortage stromg motion data limited by relative low seismicity and sparse seismic station distributions in region.
Using seismic noise data to investigate site effects and shallow structures has been fast developed and applied world wide in recent years for the noise surveys do not depend on seismic events and can cover the whole study region with cheap and flexible temporary observation. In this paper, I intend to investigate the site effects and shallow structures in NCP mainly using seismic noise data. Besides the noise data collecting from North China Seismic array, densely noise measurements were also carried out in several cities in NCP, i.e Baoding, Cangzhou and Beijing. Large three-component datasets were processed with noise horizontal to vertical spectral ratios method (NHVSR). The fundamental resonant frequencies were retrieved from the NHVSR peak frequencies, and further the lateral characters of resonant frequencies and associate shallow interfaces were discussed. With the seismic noise arrays datasets, the shallow velocity structures were inverted and were used to fit or confine the experiment relationship between resonant frequency and interface thickness. To find cheap and fast ways to retrieving shallow velocity structures, more active or passive surface wave exploration methods were experimented and tested in both data collection and data processing.
The results show significant shallow resonances commonly exist in NCP. The NHVSRs in mountain front plain belt from Beijing to Tangshan/Tianjing have the characters of single prominent NHVSR peak. The peak frequencies have strong lateral change varying from tens to0.2Hz. The interfaces corresponding to the peak frequencies, with thicknesses fluctuating from near zero to about1km, are probably the base of lately developed basin that started subsiding from Neogene period. Some profiles of NHVSR or interface thickness have obvious clues that connect with the faulting effects of some major seismic faults. The NHVSRs in plain south to Beijing-Tangshan belt have characters with two major NHVSR peaks. The higher peak frequencies mainly around1Hz indicate high impedance contrast existing in sedimentary layer. These interfaces probably correspond to the base of late Pleistocene layer (Q3) with the thicknesses varying chiefly from100-300m and change synchronizing with Jizhong Depression and Cangxian Rift. The lower peak frequencies are below0.5Hz and probably also correspond to the base of Neogene layer. The low frequency peaks are fully discussed in this paper as they are hard to be recognized and more future investigations are need.
In total, the results shown in this paper further confirm the possibilities to investigate site effects and relative shallow structures with seismic noise, and also show the feasibilities to identify hidden active faults in basin with large vertical displacement with noise surveys. The study in NCP provides useful information for both seismic engineering and basin research.
引文
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